Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-05-13T06:37:32Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = Ibn al-Nadim
| image = Shia scholars.jpg
| name = Abu al-Faraj Muhammad ibn Abi Ya'qub Ishaq ibn Muhammad ibn Ishaq
| other_names =
| birth_year =
| birth_date = First decade of the 4th century AH
| birth_place =
| death_year = 385 AH
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers = {{Vertical list|[[Abu Sa'id al-Hasan ibn Abdullah al-Sirafi|Abu Sa'id al-Sirafi]] |Abu Sulayman al-Mantiqi al-Sijistani |[[Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani]] }}
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| works = {{Horizontal list|Al-Fihrist |Al-Awsaf |Al-Tashbihat }}
| activities =
| website =
}}

'''Abu al-Faraj Muhammad ibn Abi Ya'qub Ishaq ibn Muhammad ibn Ishaq''', known as [[Ibn al-Nadim|Ibn al-Nadim]], was a 4th-century AH Baghdadi bibliographer, ''[[Fihrist|cataloguer]]'', and scholar. Little is known about the life and scholarly activities of Ibn al-Nadim, as later authors and biographers, perhaps due to doctrinal and sectarian differences, paid him scant attention.
He possessed a relative familiarity with various sciences and was likely an authority in certain fields such as [[Arabic literature]] and the [[ancient sciences]], particularly [[philosophy]] and the history of philosophy.

His book, ''[[Al-Fihrist (book)|Al-Fihrist]]'', is a treasury encompassing all authored and transmitted books of the Islamic world up to the late 4th century AH, along with biographies of authors and translators, and numerous other benefits, including detailed accounts of past [[religion|religions]] and [[sect|sects]], as well as former nations and creeds.

== Biography of Ibn al-Nadim ==
The earliest source regarding the circumstances of Ibn al-Nadim is the concise report by [[Ibn Shahr Ashub|Ibn Shahr Ashub]] (d. 588 AH) in ''[[Ma'alim al-Ulama (book)|Ma'alim al-Ulama]]''<ref>Ibn Shahr Ashub, p. 143.</ref>. Following him, [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] (d. 626 AH), in a brief biography derived from ''Al-Fihrist'', praised Ibn al-Nadim, noting that this work demonstrates the author's knowledge in bibliography and various sciences<ref>Yaqut, pp. 17–18.</ref>.

Among later sources, mention must be made of ''[[Lisan al-Mizan (book)|Lisan al-Mizan]]'' by [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami|Ibn Hajar]]<ref>Ibn Hajar, vol. 5, pp. 72–73.</ref>, which contains a relatively detailed biography of Ibn al-Nadim based on the accounts of [[Ibn al-Najjar|Ibn al-Najjar]] and [[Al-Dhahabi|Al-Dhahabi]], alongside a critical examination of ''Al-Fihrist''. A harsh criticism of Ibn al-Nadim's character is a hallmark of Ibn Hajar's work.

== Origin and Lineage of Ibn al-Nadim ==
One cannot speak with certainty regarding the lineage and origin of Ibn al-Nadim; however, given that he mentions no affiliation or connection to any Arab tribe in ''[[Al-Fihrist (book)|Al-Fihrist]]'', it can be said that he was likely not Arab.
Furthermore, evidence such as his omission of Iranian religions in the section on [[sect|sects]] and religions in ''Al-Fihrist'', as well as the content presented on pages 239–240 thereof, may strengthen the probability that he was not Iranian.

On the other hand, Ibn al-Nadim's interest in the ancient sciences, his friendship with [[Christian]] scholars of [[Baghdad]]<ref>"Ibn al-Nadim's knowledge of Judaism and Christianity", vol. 8, pp. 84–113; vol. 10, pp. 156–183.</ref>, and his commendable knowledge of the state of [[Mesopotamia]] before [[Islam]] may serve as evidence attributing him to peoples who resided in Mesopotamia prior to the advent of Islam. This probability is reinforced by the names of his father and grandfather—Ishaq—and the kunyas of both himself and his father—[[Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani]] and Abu Ya'qub.

== Birth ==
Given that in ''Al-Fihrist'' he is consistently referred to as Muhammad ibn Ishaq al-Nadim, and that [[biographical]] and historical sources mostly record his name in this manner or as <big>Ibn al-Nadim</big>, <ref>Shaykh Tusi, pp. 41, 68, various places; Al-Najashi, p. 114; Ibn Shahr Ashub, p. 143; Al-Fakti, vol. 1, pp. 7, 8, 9; Ibn Abi Usaybi'ah, vol. 1, p. 57, p. 287.</ref> it can be said that <big>al-Nadim</big> was the epithet of his father, though the reason for this naming remains unknown.

No information is available regarding Ibn al-Nadim's place of birth. It is only known that he lived in [[Baghdad]] and resided for a time in Mosul<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, p. 94, p. 181.</ref>.

Regarding Ibn al-Nadim's birth date, a report provided by himself in ''Al-Fihrist''<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, p. 295.</ref> concerning his meeting with the Kharijite jurist Abu Bakr al-Barda'i in 340 AH is somewhat illuminating. Considering the information Ibn al-Nadim gathered about al-Barda'i's works and doctrines during this meeting, it can be inferred that he had reached scholarly maturity at the time of the encounter and was approximately thirty to forty years old.

== Sect ==
The divergence of opinions regarding Ibn al-Nadim's [[sect]] stems from the variety and dispersion of his views in ''Al-Fihrist''. Existing evidence in ''Al-Fihrist'' indicates his inclination toward the Mu'tazila school and the doctrine of free will. Examples include:
* Citing Mu'tazili statements regarding [[Muhammad ibn Abdullah (Seal of the Prophets)|the Prophet (peace be upon him)]] as the source of Mu'tazili thought<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, p. 202.</ref>.
* Dividing the Mu'tazila into two groups: the sincere and the innovators<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, pp. 201–202.</ref>.
* Applying the title "People of Justice and Monotheism" to the [[Mu'tazila]]<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, pp. 201–202.</ref>, and conversely, labeling the [[Hashwiyya]] as the [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]]<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, p. 287.</ref>.
* Mentioning [[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]] in the section on theologians of the [[Jabriyya|Jabriyya]] and [[Hashwiyya]]<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, p. 231.</ref>.

== Reasons for Ibn al-Nadim's Shi'ism ==
Considering that he refers to certain [[Imam|Shia Imams]] and their descendants with the phrase "(peace be upon him)"<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, pp. 95, 120, 252.</ref>, praises the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Household]] of [[Muhammad ibn Abdullah (Seal of the Prophets)|the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] in a manner akin to a Shia<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, pp. 197, 276.</ref>, and does not use the expression "May God be pleased with him" for the Two Shaykhs, other [[Caliph|Caliphs]], or figures such as [[Talha]], [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam|Zubayr]], and [[Aisha]]<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, pp. 27, 115, 136.</ref>, it can be said that he adhered to the Shia sect.

It should be added that the expression of approbation ("May God be pleased with him"), which appears in some instances in printed editions of ''Al-Fihrist''<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, pp. 115, 146, 224, 251.</ref> regarding [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] and others, is absent in the original manuscripts; thus, it can be inferred that these expressions were added by copyists.

Other evidence exists that may indicate his adherence to [[Shia Islam|Shi'ism]]:

* Using the specific term "Khassa" (the elite) for [[Shia Islam|Shias]] and "Amma" (the masses) for [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]]<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, pp. 246, 287, 289.</ref>.
* Narrating a report from [[Al-Waqidi]] stating that [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali (peace be upon him)]] was the [[miracle]] of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, p. 111.</ref>.
* Describing Al-Waqidi as "good in creed," while considering him a Shia<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, p. 111.</ref>.
* Praising [[Hisham ibn al-Hakam]], who adhered to the [[Imamate]] of [[Ja'far ibn Muhammad (al-Sadiq)|Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him)]]<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, pp. 223–224.</ref>.
* Sunni biographers have always explicitly affirmed Ibn al-Nadim's inclination toward Shi'ism and Mu'tazilism, sometimes criticizing him severely<ref>Yaqut, pp. 17–18; Tarikh al-Islam.</ref>.
* It is worth noting that [[Twelver]] scholars such as [[Shaykh Tusi]] and [[Al-Najashi]], although they benefited from ''Al-Fihrist'', did not count him among the Twelver rijal (authorities)<ref>Ibn Shahr Ashub, p. 143.</ref>.

== Works of Ibn al-Nadim ==
[[File:کتاب الفهرست.jpg|200px|frameless|left]]
Ibn al-Nadim authored numerous works, but his most renowned work, which enjoys global fame, is the book ''al-Fihrist''. Another of his works is the book ''al-Awsaf wa al-Tashbihat''. His fame rests primarily on ''al-Fihrist''.

''Al-Fihrist'' was completed in the year 377 AH (987 CE), and Ibn al-Nadim likely added further information to it thereafter. This book is the most comprehensive work in the field of general bibliography during the first four centuries of the Islamic era, containing a list of all books written in Arabic up to that time along with biographies of their authors. The book serves as an encyclopedia of history, culture, literature, and religion from pre-Islamic times up to the author's own era<ref>"Ibn al-Nadim," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''.</ref>.<ref>For further explanation, refer to the entry on ''al-Fihrist''.</ref>.

== Death ==
The date of Ibn al-Nadim's death is a matter of dispute. Al-Safadi recorded it as 380 AH, while al-Maqrizi noted it as "Wednesday, 20 [[Sha'ban]] 380" in [[Baghdad]]. Furthermore, based on a statement by Ibn al-Najjar, the date of Ibn al-Nadim's death is given in one place as "Wednesday, 20 Sha'ban 385" and in another as "Sha'ban of the year thirty-eight." Some contemporaries, considering the latter date, have placed his [[death]] in the early 5th century AH. In the first instance, a scribal error appears to have occurred; the second seems unlikely given what was previously mentioned regarding Ibn al-Nadim's birth date. It should be noted that dates after 380 AH appearing in ''al-Fihrist'' are, with near certainty, later additions by copyists, especially since the author himself requested in his book that readers endeavor to complete his work.

== See also ==
* [[Mesopotamia]]
* [[Ibn Shahrashub]]
* [[Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari]]
* [[Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Islamic scholars}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Scholars]]
[[Category:Shia scholars]]
[[Category:Historians]]

Draft:Ibn al-Nadim - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی