Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-05-12T10:02:12Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = Ibn Battuta
| image = ابن بطوطه.jpg
| name = Shams al-Din Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Lawati al-Tanji
| other_names =
| birth_year = 703 AH
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Morocco
| death_year = 779 AH
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Morocco]]
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works = {{hlist|Tuhfat al-Anzar fi Ghara'ib al-Amsar wa 'Aja'ib al-Asfar}}
| occupations = Traveler
| website =
}}
'''Ibn Battuta, Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Lawati al-Tanji''', known as Abu Abdullah, was a traveler who set out for [[Mecca]] in 725 AH and journeyed through [[Egypt]], the [[Levant]], the [[Hejaz]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Yemen]], [[Bahrain]], Turkestan, Mesopotamia, and parts of [[India]] and [[China]], Java, and East Africa, eventually returning to the Maghreb to meet Shah Abu Inan, one of the Marinid rulers. His journey lasted 27 years.

This renowned Amazigh traveler visited Iran five or six times and used the Persian language to communicate with non-Arabs throughout his eastern travels. He traveled to both coasts of the Persian Sea (the present-day [[Persian Gulf]]) and to cities in Fars, including Shiraz, Khuzieh ([[Khuzestan]]), Tustar (Shushtar), Tabriz, and [[Khorasan]]. ''The Rihla of Ibn Battuta'' is among the most valuable geographical works of the Middle Ages.

== Who Was Ibn Battuta ==
Shams al-Din Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Lawati al-Tanji, commonly known as Ibn Battuta, was born in Tangier, located in the [[Morocco|Maghreb]], in the year 703 AH and died in either 770 or 779 AH. He is believed to have belonged to the Lawata Berber tribe. His family consisted of scholars adhering to the [[Maliki]] school of jurisprudence and held judicial positions in Morocco<ref>Al-Durar al-Kamina, Vol. 3, pp. 480–481; Tarikh Nevishthaye Joghrafiayi, p. 331; Tuhfat al-Nazzar, Vol. 1, Introduction, p. 80.</ref>. At a young age, early in his journey, he was appointed as the judge of the pilgrimage caravan to [[Tunis]]. During his travels, he met with scholars, obtained licenses to transmit their narrations, and later attained the position of judge in [[India]].

This reflects his interest and engagement in religious sciences<ref>Ibn Battuta, pp. 2–3</ref>. Researchers have attempted to portray Ibn Battuta's character and disposition based on his travelogue. They have pointed out his affinity for ascetics and [[Sufism|Sufis]] and his inner inclination toward renouncing worldly life on one hand, and his attachment to the world along with his admission of inability to abandon it on the other, while praising his sincerity and avoidance of hypocritical asceticism and pretense<ref>Safarnameh-ye Ibn Battuta, pp. 32–33; Nameh-ye Anjuman Journal, No. 21, p. 7, several examples of sociological and psychological data</ref>.

Some compare him to Herodotus in the context of history and historiography during the Islamic era. Herodotus, after leaving Halicarnassus in Asia Minor—which at that time was under the domination of the Greek government and its appointed dictators—traveled to the farthest reaches of the world, including Babylon in [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Egypt]] in [[Africa]], gathering extensive information and composing his detailed histories based on such achievements around 365 BCE<ref>Khodadadian, Ardeshir: The Achaemenids (1999), section on Herodotus and his historiography.</ref>.

== Travels of Ibn Battuta ==
At the age of twenty-two, the desire to travel to [[Mecca]] and perform the [[Hajj|obligatory pilgrimage]] transformed his life. Thus, in the year 725 AH, he accepted the hardship of estrangement and separation from his family, departing his homeland solely out of longing to visit the [[House of God]] and pay respects at the tomb of [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|the Noble Prophet]]<ref> Rihlat Ibn Battuta, (Beirut: Dar Sader, 1986), p. 14</ref>.
Initially, he intended only to perform the [[pilgrimage]] and then return to his homeland; however, this journey altered his resolve, leading him from Mecca to [[Iraq]]. He visited [[Najaf]], Wasit, and [[Basra]], thereafter proceeding to Abadan. Subsequently, he continued traversing the lands of Iran until reaching Shiraz, where he resided for a time and hastened to visit the tomb of Saadi.

From Iran, he returned to Iraq and once again set out for the [[Hajj]], arriving in Mecca in 728 AH. He remained in that honored city until 730 AH, performing the pilgrimage for three consecutive years, before embarking toward Yemen. From there, he traveled to Maqdishu [Mogadishu] (in Somalia), afterward proceeding to [[Oman]]. Via Hormuz Island, he re-entered Iranian territory, traveling through [[Bahrain]] to Qatif and Hasa [Al-Ahsa] (formerly known as Hajar), and Yamama. Once more setting course for the House of Worship, he arrived at [[Mecca|Mecca the Honored]] in 732 AH and performed the pilgrimage.

Upon completion of the Hajj rituals, he intended to return to his homeland. However, he instead ventured into Asia Minor. He visited Antioch, proceeded to Konya, and hastened to the shrine of Mevlana Rumi. Thereafter, he crossed Asia Minor, advancing as far as southern [[Russia]]. He then traveled to Constantinople. Subsequently, via Iran, he reached Ghazni and Kabul, entered the Indus Valley, and set foot upon the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He became an associate of the court of Muhammad Shah, the ruler of that land, accompanied his diplomatic envoy to China, where he resided for a time and assumed the office of judge.

On his return from [[China]], he came to Iran for the third time, visiting the cities of Lar, Fasa, Shiraz, [[Isfahan]], and Shushtar, before proceeding to Najaf, then [[Kufa]] and Hilla. From Hilla, he traveled to Baghdad, and from that city departed for Syria and Egypt. Once again taking the road to Mecca, he went to Aydhab, reached [[Jeddah]] by sea, and entered the holy city of Mecca on the 22nd of Sha'ban, 749 AH. After performing the Hajj rituals and visiting the purified shrine of [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)]], he set out for his homeland, arriving in Fez, the capital of [[Morocco]], and entering the court of Abu Inan, monarch of the Marinid dynasty, in 750 AH.

Subsequently, he returned to his birthplace, Tangier, and from there set course for [[Al-Andalus]], visiting Granada (the bride of Andalusian cities), before returning to Fez. From there, this traveler commenced his final journey, venturing into the Black Continent, advancing as far as Timbuktu and [[Nigeria]]. Thus, he became "the first traveler to journey within Africa and leave behind an account of his travels<ref>De Vaux, Baron Carra, Islamic Thinkers, translated by Ahmad Aram, (Tehran: Office of Islamic Culture Publication, 1363 SH), vol. 1, p. 98.</ref>".
Thereafter, by order of Abu Inan, Ibn Battuta returned to his court in 754 AH, where he settled. Following twenty-nine years of travel, having traversed the greater part of the inhabited lands of his era, he found rest. Since Ibn Battuta's travel notes had been lost amid various incidents, including captivity at the hands of Indians, he dictated his observations and experiences to the renowned court scribe and secretary known as Ibn Juzayy. Ibn Juzayy, through transcription, abridgment, and occasionally elaboration—and in some instances distortion—of Ibn Battuta's accounts<ref> The Travels of Ibn Battuta. Translated by Mohammad Ali Movahed, (Tehran: Center for Scientific and Cultural Publications, 1361 SH), vol. 1, Translator's Introduction, p. 38.</ref>, compiled the engaging and delightful book ''Tuhfat al-Nazar fi Ghara'ib al-Amsar wa 'Aja'ib al-Asfar'', which later acquired the familiar title ''Rihlat Ibn Battuta''.

== Introduction to the Book of Ibn Battuta ==
The book ''Tuhfat al-Nazar'' was composed under the patronage of Sultan Abu Inan during a period when the Sultan selected the renowned scribe and littérateur Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Juzayy al-Kalbi, known as Ibn Juzayy, to compile Ibn Battuta's memoirs. The writing of this book, based upon Ibn Battuta's dictation, was completed over a period of three months in the year (757 AH)<ref> History of Geographical Writings, p. 335. Tuhfat al-Nazar, Introduction, vol. 1, pp. 79, 152</ref>.

Regarding the accuracy of Ibn Battuta's reports, doubts have existed since the beginning, even during his own lifetime. According to the report of Ibn [[Ibn Khaldun|Khaldun]], the contemporary historian of Ibn Battuta, the stories he recounted in the court of Sultan Abu Inan were met with skepticism and denial by the people<ref> Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, vol. 1, pp. 227-228.</ref>.
Contemporary writers of Ibn Battuta also doubted the veracity of his reports, and some, such as [[Ibn al-Khatib]] and Balfiqi, considered him a liar<ref> Al-Ihata fi Akhbar Gharnata, vol. 3, p. 206.</ref>.
Recent research has also uncovered errors in Ibn Battuta's travelogue and inconsistencies between certain reports and historical and geographical realities, to the extent that his actual travel to lands such as China or Constantinople has been denied, and his statements in this travelogue deemed derived from other sources<ref> The Odyssey of Ibn Battuta, pp. 8-11; Ibn Battuta, p. 13; Tuhfat al-Nazar, vol. 1, pp. 125-131.</ref>.

== Death ==
Ibn Battuta lived for twenty-five years after his long journey and died in the year 779 AH<ref>Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, pp. 121 and 123.</ref>. The only surviving work attributed to Ibn Battuta is his ''Rihla'' (Travelogue), and through studying it, one can discern his characteristics throughout the book; he was neither a great thinker nor a profound scholar<ref>Ibn Battuta's Rihla, Introduction by Karam al-Bustani, p. 6</ref>, nor did he engage in meticulous scientific or theoretical inquiries. However, he diligently applied his senses, committing what he saw and heard to memory.

== Footnotes ==
{{Footnotes}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Historical figures]]

Draft:Ibn Battuta - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی