Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-05-26T04:54:46Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = Ashtar Alavi
| image =
| name = Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya
| other_names = Ashtar Alavi
| birth_year =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Medina, Saudi Arabia
| death_year =
| death_date = 151 AH
| death_place = Kabul, Afghanistan
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = Islam
| sect = Alavi
| works =
| website =
}}
'''ASHTAR ALAVI''', Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya (d. approx. 151 AH/768 CE), was a prominent figure among the Alavids<ref>[https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C Ashtar Alavi]</ref>.

==Birth==
He was born in [[Medina|Medina]] and raised there. His mother was Salma, daughter of Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan (peace be upon him). He was called "Ashtar" due to the eversion of his eyelid<ref>Bayhaqi, Ali, ''Lubab al-Ansab'', vol. 1, p. 225, edited by Mehdi Rajai, Qom, 1410 AH</ref>.

==Biography==
The first mention of Ashtar in historical sources dates to 140 AH, when [[Al-Mansur|Al-Mansur]], the Abbasid caliph, came to [[Mecca|Mecca]] for the [[Hajj|pilgrimage]]. Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya and his brother Ibrahim, who were living in hiding, also came to Mecca along with several other Alavids. Some of them intended to assassinate the caliph, and Abdullah Ashtar resolved to carry out this act, but al-Nafs al-Zakiyya opposed it<ref>Tabari, ''History'', vol. 1, p. 525</ref>.

According to [[Tabari|Tabari]]<ref>Tabari, ''History'', vol. 8, pp. 33-36</ref>, following the uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya in Medina (145 AH), Abdullah Ashtar, sent by his father along with a group of Zaydis, went to Umar ibn Hafs al-Sufri, who was the governor of Sindh on behalf of Al-Mansur and sympathized with the Talibids. Umar accepted their invitation, pledged allegiance to al-Nafs al-Zakiyya through Abdullah, and secured pledges from the families, leaders, and nobles of his province. However, after some time, when news reached him of the defeat and subsequent death of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, Abdullah sent Ashtar to one of the kings of Sindh or the Rajas<ref>Habibi, Abdulhay, ''History of Afghanistan after Islam'', vol. 1, p. 408, Kabul, 1345 SH</ref> to seek safety. Shortly thereafter, another group of Zaydis joined Abdullah. It is said that from this time onward, [[Shia Islam|Shiism]] began to spread in Sindh<ref>Habibi, Abdulhay, ''History of Afghanistan after Islam'', vol. 1, p. 408, Kabul, 1345 SH</ref>.

When news of Abdullah reached Al-Mansur, he wrote to Umar ibn Hafs demanding an explanation regarding this matter. However, Umar did not provide a satisfactory answer. Shortly after, Al-Mansur appointed Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi in his place. Although Hisham initially hesitated to arrest Abdullah upon arriving in Sindh, eventually Hisham's brother fought against Abdullah and ten of his companions, killing them all. Hisham ibn Amr then informed Al-Mansur of the event, and the caliph praised his action<ref>Tabari, ''History'', vol. 8, pp. 35-36</ref>.

Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani's account of Ashtar's journey to Sindh differs from Tabari's narrative. According to this version, Isa ibn Abdullah ibn Mas'ada—whose father had been the tutor of the children of Abdullah ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan (peace be upon him), Ashtar's grandfather—stated that after the killing of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, Ashtar traveled from [[Kufa|Kufa]] and [[Basra|Basra]] to Sindh. Al-Mansur tasked Hisham ibn Amr with suppressing him, and ultimately Ashtar was killed there. Hisham sent his head to Al-Mansur<ref>Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, ''Maqatil al-Talibiyyin'', vol. 1, pp. 311-312, edited by Ahmad Saqr, Cairo, 1368 AH/1949 CE</ref>.

==Children==
Various reports exist concerning Abu al-Hasan Muhammad, the son of Ashtar. According to Tabari<ref>Tabari, ''History'', vol. 8, p. 36</ref>, while Ashtar was staying with a Sindh Raja, he had a son by a concubine. After Ashtar's death, both the concubine and her child were sent to Al-Mansur, who then forwarded them to Medina. The caliph confirmed Muhammad's Alavid lineage and ordered the governor of Medina to entrust him to his relatives. Nevertheless, it is reported that [[Ja'far ibn Muhammad (al-Sadiq)|Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him)]] expressed astonishment regarding Muhammad's lineage and Al-Mansur's letter on the subject<ref>Bukhari, Sahl, ''Sirr al-Silsila al-Alawiyya'', p. 8, edited by Muhammad Sadiq Bahr al-Ulum, Najaf, 1381 AH/1962 CE</ref>. However, according to Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani<ref>Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, ''Maqatil al-Talibiyyin'', vol. 1, p. 314, edited by Ahmad Saqr, Cairo, 1368 AH/1949 CE</ref>, citing Ibn Mas'ada, Ashtar's son remained with Ibn Mas'ada in Sindh until the death of Al-Mansur (159 AH), after which he came to Medina during the caliphate of al-Mahdi al-Abbasi. Another source indicates that Ashtar's son later migrated from Sindh<ref>Ibn Sufi, Ali, ''Al-Majdi'', vol. 1, p. 39, edited by Ahmad Mahdavi Damghani, Qom, 1409 AH</ref>. The family of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya descending from Abdullah Ashtar<ref>Bukhari, Sahl, ''Sirr al-Silsila al-Alawiyya'', vol. 1, p. 8, edited by Muhammad Sadiq Bahr al-Ulum, Najaf, 1381 AH/1962 CE</ref><ref>Ibn Inaba, Ahmad, ''Umdat al-Talib'', p. 105, edited by Muhammad Hasan Al Talqani, Najaf, 1380 AH/1961 CE</ref> became known as Banu Ashtar or the Ashtariyya, who resided in Kufa and its surroundings<ref>Bayhaqi, Ali, ''Lubab al-Ansab'', vol. 1, p. 225, edited by Mehdi Rajai, Qom, 1410 AH</ref>, though their lineage eventually died out<ref>Ibn Inaba, Ahmad, ''Umdat al-Talib'', p. 108, edited by Muhammad Hasan Al Talqani, Najaf, 1380 AH/1961 CE</ref>.

==Death==
According to Mas'udi<ref>Mas'udi, Ali, ''Muruj al-Dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 307, edited by Muhammad Muhyi al-Din Abd al-Hamid, Cairo, 1384 AH/1964 CE</ref>, after the killing of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, Ashtar fled to [[Khorasan|Khorasan]] and then to Sindh, where he was killed. Ibn Sufi<ref>Ibn Sufi, Ali, ''Al-Majdi'', vol. 1, p. 39, edited by Ahmad Mahdavi Damghani, Qom, 1409</ref> and Ibn Inaba<ref>Ibn Inaba, Ahmad, ''Umdat al-Talib'', p. 105, edited by Muhammad Hasan Al Talqani, Najaf, 1380 AH/1961 CE</ref> have written that Ashtar was killed in Kabul on a mountain named Aluj.

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Historical figures]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabia]]

Draft:Ashtar Alavi - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی