Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-05-19T04:34:28Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = Ahmad al-Muhajir
| image =
| name = Ahmad al-Muhajir
| other_names = Ahmad ibn Isa al-Muhajir
| birth_year = 273 AH
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Basra, Iraq
| death_year = 345 AH
| death_date =
| death_place = Hadhramaut, Yemen
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = Islam
| sect = Shia
| works =
| activities = Religious preacher and social reformer
| website =
}}
'''Ahmad ibn Isa al-Muhajir''' (273–345 AH) was a member of the Ba'Alawi family and a descendant of the Prophet of Islam, Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny). He migrated from his homeland in Iraq to the land of [[Hadhramaut]], and for this reason, he was given the epithet "al-Muhajir" (the Emigrant). He was the first sayyid to arrive in Hadhramaut, and his descendants subsequently exerted a profound influence on the scientific and cultural history of the region.

Incorrectly, in some genealogical books, Ahmad has been referred to as "al-Abah" or "al-Naffat." Mr. Alawi ibn Tahir Haddad highlighted this error in one of his works.

== Lineage ==
Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Muhammad al-Naqib ibn Ali al-Uraydi ibn [[Ja'far ibn Muhammad (al-Sadiq)|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] ibn [[Muhammad ibn Ali (al-Baqir)|Muhammad al-Baqir]] ibn [[Ali ibn Husayn (Zayn al-Abidin)|Ali Zayn al-Abidin]] ibn [[Husayn ibn Ali (Sayyid al-Shuhada)|al-Husayn]] al-Sibt ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib. [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali]] (peace be upon him) was the husband of [[Fatima bint Muhammad (al-Zahra)|Fatima]] (peace be upon her), the daughter of [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Khatam al-Anbiya)|Muhammad]] (peace be upon him and his progeny).

He was the eighth-generation descendant of the Messenger of God, Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny).

== Birth and Upbringing ==
He was born around the year 273 AH in the city of Basra, Iraq. His father, Isa, was a respected figure in Basra, known for his beauty and ruddy complexion, which earned him the epithet "al-Rumi." Furthermore, his grandfather, Muhammad, was a prominent noble of Basra, and his residence was renowned throughout the city. He was the first person from the city of Medina to settle in Iraq.

Al-Muhajir grew up during the Abbasid Caliphate, a period marked by the flourishing of culture and various sciences, including literature, jurisprudence, modern thought, philosophy, mysticism, poetry, sports, astronomy, and other branches of knowledge. Among those who were contemporaries of al-Muhajir in the third century AH were: Abu Hanifa, al-Shafi'i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, al-Asma'i, Ibn Ishaq, and Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari.

== Political Circumstances and the Beginning of His Migration ==
The political circumstances during al-Muhajir's lifetime in the late third century AH coincided with the end of the first Abbasid era and the beginning of the second Abbasid era in Iraq. This period was characterized by successive crises, leading to weakness and an inability to control affairs, resulting in the spread of chaos and corruption throughout Iraq. During this time, the Seljuk state emerged in the north and seized control of regions previously under Abbasid authority.

In 255 AH, during the caliphate of [[al-Muhtadi Billah]], a movement known as the [[Zanj Rebellion]] began, causing great fear among the Alids, the people of Basra, the Iraqis, and others. This turmoil ended in 270 AH after bloody battles. Subsequently, the Qarmatian wars commenced in 278 AH, followed by an attack on Basra in 310 AH; this was one of the primary reasons for his migration from his homeland, Basra. After consulting with family members and relatives regarding his departure from Iraq, he decided to leave, while his sons—Muhammad, Ali, and Husayn—as well as his brother Muhammad ibn Isa and most other family members, remained in Iraq to oversee their properties.

In 317 AH, during the reign of Caliph al-Muhtadi Billah, Ahmad al-Muhajir departed from Basra toward the Hejaz with a large caravan. Accompanying him were his wife, Zaynab bint Abdullah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Uraydi; his son Abdullah, known by the epithet Ubaydullah; his daughter-in-law Umm al-Banin bint Muhammad ibn Isa ibn Muhammad; his grandson Ismail (known as al-Basri) ibn Abdullah; two of his cousins: Muhammad ibn Sulayman (the great-grandfather of the Ahl al-Ahd family) and Yusuf ibn Hasan (the great-grandfather of the Qadim family); and several companions, including Ja'far ibn Abdullah al-Azdi (the great-grandfather of the Makhdim family), Mukhtar ibn Abdullah ibn Sa'd (the father of the Mukhtar family), Shawi ibn Faraj al-Isbahani, and a group totaling approximately seventy individuals.

== Journeys ==
This caravan took the route to Syria, as security was ensured along Darb Zubayda, the road extending from Iraq to the Holy Lands, which featured wells, springs, stations, and signposts guiding travelers on their journey.

=== Hejaz ===
Ahmad al-Muhajir entered Medina and remained there for one year. Due to security disturbances, he was unable to perform the Hajj or enter Mecca. In Dhu al-Hijjah of the year 317 AH, the Qarmatians entered Mecca, desecrated the sanctuary, attacked pilgrims, killing many, and removed the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad), leaving its place empty for 22 years; people would touch the vacant spot seeking blessings.

In the following year, 318 AH, after the subsidence of conflicts, al-Muhajir traveled to Mecca. Subsequently, his family and companions performed the Hajj, and he himself undertook the pilgrimage.

=== Hadhramaut ===
After completing the Hajj, he traveled with his companions to Yemen, journeying from one region to another. Along the way, Muhammad ibn Sulayman (the ancestor of the Al Ahdal family) decided to settle in Wadi Saham, while Hasan ibn Yusuf (the ancestor of the Al Qadimi family) proceeded to Wadi Sardud. Al-Muhajir, however, continued his journey until he reached Hadhramaut in 319 AH during the reign of the Ziyadid dynasty in Yemen. The first village where he settled was Al-Jabil in Wadi Du'an. He did not remain there long but moved to the village of Al-Hajrayn, where he resided for an extended period. A house was built for him there, part of whose lower structure remains to this day. He acquired land and date palm orchards in this location. Later, he departed and settled in the village of Banu Jushayr, near the village of Bur, staying there for some time before moving to Al-Husaysa. He lived there peacefully until the end of his life.

== Missionary Activities ==
When Ahmad al-Muhajir arrived in Hadhramaut, both Shia and Sunni minorities in the region supported him and followed his lead. However, the Ibadi sect opposed him, as they then dominated the area. He entered into peaceful relations with them, engaging in dialogue through wisdom and virtuous preaching. Gradually, due to his morality, nobility, eloquence, and wisdom, many Ibadi followers joined him, converting from Ibadism to the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence. Eventually, Ibadism disappeared entirely from Hadhramaut, and the populace adopted Shafi'i fiqh and Ash'ari creed.

It is reported that while al-Muhajir resided in the village of Al-Hajrayn, a conflict and battle erupted between his followers and the Ibadis in the region of Bahran. The Ibadis received supplies from their co-religionists in Oman, whereas al-Muhajir obtained equipment and funds sent by his son Muhammad via caravans and ships arriving from Basra. Ultimately, the Ibadis were defeated, prompting al-Muhajir to relocate from Al-Hajrayn to Qarat Banu Jushayr.

It is highly probable that these doctrinal differences prevented al-Muhajir from residing in major Hadhrami cities such as Tarim and Shibam, where he would have been compelled to engage in debates with local notables and influential figures. Consequently, he chose villages such as Al-Jabil in Du'an and Al-Hajrayn for settlement, enabling him to gather followers among both Shia and Sunni populations.

== Religious Affiliation ==
Hadhrami historians, particularly the Alawi scholars, have differed regarding al-Muhajir's religious affiliation. Opinions were divided into two main views: one asserting that he was a Shafi'i adherent of the Ash'ari school, and another maintaining that, in matters of belief, he followed his forefathers in adhering to the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). Some further claimed that al-Muhajir was a Twelver Ja'fari Shia.

Following an examination of available historical sources by a researcher in this field, it was concluded that al-Muhajir was neither Shafi'i, nor Ash'ari, nor Imami; rather, he adhered to the path of his ancestors and the general body of Muslims.

== Wealth ==
Al-Muhajir was wealthy in Basra, possessing considerable fortune, and appointed his son Muhammad as the administrator of his assets there. His grandson, Jadid ibn Ubaydallah ibn Ahmad al-Muhajir, would travel to Basra to oversee these affairs. When al-Muhajir departed for Hadhramaut, he brought approximately thirteen camels laden with gold and silver. After incurring substantial expenses during a prolonged journey lasting over two years—passing through Basra, Syria, and Hejaz, and during his stay in Medina en route to Mecca and Yemen—he finally reached Hadhramaut. Throughout his travels, he bore the costs for his companions, horses, and camels. Despite the significant expenditures incurred over this extended period, a considerable amount of wealth remained, which he utilized for the support of his family and servants.

== Children ==
He had four sons: Muhammad, Ali, and Husayn, who settled in Basra and whose descendants multiplied extensively in Iraq and its surrounding regions; and Abdullah, who migrated with his father to Hadhramaut and, out of humility before God Almighty, named himself "Ubaidullah." After his father's death, he moved to the village of Sum Sumul, where he passed away. Subsequently, Abdullah's descendants relocated to the village of Bayt Jubayr for settlement, and from there to the city of Tarim, where they became known as the Ba'Alawi family.

=Death=
He died in the year 345 AH and was buried in the eastern valley of Al-Husaysah, known as Shu'b al-Muhajir, south of the village of Bur, a dependency of Hadhramaut in Yemen. His tomb is a site of pilgrimage. A mosque was constructed over his grave, and a well was dug beside it.

=References=
Shihab, Muhammad Diya'; Abdullah ibn Nuh (1400 AH). ''Imam al-Muhajir'' (PDF). Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Dar al-Shuruq. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2020.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Historical figures]]

Draft:Ahmad al-Muhajir - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی