Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-06-15T05:41:54Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
| تصویر = Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi-1.jpg
| نام = Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
| نام‌های دیگر = {{فهرست جعبه افقی |Master of Humanity |The Eleventh Intellect }}
| سال تولد = 597 AH
| تاریخ تولد = 11 [[Jumada al-Awwal|Jumada al-Awwal]]
| محل تولد = Tus
| سال درگذشت = 672 AH
| تاریخ درگذشت = 18 [[Dhu al-Hijjah|Dhu al-Hijjah]]
| محل درگذشت = {{فهرست جعبه افقی |[[Iraq]] |[[Baghdad]] }}
| استادان = {{فهرست جعبه عمودی |Nasir al-Din Abdullah ibn Hamzah |Siraj al-Din Qumri |Kamal al-Din Mawsili |Salim ibn Badran al-Misri al-Mazini |etc. }}
| شاگردان = {{فهرست جعبه عمودی |[[Allamah Hilli]] |Ibn Maytham al-Bahrani |Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi |Sayyid Rukn al-Din Astarabadi |etc. }}
| دین = [[Islam]]
| مذهب = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| آثار = {{فهرست جعبه افقی |''Asas al-Iqtibas'' |''Tajrid al-I'tiqad'' |''Sharh al-Isharat'' |''Qawa'id al-Aqa'id'' |''Tahrir Usul Iqlidis'' |''Akhlaq-e Nasiri'' |''Zij-e Ilkhani'' |etc.}}
| فعالیت‌ها = {{فهرست جعبه افقی |Philosopher |Scientist |Logician |Theologian }}
| وبگاه =
}}

'''Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi''' was a great Iranian philosopher, theologian, and mathematician of the 7th century AH who authored numerous scientific books and treatises on various subjects. Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi is considered equal in science to [[Avicenna|Bu Ali Sina]], just as [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] was preeminent in medicine, Khwaja Nasir was also preeminent in mathematics.

He had a great interest in acquiring knowledge and became preeminent in mathematics, astronomy, and wisdom from a young age, becoming one of the famous scholars of his time.
Tusi is one of the most renowned and influential figures in the [[History of Islam]]. He learned [[Islamic sciences|Religious sciences]] and practical sciences under his father, and logic and wisdom from his maternal uncle, Baba Afzal Ayyubi Kashani. He completed his studies in [[Nishapur]] and gained fame there as a prominent scholar.

[[Allamah Hilli|Allamah Hilli]], who was one of the students of Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, says about him: Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was the most excellent of our era and had many works in rational and transmitted sciences. He is the noblest of those we have encountered.
In the official calendar of the country, the 5th day of Esfand month has been named as the day of commemoration of Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and '''Engineer's Day'''.

== Birthplace and Birth ==
The land of Tus is a region of Greater [[Khorasan]] that has been the origin of great and historic scholars. In the old geography of [[Iran]], Tus consisted of various cities such as Nuqan, Tabaran, and Ardakan, and the holy shrine of Imam [[Ali al-Rida|Ali ibn Musa al-Rida (AS)]] was located near the city of Nuqan in a village named Sanabad, which after its expansion, is today considered one of the neighborhoods of the city of [[Mashhad]].

It is said that once Shaykh Wajih al-Din Muhammad ibn Hasan, who was one of the elders and scholars of [[Qom]] and lived in the village of Jahroud subordinate to Qom<ref>''Fawa'id al-Radawiyyah'', Shaykh Abbas Qumi, p. 603.</ref>, traveled to [[Mashhad]] with his family and out of desire for [[Pilgrimage]] of the eighth Imam of the [[Shia Islam|Shia]], and after the [[Pilgrimage]], upon return due to his wife's illness, he settled in one of the neighborhoods of the city of Tus. After a while, at the request of the locals, in addition to leading [[Congregational prayer]] in the [[Mosque]], he engaged in teaching at the seminary. On the morning of the 11th of Jumada al-Awwal in the year 597 AH, at sunrise, the dawn burst forth with radiance and the most brilliant face of wisdom and mathematics in the 7th century stepped into the arena of existence<ref>He is a personality distinct from Shaykh al-Ta'ifah al-Tusi and Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk.</ref>.

The father, by divination using the [[Quran|Holy Quran]], named the newborn, who was his third son, Muhammad. Later, his kunya became Abu Ja'far, and he became known by titles such as (Nasir al-Din), Muhaqqiq Tusi, Master of Humanity, and Khwaja.

== Education ==
Khwaja Nasir had a great interest in acquiring knowledge. In the city of Tus and during childhood, he learned religious sciences and practical sciences ([[Ethics]], [[Quran]], [[Morphology]], [[Syntax]], and [[Jurisprudence]]) under his father, and logic and wisdom from his maternal uncle<ref>Research Institute for Islamic Culture and Thought, ''History of Social Thought in Islam'', pp. 139-140, Tehran, SAMT, 1387 SH, 7th ed.</ref>.
And with his father's guidance, he studied in the presence of "Kamal al-Din Muhammad Hasib", who was a famous scholar in mathematics. He in the city of Tus and at the hands of his teacher "Nasir al-Din Abdullah ibn Hamzah" donned the garb of religious scholars and was given the title "Nasir al-Din" by his teacher.

He then migrated to Nishapur with the guidance of his father's uncle Nasir al-Din Abdullah ibn Hamzah and learned from the presence of great teachers such as "Farid al-Din Damad Nishaburi", "Isharat Bu Ali", and from "Qutb al-Din Misri", a student of [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]], the Canon of Ibn Sina. In addition to the above books, he also benefited from the presence of the famous mystic of that region "[[Attar of Nishapur]]" (d. 627 AH)<ref>Khwansari, Muhammad Baqir, ''Rawdat al-Jannat'', Vol. 6, p. 582.</ref>.

He completed his studies in Nishapur for eight years and gained fame there as a prominent scholar. After that, he intended to depart for [[Iraq]] and in the year 619 AH, i.e., at the age of 22, he succeeded in receiving a narration permit<ref>Modarresi Zanjan, Muhammad, ''Life and Philosophical Beliefs of Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi'', p. 28, Tehran, Amir Kabir, 1363 SH.</ref>.

As written, Khwaja learned jurisprudence from "Allamah Hilli" for some time and Allamah in turn learned wisdom lessons from Khwaja. "Kamal al-Din Mawsili", resident of the city of Mosul (Iraq), was another scholar who taught astronomy and mathematics to Khwaja, and thus Muhaqqiq Tusi passed the period of study, and after years of separation from homeland and family, returned to Tus<ref>Subhani, Ja'far, ''Encyclopedia of Classes of Jurists'', Vol. 7, p. 243.</ref>.

== Famous Students ==
# [[Allamah Hilli]], a great Shia jurist and theologian (d. 726 AH), studied [[Hikmah]] under Khajeh Tusi<ref>Modarresi Razavi, Life and Works of Khajeh Nasir al-Din, 1354 SH, p. 238.</ref>. He wrote a commentary on Khajeh Nasir's book ''Tajrid al-I'tiqad'' titled ''Kashf al-Murad''. This book is one of the most famous commentaries on ''Tajrid''<ref>Sadrai Khui, Bibliography of Tajrid al-I'tiqad, 1382 SH, p. 35.</ref>.
# [[Ibn Maytham al-Bahrani]], author of the book ''Sharh Nahj al-Balagha'', a philosopher, mathematician, theologian, and jurist who was a student of Khajeh Nasir in Hikmah and his teacher in Fiqh<ref>Khansari, Rawdat al-Jannat, 1390 AH, Vol. 6, p. 302.</ref>.
# [[Qutb al-Din Shirazi]] (d. 710 AH), when Khajeh went to [[Qazvin]] accompanied by Hulagu, joined Khajeh, went with him to [[Maragheh]], and became Khajeh Nasir's student in astronomy, mathematics, [[Philosophy]], and medicine. Khajeh called him Qutb Falak al-Wujud<ref>Modarresi Razavi, Life and Works of Khajeh Nasir al-Din, 1354 SH, p. 241 & 242.</ref>.
# Sayyid Rukn al-Din (Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Sharafshah Alavi), was one of Khajeh's students and has commented on some of his works<ref>Modarresi Razavi, Life and Works of Khajeh Nasir al-Din, 1354 SH, p. 249.</ref>.
# Kamal al-Din Abd al-Razzaq Shaybani Baghdadi (642–723 AH), known as Ibn al-Fuwati, is one of the 7th-century historians and the books ''Mu'jam al-Adab'' and ''al-Hawadith al-Jami'ah'' are among his works. He was the librarian of the [[Maragheh Observatory]] library and, in his later years, was in charge of the Mustansiriya Library<ref>Modarresi Razavi, Life and Works of Khajeh Nasir al-Din, 1354 SH, p. 252 to 257.</ref>.
# Imad al-Din Harawi, known as Ibn al-Khawwam (643–728 AH), was unparalleled in his time in arithmetic and medicine, and the books ''Fawa'id Bahiyyah fi Qawa'id Hisabiyyah'' and ''An Introduction to Medicine'' remain from him<ref>Modarresi Razavi, Life and Works of Khajeh Nasir al-Din, 1354 SH, p. 257 to 261.</ref>.

== Works ==
The books and scientific treatises of Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi on various subjects are considered to be more than 184 titles<ref>Farhat, Philosophical and Theological Thoughts of Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi, 1389 SH, p. 71.</ref>. Some researchers believe that considering his forced life in the castles of the [[Ismaili|Ismailis]], many of his books were written in poor living conditions. Khajeh Nasir, in the introduction to the commentary on ''Al-Isharat'', has written about his great suffering and increasing sorrow during the compilation of the book<ref>Nasir al-Din Tusi, Commentary on Isharat, Vol. 2, p. 146.</ref>.

=== Some of His Works ===
# [[Tajrid al-I'tiqad]]: This book, from the time of its compilation until now, is one of the books taught in Shia [[Hawza]] in the field of [[Theology]]<ref>Allamah Hilli, Kashf al-Murad, 1413 AH, Editor's Introduction, p. 5.</ref>. Khajeh Nasir has mixed Theology with [[Philosophy]] in this book and has solved theological issues using a philosophical method<ref>Nasir al-Din Tusi, Tajrid al-I'tiqad, 1407 AH, Researcher's Introduction, p. 71.</ref>.
# ''Asas al-Iqtibas'': This book is on the subject of logic and is in the Persian language<ref>Modarresi Razavi, Life and Works of Khajeh Nasir al-Din, 1354 SH, p. 420.</ref>. Some have considered this book, after the logic section of Ibn Sina's book ''Al-Shifa'', the most important book written on this subject<ref>Modarresi Razavi, Life and Works of Khajeh Nasir al-Din, 1354 SH, p. 420.</ref>.
# Commentary on ''Al-Isharat wa al-Tanbihat'' by [[Ibn Sina]]: This book is one of the textbooks of Peripatetic philosophy<ref>Allamah Hilli, Kashf al-Murad, 1413 AH, Editor's Introduction, p. 5.</ref>.
# ''Nasirean Ethics'': Translation of Ibn Miskawayh's book ''Taharat al-A'raq'' along with additions<ref>Modarresi Razavi, Life and Works of Khajeh Nasir al-Din, 1354 SH, p. 9.</ref>.
# ''Beginning and End'': This book is about the origin and [[Resurrection]] in which discussions related to the states of [[Qiyamah]], [[Paradise]], and [[Hell]] are raised in a mystical method<ref>Philosophy and Theology Section of the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, "Beginning and End", p. 440.</ref>.
# ''Tahrir Usul Uqlidis'': The book ''Usul al-Handasah wa al-Hisab'' is a book that was composed about three hundred years BC by Euclid, the famous Greek mathematician and astronomer, and was one of the textbooks for mathematicians<ref>Ramazani, Review of Works and Writings of Allamah Hassanzadeh Amoli, 1374 SH, p. 117.</ref>. Khajeh Tusi, based on previous translations of this book and comparison between them, has recensed and commented on this work and has added other shapes and propositions to it<ref>Muttaqi, Hossein, "Bibliography of Euclid's Elements, with Emphasis on the Recension of Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi".</ref>.
# ''Zij-i Ilkhani'': A book in which the states and movements of stars and the like, which are determined by observing them, are recorded.
# ''Al-Tadhkirah fi Ilm al-Hay'ah'': According to Haji Khalifah, this book is a summary of the issues of this art and the proofs related to it<ref>Wiedemann, Eilhard, "Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi", 1391 SH, p. 32.</ref>.

== Death ==
Khajeh Nasir passed away on the 18th of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], 672 AH while he was in [[Baghdad]] to organize the affairs of endowments and scholars. According to his [[will]], he was buried in the shrine of [[Kazimayn]]<ref>Nemat, Falasifat al-Shia: Hayatuhum wa Ara'uhum, 1987 AD, p. 531; Amin, A'yan al-Shia, 1986 AD, Vol. 9, p. 418; However, Ibn Kathir in Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah wrote his death date as the 12th of Dhu al-Hijjah (Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, 1997 AD, Vol. 17, p. 514).</ref>.
He had also willed that no reference be made to his scientific characteristics on his grave and only the phrase '''{{متن قرآن |و کَلبُهَم باسِطٌ ذِراعَیهِ بِالوَصید |سوره = کهف |آیه = 18 }}''' and their dog stretched out its two hands on the threshold [of the cave] be written on his tombstone<ref>Azizi, Virtues and Conduct of the Fourteen Infallibles (AS) in the Works of Master Allamah Hassanzadeh Amoli, 1381 SH, p. 402.</ref>.

== See Also ==
* [[Attar of Nishapur]]
* [[Hawza]]
* [[Paradise]]
* [[Hell]]

=Footnotes=
{{پانویس|3}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Shia Scholars]]
[[Category:Iran]]

Draft:Khwaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی