Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-06-07T05:40:01Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Jawaharlal Nehru
| تصویر = Jawaharlal Nehru.jpg|250px
| نام =
| نام‌های دیگر = Pandit Nehru or Pandit Ji
| سال تولد = 1889 AD
| تاریخ تولد =
| محل تولد = [[India]]
| سال درگذشت = 1964 AD
| تاریخ درگذشت =
| محل درگذشت = India
| استادان =
| شاگردان =
| دین = Hindu
| مذهب =
| آثار = {{فهرست جعبه افقی |''Glimpse of World History''| ''Letters from a Father to His Daughter'' }}
| فعالیت‌ها = Member of the Constituent Assembly of India 1946 to 1950 AD, Prime Minister of India 1947 to 1964 AD
| وبگاه =
}}

'''Jawaharlal Nehru''' was the first Prime Minister of [[India]]. He was the leader of the Indian National Congress and one of the key figures of the Indian independence movement. The leader of [[Iran]], [[Seyyed Ali Khamenei]], refers to him as an authoritative and independence-seeking leader.

== Biography ==
Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad, India. His father, '''Motilal Nehru''', a member of the Pandit [[Kashmir|Kashmiri]] community, served twice as the President of the Indian National Congress during the independence struggles.
His mother, '''Swaruprani Thussu''', who was from a prominent Kashmiri Brahmin family residing in Lahore, was Motilal's second wife; the first wife passed away after giving birth to a child. Jawaharlal was the eldest of three children, two of whom were girls. The elder sister, '''Vijaya Lakshmi''', later became the first woman President of the United Nations General Assembly. The youngest sister, '''Krishna Hutheesing''', became a respected writer and wrote several books about her brother. He married '''Kamala Nehru''' in 1916 (1294). At the time of his marriage on 8 February 1916 (18 Bahman 1294), he was 26 years old and had become a qualified barrister who had studied in [[Britain]]. Kamala was from a famous Kashmiri family residing in Delhi who were in the business trade<ref>[https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88 Adapted from Urdu Wikipedia]
</ref>.

== Political activities ==
In 1912, he joined the Bankipur Congress as a delegate and in 1919 became the secretary of the Home Rule League in Allahabad. He first met Gandhiji in 1916 and was greatly encouraged by him. He organized the first peasant march in 1920 in the Pratapgarh district of Uttar Pradesh. He was imprisoned twice during 1920–1922 for non-cooperation. In September 1923, he was appointed General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee. In 1926, he visited [[Italy]], [[Switzerland]], [[England]], [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], and [[Russia]].
He participated in Belgium as the official representative of the Indian National Congress at the Congress of Oppressed Nations in Brussels. He also participated in the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the October Socialist Revolution in Moscow in 1927. In 1928, he was charged while leading a march against the Simon Commission in Lucknow. He participated in the All Parties Conference on 29 August 1928 and was one of the signatories of the Nehru Report on Indian constitutional reforms. This report is named after his father, Motilal Nehru.

=== Collaboration with Gandhi for India's independence ===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Jawaharlal Nehru and Gandhi]]
He returned to India after completing his studies. Initially, due to consecutive years of study in colleges in England and his father's opposition to Mahatma Gandhi's political attitudes, he had little inclination to struggle against British colonialism. Gradually, Gandhi's anti-colonial thoughts influenced his political attitude. Gandhi's struggles were based on the thought of the principle of non-violence. Nehru's interest in this thought of Gandhi and his method of struggle caused him to draw closer to Gandhi and join the struggle against British colonialism.
Nehru became determined to struggle after witnessing the incident of the massacre of people protesting against economic and political hardships on 13 April 1919 against British colonialists in the city of Amritsar in Punjab state. In this incident, people peacefully demonstrated, which was suppressed by British colonialists. After this incident, Gandhi issued the command of civil disobedience to continue the independence movement. At this time, Nehru was at the forefront of the struggle and considered one of the greatest leaders of this movement. He took commands from Gandhi and executed them. Nehru gradually managed to create the revolt of passive resistance among the people alongside Gandhi<ref>[https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/news/181177/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%8C-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 Retrieved from the website https://www.cgie.org.ir]</ref>.

=== Imprisonment ===
Before India's independence, he spent 10 years of his life (irregularly) in colonial prisons. During the 1930s, he was repeatedly imprisoned on charges of political activities and opposition to British dominance over India and the government. He was also imprisoned during World War II due to opposition to cooperation and India's aid in England's war against the Axis powers (Union of Nazi Germany, Italy, and [[Japan]] before World War II) and on the pretext that India must achieve independence immediately after the war.

=== India's independence and Congress presidency ===
At the end of the war, '''Nehru''' participated in negotiations regarding the partition of the Indian subcontinent and the establishment of two independent countries, India and [[Pakistan]], and also in 1951 as one of the strongest supporters of the United Nations during the '''Korean Crisis'''. In 1929, he was elected as the '''President of the Lahore Session''' of the Indian National Congress. The Indian National Congress party was established in 1885 AD to coordinate the people of India with the English rulers and control protests. Over time, the Congress party became a center for the gathering of independence seekers and fighters against British colonialism.
He reached the presidency at the age of forty, and until that time, except for '''Abul Kalam Azad''' (the first Minister of Culture of India after independence), there was no precedent for anyone to be elected to the Congress presidency at this age. The Congress President was usually elected for one year, but he reached this position for two consecutive years. With the expansion of the Indian people's independence struggles, the English were forced to form an independent interim government in India in 1946. The position of Prime Minister and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of this interim government was assigned to him. India achieved independence in 1947 under the shadow of the continuation of the struggle policy of '''Mahatma Gandhi''', and the British government officially transferred the power of government to the Indians.

== Premiership and Reforms in India ==
'''Nehru''' was the first official Prime Minister of India after the country achieved independence. Upon assuming the premiership, with the help of individuals such as '''Sardar Patel and Dr. Ambedkar''', he managed to pass new laws to restructure Indian society, the most important of which was the abolition of the '''caste system'''. The caste system is a type of social system in which the behavior and actions of individuals are defined based on their social ranking. After the victory of the independence movement in 1947, India adopted a [[Democracy]] government.
One of the most important actions he took during his premiership was drafting a new constitution. According to this law, India is a federal country in which the President holds a ceremonial position and is a symbol of unity. The government and his associates were [[Secular]] governments supporting tolerance and religious freedoms, where the Prime Minister is a position with full executive powers. His family and Gandhi's, from which three Prime Ministers of India have come, considered a policy of neutrality between East and West, and were able to transform India, despite numerous problems and unparalleled diversity of [[Religions]], sects, and nationalities, into a united, powerful, and effective country in world political equations.
With the formation of the government in 1947, the system of '''Khans and Maharajas''' gave way to the republican system. He mixed a kind of [[Socialism]] with democracy and engaged in fighting poverty in India. He was among the most educated political leaders of India who established the social, economic, political, and managerial foundations in India. To strengthen the public sector, he created organizations whose operational freedom was under government control. Right-wing organizations and the country's statistical organization were among these organizations.
He also played an influential role in defining policies. For the first time, he presented the concepts of the public sector and scientific policies. Under his supervision, the public sector in the Indian economy reached the peak of power. '''Nehru''', in his written works, refers to freedom and the necessity of human responsibility in determining their own destiny and striving to improve life. He believed that the destiny of every individual is connected to the destiny of the country and the people. An individual's value is determined in relation to the people, and only a leader who is aware and successful in expressing the inspirations and aspirations of the people is a true leader. In his opinion, Gandhi was such a leader.

=== Foreign Policy and the Non-Aligned Movement ===
[[File:نهرو و جنبش عدم تعهدها.jpg|250px|thumb|Nehru was one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement]]
In foreign policy, he took a path between the Eastern and Western blocs. Such that he was able to play a mediating role in many international tensions and conflicts such as the Korean War, the issue of [[Netherlands]] and [[Indonesia]], the issue of [[Tunisia]], the problem of [[China]], the war of [[Algeria]] and [[France]], the Suez Canal crisis, and the uprising in Hungary. The adoption of a policy of peaceful coexistence and non-violence built such a personality for him that his proposals were noticed by international communities in the midst of the Cold War.
The term '''Non-Aligned Movement''' was first raised by Nehru during a speech on April 28, 1954, in Colombo (the largest city of '''Sri Lanka'''). He, along with [[Ahmed Sukarno]], [[Marshal Tito]], [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], and [[Kwame Nkrumah]], is counted among the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement.
These individuals gathered in 1955 in the city of Bandung, [[Indonesia]], and in the form of the '''Bandung Accord''' declaration, founded the groundwork for a new international political structure under the title of the Non-Aligned Movement.
This important action took shape at a time when the bloc-division of the world into East and West under the leadership of [[United States]] and [[Soviet Union]] was becoming institutionalized. In fact, the founders of the movement, considering their character and revolutionary background, sought to form a third pole and bloc outside the will of the two superpowers that would include developing countries<ref>Ibid</ref>.

== A Book That Became Global ==
In the summer of 1928, Indira, Nehru's daughter, who was 10 years old at the time, was staying in a hill station far from her father. That summer, he wrote a series of letters to his daughter, in which he recounted, in simple language, the story of the creation of the earth, the emergence of life, and the formation of the first human tribes and societies. Later, he published the collection, consisting of 30 short letters, as a book.
The ups and downs of his social and political life, driven by lofty and authentic revolutionary goals, led him to prison multiple times. In 1930, while Nehru was serving one of his numerous prison terms, he sought to use the opportunity and leisure time available in prison to write new letters to his daughter.
These new letters were written over a period of nearly three years, from October 1930 to August 1933, during two different prison terms, and reflected a period of world history. In late 1933, when Nehru completed his prison term, he reviewed his letters and prepared them for publication; however, since he was imprisoned again soon on February 12, 1934, his sister '''Vijayalakshmi Pandit''' compiled them, named them ''[[Glimpses of World History]]'', and published them in two volumes.
The reception of this book was such that in 1938, ''Glimpses of World History'' became scarce. Nehru once again reviewed his writings for reprinting, made corrections, and added a chapter to it. Thus, the book was released into the market again and gained such credibility that even after 75 years, it is still counted among the good history books.
[[File:نگاهی به تاریخ جهان.jpg|200px|thumb|Glimpses of World History]]
In a part of the book ''Letters from a Father to His Daughter'', he writes about studying the hardships that humans have endured throughout history: "You must be completely tired of my letters! I think you are somewhat right. Very well, I will not write anything new for you for a while now; I just want you to think a little about what I have written so far and what we have done..." "You are ten years old now and how much you have grown! You are now a young lady, are you not? Yes, a young girl! In your view, one hundred years seems like a very long period.
Think about how long a thousand years is, and then how long a million years, which is a thousand thousand years, will be! I suppose we cannot properly comprehend the real meaning of this figure with our small brains... We imagine that we are very important beings, but often, very small things disturb and upset us. But what value do these small events have against the vast and long history of the world? How useful it is to read and learn about these continuous periods of past history, because in that case, we will no longer be upset by small and ordinary things<ref>[https://www.ibna.ir/fa/report/313831/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1 Derived from the Ketab Iran website]</ref>.

=== Translation of the Book in Iran ===
'''Mahmoud Tafazzoli''' translated his book in Iran. He was a cultured and competent man who had served for years as Iran's cultural counselor in Asian countries, including India, and due to his concern and knowledge of important cultural works of countries, he undertook the translation of many works into Persian.
The interesting point is that the translation of the book in 1335 (1956) began after the translation of his previous book titled ''My Life'' by Mahmoud Tafazzoli. '''Nehru''', after receiving his autobiography from Tafazzoli, requested him to translate his new book, which was ''Glimpses of World History''.
He had written in that year: "I would be pleased if you would also translate and publish my book ''Glimpses of World History''." Three years later, in 1338 (1959), the late Tafazzoli delivered a copy of the translation of the book ''Glimpses of World History'' to the Ambassador of India in Tehran, so that they might send it to his Prime Minister's office with due respect.
After receiving the book, he wrote to the translator of his book in [[Iran]]: "Our Ambassador in Tehran has sent me a copy of the Persian translation of the book ''Glimpses of World History'' that you had translated. I am grateful to you and appreciate it. Since I do not know the Persian language, I may not be able to judge this translation, but I have heard that this book has gained a good position in Iran and has been warmly received by students and the general public. I hope this book will cause greater understanding between Iran and India."

== His views on Iran ==
'''Jawaharlal Nehru''' in a section of the book ''Glimpses of World History'' introduces Iran and writes about the Iranian artistic influence in [[India]]: Let us now turn to Iran, to the land whose spirit is said to have come to India and found a suitable embodiment in the structure of the '''Taj Mahal'''. Iranian art has brilliant and prominent traditions.
These traditions have continued for more than 2,000 years from the time of the Assyrians until now. In Iran, changes have occurred in governments, in dynasties of kings, and in religion. The land of this country has come under the control of native and foreign rulers and kings, [[Islam]] has entered that country and overturned many things, and yet Iranian artistic traditions have persisted. It is obvious that Iranian art has also undergone change and evolution over the centuries. It is said that this continuity and endurance of Iranian art is related to the soil, nature, and landscapes of Iran.
[[File:جواهر لعل نهرو در ایران.png|250px|thumb|Jawaharlal Nehru in Iran]]

=== His views on the history of Iran ===
In describing ancient history and the characteristics of this era of Iranian history, he states: '''Cyrus and Darius and Xerxes''' are the names of some of these great kings. The dynasty of these kings is called the '''Achaemenids'''. This dynasty ruled for 220 years until [[Alexander the Great]] came to [[Asia]] and put an end to their rule. Apparently, the rule of the Iranians after the tyrannical era of the Assyrians and Babylonians was one of great prosperity and comfort.
They were civilized and cultured lords and rulers who behaved tolerantly towards the beliefs of others and allowed various religions and civilizations to flourish. Their vast empire had an organized structure, and they paid special attention to building excellent highways that connected different parts of the country and facilitated communication.
=== His views on the entry of Islam into Iran ===
Regarding the manner of Islam's entry into Iran, he says in his book: In the third century AD, a kind of revival and renaissance took place in Iran and a new dynasty came to power. This new dynasty was the Sassanid family, which had intense and aggressive nationalism and claimed to be the successor of the Achaemenid kings. The Sassanids became weak in the late period of their prolonged reign, and Iran had fallen into a bad situation. After long wars with the Byzantine Empire, both countries were tired and exhausted, and for the Arab armies, which were full of the intensity and heat of a new belief and faith, there was no difficulty in conquering Iran.
Iran was thus conquered by the Arabs, but the Arabs could not assimilate the people of Iran into themselves and absorb them like [[Syria]] or [[Egypt]]. The Iranian race, which was from the large and ancient Aryan branches, was very different from the Semitic race of the Arabs. The language of Iran was also an Aryan language. For this reason, the races remained separate, and the language of Iran also remained preserved.
Islam spread rapidly in Iran and took the place of the Zoroastrian religion, and the Zoroastrian faith was eventually forced to seek refuge in India. However, even within Islam, the Iranians took a special path for themselves. A rift occurred in Islam, and two separate sects, namely [[Shia]] and [[Sunni]], emerged. In Iran, the vast majority of people became Shia and still are, while the Islamic world elsewhere is generally Sunni. But although Iran did not become like the Arabs and was not absorbed into Arab nationality, Arab civilization had an extraordinary effect on it, and Islam in Iran, like in India, created a new life for artistic activities.
=== His views on the culture and poets of Iran ===
He says about Ferdowsi: I think I have told you something about Ferdowsi, the Iranian poet, who lived during the time of [[Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni]]. [[Ferdowsi]] at the request of Sultan Mahmud versified the great national epic of Iran named ''Shahnameh''. The scenes described in this book are all related to the pre-Islamic era, and part of it describes the bravery of Rostam, the great hero. This itself shows how Iranian literature and art were connected to national pasts and ancient old traditions. The subject of many paintings and beautiful miniatures of Iran is adapted from the stories of the Shahnameh.
Ferdowsi lived in the late tenth century and at the end of the first millennium, 932 to 1021. Shortly after him, the famous Iranian poet and astronomer [[Omar Khayyam of Nishapur]] appeared in Iran, whose name is famous both in [[England]] and in Iran. After him came Sheikh [[Saadi]] of Shiraz, who is one of the greatest poets of Iran, and students in Indian schools for several past generations learned and memorized his books ''Gulistan and Bustan''. I just want you to realize that the torch of Iranian art and culture was lit and shining throughout centuries and radiated its light as far as Transoxiana in Central Asia.
You must remember that after the death of [[Genghis Khan|Mongol Genghis Khan]], his vast empire was divided. The part that included Iran and its surroundings fell to Hulagu, who after finishing his period of destruction became a peaceful and tolerant ruler and founded the Ilkhanid dynasty.
These [[Ilkhanids]] for some time still retained the old Mongol religion and worship of the sky for themselves, but later accepted Islam. However, both before and after accepting Islam, they behaved with complete peace and tolerance towards other religions. Their cousins in [[China]] bore the title Great Khan, and members of their family had become [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], and very close relations were established between these two families. Even from China, from far and wide, they came to Iran to ask for brides.
These contacts between the two branches of the Mongol family that were in Iran and China had a tremendous effect on the arts. Chinese influence found its way into Iran and became manifest. But again, despite all defeats and failures, the Iranian element triumphed. In the mid-fourteenth century, Iran produced a great poet, and he was [[Hafez |Hafez of Shiraz]], whose poems are still very common and popular even in India. Shah Rukh, the son of Timur, was the greatest of Timur's successors, and in Herat, which he made his capital, he established a great library and attracted a large group of literati and scholars.
The one-hundred-year period of Timurid rule is so valuable in terms of literary and artistic movements that it has become known as the era of the '''Timurid Renaissance'''. Development and evolution occurred in Iranian literature, and a large number of beautiful paintings were created. '''Behzad''' was a great painter, master, and leader of a school of painting. In the early sixteenth century, Iranian [[nationalism]] triumphed, and the Timurids were decisively expelled from Iran. A national dynasty named the Safavids took the throne. The second king of this same dynasty was '''Shah Tahmasp I''', who gave refuge to Humayun, the Mongol king of India, who had fled against the rebellion of Sher Shah.
The period of [[Safavid]] rule lasted 220 years from 1502 to 1722. This period is called the Golden Age of Iranian art. [[Isfahan]], the capital of the Safavids, was full of magnificent and beautiful buildings and became one of the great artistic centers, which was especially famous for its paintings. '''Shah Abbas''', who reigned from 1587 to 1629, was the most distinguished and famous king of this dynasty and is considered one of the greatest kings of Iran.
The city of Isfahan, which was designed by Shah Abbas, is called a '''masterpiece of artistic classical taste and delicacy'''. The buildings that were created at that time were not only beautiful themselves and decorated with utmost delicacy and beauty, but the grace of proportion and overall harmony among them added to their beauty. European travelers and tourists who came to Iran at that time and saw Isfahan relate detailed and laudatory descriptions of it.
Architecture, literature, and painting on the wall in the form of miniatures, carpet weaving, making fine and excellent porcelain vessels, and tile-making flourished greatly in this era of the Golden Age of Iranian art. Some of the wall paintings and miniatures of this time have amazing beauty. Iranian culture was spread over vast and wide areas from Turkey in the west to India in the east. The Persian language in the court of the Mongol emperors of India and generally in Western Asia is considered the language of culture and is like the French language in [[Europe]].
The old spirit of Iranian art has created an immortal work in the structure of the Taj Mahal in the city of '''Agra''', and similarly, Iranian art influenced Ottoman architecture in distant western regions such as [[Constantinople]], and there large and beautiful buildings were constructed that reflected Iranian influence<ref>[https://www.ibna.ir/fa/report/223206/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%81-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86-%DA%A9%D9%87%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 Derived from the website www.ibna.ir]</ref>.

== Views of the Leader of Iran about him ==
The Leader of Iran [[Ali Khamenei]] in a meeting with young Iranian elites stated the following regarding '''Jawaharlal Nehru''': I am certain that you young people pay even less attention to history and such things. You have not even heard one-thousandth of what has happened in propaganda and speeches. This statement, raised while explaining the crimes of the British in our contemporary history, was attributed to a writer: Jawaharlal Nehru. A revolutionary and anti-[[England|British]] man.
He also says regarding his struggle and quest for independence: In Asia, India is of this kind; for ninety years—from 1857 to 1947—they fought and struggled against the British. There too, some were conciliatory, some acted peacefully, some stayed in their homes; but some also fought and eventually triumphed; [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] became the leader of the country. '''Jawaharlal Nehru''' became the powerful head of the independent government, and to this day India is one of the proud countries in the world <ref>[https://www.irna.ir/news/82090937/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B5-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84-%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88 Adapted from IRNA website]</ref>.

== Death ==
'''Jawaharlal Nehru''' held extraordinary respect for the human individual, personality, human dignity, and human society, and for this reason, while interested in [[Socialism]], he was also committed to democracy, and made India the largest and most populous democracy in the world. So much so that he was nicknamed the architect of democracy in [[Asia]].
He passed away on 27 May 1964 at the age of 75, and his body was escorted from his home to the '''Yamuna''' River in the presence of about half a million people and international leaders, and was cremated beside this river according to Hindu rites<ref>[https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/news/181177/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%8C-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 Adapted from website https://www.cgie.org.ir]</ref>.

=External links=
[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru Adapted from the article Jawaharlal Nehru in Encyclopædia Britannica]

==Footnotes==
{{پانویس}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:India]]

Draft:Jawaharlal Nehru - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی