Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-05-23T04:23:30Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| name = Ahmad Muharram
| image = Ahmad Muharram.jpg
| other_names = Ahmad ibn Hasan ibn Abdullah
| birth_year = 1294 AH
| birth_place = Egypt, Beheira Governorate, Dilingat Center, Ibia al-Hamra village
| death_year = 1364 AH
| death_place = Egypt, Beheira Governorate, Damanhur
| influences = {{Hlist|[[Muhammad Abduh]]|[[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]]|Ahmad Shawqi|Muhammad Sami al-Barudi|Hafez Ibrahim|Ahmad Nasim}}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam]]
| works = {{Hlist|''Diwan'' (poetry collection)|Articles}}
}}
'''Ahmad ibn Hasan ibn Abdullah''', known as '''Ahmad Muharram''', was an Egyptian religious, patriotic, and pan-Islamic poet of Turkish descent mixed with Egyptian blood, who lived during the 13th and 14th centuries AH. In his poetry, he was influenced by figures such as [[Muhammad Abduh]], [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]], Ahmad Shawqi, Muhammad Sami al-Barudi, Hafez Ibrahim, and Ahmad Nasim. The key themes of his poetry include Islamism, patriotism, [[Islamic unity]], national awakening, Arab unity, adherence to religious rituals such as Islam, [[Muhammad|the Prophet (peace be upon him)]], the [[Kaaba]], [[Jerusalem]], the [[Quran]], and brotherhood as a means to achieve [[Islamic unity|unity]], while avoiding sectarianism and ethnic nationalism.

==Biography==
Ahmad Muharram was born on Saturday, the 5th of Muharram, 1294 AH, in the village of Ibia al-Hamra, one of the villages in the Dilingat Center of Beheira Governorate. His father, Hasan Effendi Abdullah, was of Circassian Mamluk descent, a lineage of Turkish soldiers who ruled over Syria and Egypt for nearly three centuries from the 13th to the 16th century CE, and his mother was also of Turkish origin. However, according to Ahmad Muharram himself, this Turkish heritage was blended with Egyptian blood. Despite his Turkish ancestry, Hasan Effendi Abdullah was a man deeply devoted to Arab identity, passionate about [[Arabic literature]] and its history, and a devout Muslim who, in addition to frequent recitation, adhered strictly to the [[principles of Islam]] and its rituals. These characteristics significantly influenced his son Ahmad Muharram's religious upbringing and his composition of poems praising Islam, the life of [[Muhammad|the Prophet (peace be upon him)]], and his [[military expeditions]]. Thus, Ahmad inherited from his father a deep religiosity, admiration for the glory of Islam, and a commitment to its defense<ref>Khadija Qadawi, ''Al-Shi'r al-Malhami fi al-Asr al-Hadith'', Ahmad Muharram as a Model, p. 9.</ref>.

==Education==
Ahmad Muharram grew up in his village like other privileged individuals of his time. His father hired tutors in the village to educate him, enabling him to master arithmetic, reading, writing, and memorization of the [[Quran]]. Subsequently, his father enrolled him in one of the schools in [[Cairo]], which were reserved for children of the affluent class. However, Muharram disliked the curriculum of this school, prompting his father to transfer him to another institution that he deemed superior. Nevertheless, these schools failed to ignite his passion and love for Arabic literature, leading him to turn away from them. Consequently, in a poem addressed to his father, he depicted his sense of alienation from the [[Arabic language]] within these educational institutions, despite being no older than fifteen. As a result, his father had no choice but to return him to the village and arrange for several scholars from [[Al-Azhar]] to come and teach him philology and Arabic literature. In the village, Muharram cultivated his intellect by studying books of interest in his father's library and nourished his conscience and emotions with the springs of Arabic poetry. His father also introduced him to the latest Arabic poems composed by his friends to stimulate his sense of Arab camaraderie. During his trips to Damanhur, one of the cities in Beheira Governorate, [[Egypt]], his father accompanied him to establish connections with scholars, attendees, writers, and dignitaries<ref>Ibid., p. 11.</ref>.

==Works==
[[File:احمد محرم 3.webp|frameless|left|]]
The works and writings of Ahmad Muharram, comprising poetry and critical articles, aimed at reforming and refining his own community and subsequently the people of the world, addressed topics such as Islamism, patriotism, [[Islamic unity]], national awakening, Arab unity, women's education and upbringing, introduction of contemporary poetry, and critique of poets' works<ref>Ibid., p. 12.</ref>.

===Poetry Collections===
Through his poetry, Ahmad Muharram created various works, including several renowned poetry collections known as ''Diwans'' in five volumes. In addition to the ''Diwan'' titled '''"Majd al-Islam"''' and the ''Diwan'' titled '''"al-Aqsa al-Hazin"''', these collections are as follows:
# Al-Siyasiyat;
# Al-Ijtima'at wa al-Marathi;
# Al-Khawatir wa al-Ta'ammulat wa al-Musajjalat;
# Al-Ikhwaniyat wa al-Tahaya wa al-Tahani;
# Al-Tabi'a wa al-Wasf wa al-Ghazal;
These five collections (Diwans) were published in 1988 CE by Maktabat al-Falah Publishing House in [[Kuwait]], with chapters organized and dated by Ahmad Muharram's son, Mahmud Ahmad Muharram. The ''Diwan'' of Majd al-Islam was also published by the same publishing house in Kuwait in 1982 CE, through the efforts of Mahmud Ahmad Muharram, with an introduction by Dr. Ibrahim al-Jayushi.

===Articles===
These articles consist of numerous critical studies on various topics such as education and upbringing, politics, modern poetry, critique of poets, etc., which were published in periodicals of that era.
# Views on Women's Education and Upbringing (Ārāʾ fī Taʿlīm al-Marʾa wa Tarbiyatihā), ''Anīs al-Jalīs'' magazine, 1899 CE, and ''al-Miftāḥ'' magazine, 1900 CE;
# Political Articles (Maqālāt fī al-Siyāsa), in newspapers of the National Party;
# Study on Modern Poetry (Baḥth fī al-Shiʿr al-ʿAṣrī), ''Anīs al-Jalīs'' magazine, from 1900 CE to 1901 CE, across fourteen consecutive issues;
# Critique of the Poet Ismail Sabri (Naqd al-Shāʿir Ismāʿīl Ṣabrī), ''Apollo'' magazine;
# Critique of the Poet Hafiz Ibrahim (Naqd al-Shāʿir Ḥāfiẓ Ibrāhīm), ''Apollo'' magazine;
# Critique of the Poet Tawfiq al-Bakri (Naqd al-Shāʿir al-Sayyid Tawfīq al-Bakrī), ''Apollo'' magazine;
# Lecture on the Critique of Poet Ahmad Zaki Abu Shadi's Poetry Collection (Muḥāḍara fī Naqd al-Shāʿir Aḥmad Zakī Abū Shādī fī Dīwānihi "al-Shuʿla"), Apollo Publications;
# Study on Weeping Poetry in Arabic Literature (Baḥth fī al-Shiʿr al-Bākī fī al-Adab al-ʿArabī), ''al-Ṣidq'' newspaper;
# Study on Satirical Poetry (Baḥth fī Shiʿr al-Hijāʾ), ''al-Ṣidq'' newspaper;
# Study on Forgotten Writers (Baḥth fī "Adabāʾunā al-Mansīyūn"), ''al-Ṣidq'' newspaper;
# Articles titled "Fallen Literature" (Maqālāt fī al-Zajal taḥta ism "al-Adab al-Sāqiṭ"), ''al-Ṣidq'' newspaper.

==Cultural and Political Conditions==
[[File:احمد محرم 2.jpg|frameless|left|]]
During his lifetime, Ahmad Muharram witnessed the most significant political events, domestic and national occurrences in [[Egypt]] and Arab countries. His birth years coincided with the presence of [[Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asadabadi]] in the [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]], where for eight years he called upon the people to reform their [[religion]] and defend [[Islam]] against Western culture. The occurrence of the Urabi Revolution in Egypt in 1881 CE, as a major step in the awakening of the Egyptian nation, was another such event; however, the occupation of Egypt by [[Britain]] and the ensuing spirit of despair and hopelessness among the Egyptian people following the occupation led to its failure. Other incidents, such as the uprising of Mustafa Kamil, the Denshawai incident, [[World War I]], internal party conflicts, and the treaty of 1459 AH, were among the most important events of his time<ref>Hassannejad, Mohammad, ''Analysis of Patriotism and Freedom-Seeking in the Poetry of Ahmad Muharram'', p. 55.</ref>.

==Poetic Components==
Patriotism, avoidance of division, rejection of ethnic nationalism and nationalist sentiment, and adherence to religious symbols as a means of fostering [[Islamic unity|unity]] constitute the most important poetic components of Ahmad Muharram's work.

===Patriotism===
Patriotism is one of the poetic components of Ahmad Muharram, and he has beautifully depicted love for the homeland in his poems. Examples of this patriotism in his verses include<ref>Ibid., p. 56.</ref>:

=== Mentioning National and Ethnic Glories ===
{{Poem}}
{{b|O Nile! You are hope and life|And you are the prince and the father}}
{{b|O Nile! You are the faithful friend|And you are the most truthful and pure brother}}
{{b|You are the verse upon which I model|By which the East and the West are illuminated and shine;}}
{{End poem}}O Nile! You are hope and life, and you are the joy and father (of this land)! O Nile! You are the faithful friend and the true, pure-hearted brother! You are the poem for which I compose rhymes, and through which the East and the West become radiant and shine!

=== Opposition to Domestic Tyranny ===
{{Poem}}
{{b|Ask history and behold what past nations|And bygone centuries have prepared for you}}
{{b|The admonitions of time and its generations|Are manifold in [[Baghdad]] and [[Al-Andalus (Spain)|Al-Andalus]];}}
{{End poem}}Inquire of history and carefully consider the lessons that past nations and generations have prepared for you! The admonitions of time and its generations in [[Baghdad]] and [[Al-Andalus (Spain)|Al-Andalus]].

=== Struggle Against Colonizers and Resistance to Them ===
{{Poem}}
{{b|O sons of the Thames! Behave as you wish|We shall never abandon struggle nor show weakness}}
{{b|Take your supporters; indeed, we see them|As a hidden disease for us and our people}}
{{b|They are our enemies; we are not of them|Nor are they among us in times of hardship}}
{{b|We honored our covenant with you; so when shall we see you|Packing your belongings to bid us farewell?}}
{{b|You claimed your departure was imminent|You lied, O nation that counts the years;}}
{{End poem}}O sons of the River Thames! (O British colonizers) Act however you wish; we shall never relinquish our struggle nor ever show weakness! They are our enemies; we are not of them, nor do they stand with us in times of hardship or remain by our side! We fulfilled our covenant with you; so when shall we find you packing your travel gear to bid us farewell? You claimed your departure was near; you lied, O nation that merely counts the years!

=== Call for Unity and Solidarity for the Liberation of the Homeland ===
{{Poem}}
{{b|O people of [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]]! Have I not admonished you|Regarding what events and days bring about?}}
{{b|Indeed, calamities have surged, and for us|Therein lies a heap of troubles piled upon troubles}}
{{b|Manage your affairs with prudent policy|Perhaps thereby crooked matters may be straightened;}}
{{End poem}}O people of [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]]! Have I not admonished you to take heed from the events of time and days? Yes, hardships and tribulations have intensified, and we have become engulfed in a mass of difficulties and problems. Administer your affairs with wise policy; perhaps thereby distortions and injustices may be rectified!

=== Avoidance of Division ===
Ahmad Muharram considers division and discord to be the root cause of negligence and ignorance among [[Muslim]]s, viewing it as the factor behind the backwardness and ruin of the nation. Among his poems on this theme:{{Poem}}
{{b|Mourning the people of Egypt for their lack of unity|And also their grief over stinginess in expressing this sentiment and neglecting it}}
{{b|Do not harbor enmity toward one another|For nations die through division and live through unity;}}
{{End poem}}The mourning of the Egyptian people stems from the lack of unity, and also from their sorrow over withholding this sentiment and neglecting it. Therefore, do not harbor enmity toward one another, for nations perish through fragmentation and thrive through unity<ref>Malek Abdi, ''An Analysis of the Components of Islamic Unity in the Poetry of Ahmad Muharram'', p. 205.</ref>.

=== Rejection of Ethnic Nationalism and Nationalist Sentiment ===
Ethnic nationalism and nationalist sentiment in Arab countries have always been factors of instability, war, and turmoil among Islamic nations. Therefore, Ahmad Muharram has consistently attempted in his poetry to clearly transform ethnic and nationalist symbols into brotherhood and interaction.{{Poem}}
{{b|Come to us, for we are brothers|And I consider gentleness and interaction more resolute}}
{{b|Our path is one, and we are all sons of Egypt|We refuse to let our land be attacked and oppressed}}
{{b|Religions have divided us, yet God is One|And all people of the world descend from Adam;}}
{{End poem}}
Come to us, for we are brothers! And I regard kindness and interaction as a more prudent course! Our path is one, and we are all sons of Egypt; we will not tolerate our soil being subjected to aggression and injustice! Our religions are different, yet our God is One, and all humanity originates from Adam.

=== Adherence to Religious Symbols as a Means of Fostering Unity ===
Ahmad Muharram is among the poets who have composed beautiful verses regarding [[Islamic unity]]. In his poems, inspired by and influenced by conciliatory figures of his time such as [[Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asadabadi]] and [[Muhammad Abduh]], he has called upon Muslims to embrace [[Islamic unity]].

=== Adherence to Islam ===
{{Poem}}
{{b|This is Islam; for mankind there is no protector|Other than it; so where do those who feign blindness turn?}}
{{b|It defends the weak and shields them|From the tribes whose arrows are most piercing;}}
{{End poem}}This is the true religion of Islam, for which there is no guardian for mankind other than itself! So whither turn those who deliberately blind themselves?! It defends the weak and offers them refuge from tribes whose strikes are most severe and devastating!

=== Adherence to the Prophet ===
{{Poem}}
{{b|God is Greatest, and Muhammad is the Imam|Who then disputes this or argues against it?}}
{{End poem}}[[God]] is Greatest, and [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|Muhammad]] is the Imam! Why do you dispute and refuse to obey?

=== Adherence to Jerusalem ===
{{Poem}}
{{b|In the sanctuary of Jerusalem and around the Holy Precinct|A nation is harmed and a people trampled}}
{{b|Jerusalem cried out in alarm, Mecca wailed|And [[Medina|Yathrib]] wept from excessive pain;}}
{{End poem}}In the sanctuary of Jerusalem and around the Holy Precinct, a nation suffers oppression and a people are trampled! Jerusalem has cried out in alarm, [[Mecca]] has wailed, and [[Medina|Yathrib]] has wept from intense pain!

=== Call to the Kaaba and the Quran ===
{{Poem}}
{{b|Welcome to brotherhood within God's Sanctuary|And greetings to our righteous people}}
{{b|Greet the Messiah at the House and adjudicate|The truth on behalf of all the family of Ahmad}}
{{b|Inscribe the covenant between us and make|The Quran the best witness among and for us;}}
{{End poem}}How excellent is brotherhood under the shade of God's Sacred Sanctuary! And greetings to our virtuous people! O Kaaba! Bid welcome to the Messiah! Establish a covenant between us and them! Fulfill the right on behalf of all followers of the Prophet! And take the Quran as the finest witness between us and them...

=== Call to Fraternity and Brotherhood ===
{{Poem}}
{{b|O you who seek to alter our covenant|Look to faith; does it ever change?}}
{{End poem}}O you who intend to break the covenant! Behold, is the creed of faith subject to rupture?

==Death==
Ahmad Muharram passed away on the second day of [[Rajab]] in the year 1364 AH, amidst poverty and misery. The vitality of his youth faded after half a century of wielding the pen and showing paths of glory to the people. Until his final moments, his heart harbored regret over the literary endeavor for which he had sacrificed his life, remaining faithful to this art until his farewell<ref>Khadijah Qadawi, ''Epic Poetry in the Modern Era'' – Ahmad Muharram as a Model –, p. 15.</ref>.

==See Also==
*[[Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asadabadi]]
* [[Islamic unity]]
*[[Muhammad Abduh]]
*[[Egypt]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*Khadija Qadawi, ''Epic Poetry in the Modern Era: Ahmad Muharram as a Case Study'', undergraduate thesis for the Bachelor's degree, Algeria (Tlemcen), Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, 2014 CE.

*Hasannejad, Mohammad, "An Analysis of Patriotism and the Quest for Freedom in the Poetry of Ahmad Muharram," ''Biannual Journal of Research in Arabic Language and Literature Teaching'', No. 2, Winter 2023 CE.
*Malek Abdi, "An Examination of the Components of Islamic Unity in the Poetry of Ahmad Muharram," ''Arab Literature Quarterly'', No. 1, Spring and Summer 2018 CE.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Unity-oriented figures]]
[[Category:Poets]]
[[Category:Egypt]]

Draft:Ahmad Muharram - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی