Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-05-30T04:32:47Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = Amir Kabir
| image = امیرکبیر.jpg
| name = Mirza Mohammad Taqi Khan Farahani
| other_names = Amir Kabir
| birth_year = 1807 CE
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Hazaveh village, near Arak
| death_year = 1852 CE
| death_date = 20 Dey
| death_place = Kashan
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| works =
| activities = {{Horizontal list|Grand Vizier of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar|Founder of Dar ul-Funun school|Publisher of Vaqaye-e Ettefaqiyeh newspaper|Reform of the financial system}}
| website =
}}
'''Mirza Mohammad Taqi Khan Farahani''', known as '''Amir Kabir''', was from Hazaveh in the Farahan region, a district of [[Arak]]. He was a statesman and Grand Vizier during the reign of [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]]. Upon assuming the vizierate, Amir Kabir initiated reforms in social, cultural, and political spheres, including safeguarding the country's independence and territorial integrity, curbing foreign influence and [[colonialism|colonialists]], among other measures, thereby bringing about profound transformation and reform in [[Iran]]. Among his significant achievements were the establishment of the [[Dar ul-Funun school]], the publication of the ''Vaqaye-e Ettefaqiyeh'' newspaper, and the construction of the Toopkhaneh Square, among others.

Ultimately, Amir Kabir was dismissed from his position as Grand Vizier through conspiracies orchestrated by those close to the Shah, particularly Mahd-e Olya, the Shah's power-hungry mother, who had a strong inclination to interfere in affairs and played a major role in the political events of the era. He was exiled to [[Kashan]] and subsequently executed on the orders of Naser al-Din Shah in the Fin Bathhouse. His body was initially buried in the "Posht-e Mashhad" cemetery in Kashan; however, some time later, his wife, Ezzat od-Dowleh, transferred his remains to [[Karbala]], where he was interred within the eastern arcade of the [[Shrine of Husayn ibn Ali|Shrine of Imam Husayn (AS)]], an area known as "Paeen-e Pa".

== The Personality of the Amir ==
Beyond religious traits, an individual's conduct and moral characteristics are shaped by the tumultuous periods of their life. The family into which one is born, the friends with whom one plays, the teachers who educate one, and the people with whom one interacts all influence human character.

Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir was the son of a cook who served [[Qa'em Maqam Farahani]]. Although seemingly originating from the deprived and lower strata of [[Iranian society]], he possessed the advantage of being raised within one of the finest and most noble families of Iran at that time. He understood both the desires of the common people and the thoughts of the nation's elites. Having experienced the hardships and sufferings of the people firsthand, he had also witnessed the prosperity enjoyed by the ruling class. Demonstrating remarkable competence, he received education alongside the children of Qa'em Maqam. Consequently, he never betrayed his people, always prioritizing their welfare above all else. He was a capable administrator, a seasoned politician, a patriot, a friend of the people, and a man of the people whose thoughts were dedicated to serving them.

== The Amir Through Foreign Eyes ==
The secretary of the [[United Kingdom|British]] Embassy in [[Tehran]] described the Amir's character and conduct as follows: "Amir Nezam never made promises lightly, but when he pledged to accomplish something, his word could be trusted and the task considered fulfilled. Amir Nezam was far beyond anyone's ability to bribe. Days and weeks passed during which he worked from dawn till dusk, considering his sacred duty as his only reward. Difficulties and deceptions neither weakened his resolve nor dampened his spirit. If Amir Nezam did not succeed in all his plans, it was not due to any deficiency in his knowledge or工作能力; the fault lay with those who failed to support him."

== Fight Against Bribery ==
Corruption among government officials and the proliferation of bribery are the bitter fruits of a corrupt and anti-people government. Conversely, allowing such officials to violate people's rights signifies the weakness of national leadership. Amir Kabir strove to establish strong foundations of order and eradicate corruption and bribery, as prior to his tenure, accepting bribes and demanding tribute had become a daily habit among courtiers.

A British advisor stated: "Among the undesirable traits of Iranians is 'madakhel' (illicit gains). This term is very pleasing to Iranian ears. Government officials are only satisfied through madakhel. Their salaries receive little attention; it is solely madakhel associated with a position that captures their full attention... Mirza Taqi Khan was someone before whom the names madakhel and bribery were never mentioned. This selfless man dismantled and abolished all corrupt principles and practices, completely prohibiting their commission."

== A Religious Intellectual ==
Just as rigid fanaticism and blind [[religion|religious]] devotion hinder societal progress, neglecting religious and national traditions leads a country toward loss of identity and xenophilia. Successful individuals are those who, relying on their own religious and national culture and utilizing necessary models and tools—even if acquired from foreigners—guide society toward prosperity. Amir Kabir is a prominent example of such individuals. When the commander of the Erzurum army requested him to wear Ottoman Turkish clothing briefly to remain safe from mob attacks, he responded sharply: "Even if they sever my head from my body, I will not remove the attire specific to Iranians."

An Amir who was so strict in preserving his country's traditions also paid attention to Western achievements and did not neglect studying their advancements. Therefore, he encouraged people to study Western progress and strive to learn the contemporary accomplishments of the West.

== British Conspiracy ==
When colonial powers perceive an individual as an obstacle to achieving their objectives, they employ every possible means to remove him: treaties of friendship, bribery, threats, defamation, and ultimately, assassination. Amir Kabir was a formidable barrier who strove to leave no opening for colonialists to exploit Iran's wealth.

The British ambassador offered bribes to the Amir on several occasions, but the Amir rejected them all, thereby provoking the ambassador's wrath. The ambassador repeatedly stated: "The funds proposed as bribes to the Amir, which he refused, were instead spent on his murder." Ultimately, the conspiracies of Britain and its pensioners within the court sent a great man to his death; his martyrdom branded the foreheads of his enemies with a mark of infamy, while his life became a testament of honor in the hands of the nation.

== Amir Kabir and Industry ==
In an era when the Industrial Revolution in Europe was approaching its peak, the backwardness of countries such as Iran became more evident than ever. When enumerating Amir Kabir's achievements, one must not overlook his profound attention to industry. His overall policy was based on industrial development and agricultural advancement. His aim was to increase domestic production and reduce imports. The Amir established factories for sugar, textiles, papermaking, metalwork, crystal, porcelain, and more in various Iranian cities.

He ordered that new machinery be brought to Iran and requested European engineers and industrialists to teach various industries within the country. Mines were identified, and the extraction of metals commenced. The Amir was so insistent on promoting and encouraging artisans that he pledged to reward generously anyone who introduced a novel craft or a new industry.

== Agricultural Prosperity ==
Amir Kabir believed that an independent country must supply all its needs domestically. He took significant steps to promote agriculture. What he accomplished marked the beginning of a movement that required further organization in the future. Some of his most important measures to improve the agricultural situation included: ensuring security for farmers, encouraging them to industrialize production processes, reducing taxes, constructing the Naseri Dam on the Karkheh River, and building two additional dams in Gorgan and Qom.

== Public Health ==
A society afflicted by physical and mental illnesses cannot taste tranquility. Neglecting health and hygiene leads to the spread of diseases. People who grow up in poverty and filth will never experience comfort or progress. Amir Kabir, who emerged from among the common people and was long acquainted with their hardships, demonstrated great initiative in raising the level of public health. He made smallpox vaccination universal in Iran and, by his order, necessary books on the subject were translated into Persian and printed. He employed vaccinators with adequate salaries and dispatched them to various cities. Other measures undertaken by the Amir in this regard included combating cholera, establishing the first state-run hospitals, training physicians, ensuring urban cleanliness, and gathering the sick from throughout the cities.

== Amir, the Patron of Science ==
Attention to science and literature, and providing the necessary environment for the expansion of knowledge, constitutes the primary program for enhancing public understanding and insight. What rendered Amir Kabir an enlightened and thoughtful figure was his dedication to science and culture. In an era when books were the most important means of acquiring knowledge and generating ideas, he undertook initiatives whose value can be fully appreciated today.

During his tenure as prime minister, numerous books were brought from Europe to Iran, covering diverse fields such as natural sciences, industry, agriculture, commerce, economics, politics, mining laws, domestication of animals, cultivation of industrial and fruit trees, gardening, military organization and the arts of war, medicine, veterinary science, and more. Furthermore, the Amir brought 323 maps of world geography to Iran in a single consignment.

Mirza Taqi Khan established a library adjacent to the Dar al-Fonun school to enable students to familiarize themselves with sciences of their interest. The establishment of a printing press at the Dar al-Fonun school was another of the Amir's thoughtful endeavors, which made book printing easier, faster, and cheaper. No period in Qajar history witnessed such an approach to science, nor such praiseworthy steps toward scientific self-sufficiency.

== The Resolute Amir ==
Amir Kabir had prohibited the sale of wine. One day, a black servant went to an Armenian's house and demanded wine. The Armenian refused. The servant insisted and threatened the Armenian. Lacking the courage to disobey the Amir's order and sell wine, the Armenian mixed vinegar syrup with water and sold it to the servant. The servant drank it all at once and began shouting abusively and harassing people. The servant was apprehended and brought before the Amir. The Amir ordered that the Armenian be brought and punished. The Armenian recounted the story, explaining that he had sold vinegar syrup, not wine. Angered, the servant retorted: "Why did you not tell me so, that I might not have become intoxicated?" Upon understanding the matter, the Amir laughed, dismissed the Armenian, and reprimanded the servant.

== Dar ul-Funun ==
The cultivation of thoughtful men and skilled artisans requires not only experienced teachers but also the establishment of suitable institutions and proper organization. Amir Kabir had been striving to found a school years before his premiership. He intended to educate students in various sciences and set Iran on a path toward prosperity. Finally, in 1266 AH, he commenced the construction of a school named "Dar ul-Funun."

Since Amir Kabir, like the Iranian people, harbored animosity toward the British and Russians, he employed Austrian instructors. Dar ul-Funun began operations with nine Austrian professors in the fields of engineering, military tactics, artillery, cavalry, mineralogy, medicine, and pharmacy, accommodating one hundred and fifty students. This occurred thirteen days after Amir Kabir had been [[martyrdom|martyred]] in Fin Garden; thus, he never witnessed the fruits of his efforts in establishing Dar ul-Funun.

== Never Dependent on Foreigners ==
Iran remembers many years during which foreigners encroached upon its national resources and interfered in the destiny of Iranians. The era of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajars]] was marked by the aggressions of Britain and [[Russia]]. Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir opposed the expansion of predatory foreign influence in Iran. He championed national independence and resolutely resisted illegitimate demands from foreign powers. Consequently, he strove to prevent granting any concessions to these countries.

Establishing relations with countries such as [[Austria]], the [[United States]], [[France]], and [[Germany]] constituted another policy aimed at limiting dependence on the British and Russian governments. A British representative stated: "My efforts, those of the Russian representative, and our joint endeavors are all in vain. No one can dissuade Mirza Taqi Khan from his decision."

== Vaqaye-e Ettefaqiyeh ==
Elevating societal awareness and fostering cultural growth lead to improved living conditions for the people. The Qajar reign had plunged the populace into such poverty and ignorance that few believed Amir Kabir could leave a profound impact on public culture.

One of his most fundamental measures to enhance public knowledge and awareness was the publication of the newspaper ''[[Vaqaye-e Ettefaqiyeh]]''. Although other Persian-language newspapers had been published previously, none achieved the success of ''Vaqaye-e Ettefaqiyeh''. Public interest in this newspaper grew so significantly that even nomadic tribes paid subscriptions to read it. The progress of European governments, industrial development therein, and new discoveries were the most important topics serialized in this publication.

A British representative in Iran wrote: "The establishment of this newspaper signifies Amir Kabir's firm resolve to advance Iran and enlighten the minds of his compatriots."

== Privileges of the Shah and Courtiers ==
Parasitism, indulgence, licentiousness, and wealth accumulation were the defining characteristics of Qajar princes. These princes, in pursuit of their own pleasures, squandered national resources while turning a blind eye to the poverty and hunger of the people. Financial corruption and the exorbitant expenditures of the Qajar court were the primary reasons for public hatred toward their monarchy. Reckless gifts bestowed from the treasury upon friends and acquaintances, costly travels, and extravagant spending increased day by day.

Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir was not a man who would tolerate injustice. Although his brief premiership did not afford him sufficient time to eradicate financial corruption entirely, he courageously reduced the salaries and benefits of courtiers, princes, and even [[Naser al-Din Shah]]. Amir Kabir established such a systematic and robust foundation for the national treasury that, for years after his death, opportunists remained unable to access the nation's wealth.

== An Inscription on the Wall ==
At the moment Amir Kabir sat in the Fin bathhouse, witnessing the gushing of his own blood, he remained, as always, calm, dignified, and deeply contemplative. Suddenly, as if recalling something, he rose and placed his bloodied hand upon the wall, as though intending to write something. Perhaps Amir Kabir remembered the [[death]] of his mentor, Qa'em-Maqam, who had also been [[assassination|assassinated]] by [[Mohammad Shah]] and, in his dying moments, had written upon the wall of Negarestan:

{{Poem}}{{B |Such is the fate that sometimes grants honor, sometimes brings disgrace |The playful sphere possesses many such toys}}{{End Poem}}

Some have claimed that Amir Kabir also inscribed a text on the wall, but it remained unread; others assert it was legible but erased because it was unfavorable to the Qajar dynasty. A European traveler to Iran reported that the phrase "La ilaha illallah" (There is no god but Allah) had been written on the wall.

Setting aside all speculation, what can be stated with certainty derives from the words of the French Count de Gobineau. He wrote: "In any case, if we seek to discern what those markings were or what was inscribed in that script, we may say it was the seal of misfortune upon the state and nation of Iran, branded upon the nation's forehead, and an eternal document of historical shame from the reign of Naser al-Din Shah, forever preserved in the annals of history."

== See Also ==
* [[Exile]]
* [[Qom]]
* [[Death]]

== Sources ==
[https://hawzah.net/fa/Magazine/View/3282/5773/58108/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1 Adapted from the Hawzah Information Base website]

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Iran]]

Draft:Amir Kabir - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی