Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = Abu Sufyan
| image = Abu Sufyan.jpg
| name = Sakhr ibn Harb ibn Umayya ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf
| other_names = Abu Sufyan, Abu Hanzhala
| birth_year = The year before the Year of the Elephant (560 CE)
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mecca]]
| death_year = 31 AH
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works =
| activities = Among the enemies of [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|the Prophet (peace be upon him)]]; supporter of the caliphate of [[Uthman]]
| website =
}}
'''Abu Sufyan''' was initially among the enemies of [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] at the beginning of his mission, and he played an active role against the [[Muslims]] in the battles of [[Badr]], [[Uhud|Uhud]], and the [[Trench]]. His son [[Muawiyah]] played a significant political role in the first Islamic century and founded the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad dynasty]].

== Biography of Abu Sufyan ==
His kunya, name, and lineage are Abu Sufyan, Abu Hanzhala, Sakhr ibn Harb ibn Umayya ibn Abd Shams al-Umawi<ref>Al-Muqtani, Vol. 1, p. 277</ref>. His mother was Safiyya, daughter of Hazn al-Hilaliyya, the paternal aunt of Maymuna, wife of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)<ref>Al-Isaba, Vol. 3, p. 333</ref>. According to popular accounts, he was born in [[Mecca]] ten years before the [[Year of the Elephant]]<ref>Al-Isaba, Vol. 3, p. 333</ref>. Based on this, his birth is estimated to be around 560 CE.

== Political and Social Character of Abu Sufyan ==
Despite Abu Sufyan's prominence in early Islamic history, precise and comprehensive information about his life, particularly before Islam, is unavailable. Some indications from historians suggest that before [[Islam]], he was among the nobles of [[Quraysh]] and worked as a merchant<ref>Futuh al-Buldan, by Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, edited by De Goeje, Leiden: 1866 CE, p. 129</ref>. Ibn Habib described him as one of the rulers of Quraysh<ref>Al-Munammaq fi Akhbar Quraysh, by Muhammad ibn Habib al-Baghdadi, researched by Khurshid Ahmad Faruq, Beirut: Alam al-Kutub, 1985 CE, p. 368</ref>.

At the advent of Islam, Abu Sufyan was considered one of the opponents of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) and became one of his most staunch enemies. He participated with some of the nobles of [[Mecca]] in several activities against the Islamic mission. However, compared to other leaders of [[Quraysh|Quraysh]] such as [[Abu Jahl]] and [[Abu Lahab]], he apparently displayed less hostility, and his opposition was less intense<ref>Jamal min Ansab al-Ashraf, by Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, edited by Mahmud Firdaws al-Azm, Damascus: 1996–2000 CE, Vol. 1, p. 141</ref>.

After the migration of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) from Mecca to [[Medina]], Abu Sufyan likely returned to commercial activities to make up for past losses. In the second year of the Hijra, he was returning from [[Syria]] at the head of a trade caravan. The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) set out with forces to attack it; however, Abu Sufyan, on one hand, sought help from the Quraysh of Mecca, and on the other, cleverly changed route, safely bringing the caravan to Mecca.

He was reluctant to engage in conflict with the Muslims. Although the caravan had escaped danger, [[Abu Jahl]], enraged by the Prophet's threat, decided not to return to Mecca until he had fought the people of Yathrib<ref>Maghazi Rasul Allah, by Urwa ibn al-Zubayr, edited by Muhammad Mustafa al-Azami, Riyadh: Dar al-Ilm al-Islami, 1401 AH/1981 CE (peace be upon him), pp. 131–137</ref>. With the occurrence of the Battle of Badr, in which the Quraysh were defeated and a number of [[polytheists|polytheists]] and leaders of [[Banu Umayya]], including Hanzhala, the son of Abu Sufyan, were killed<ref>Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya, by Ibn Hisham, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik, researched by Mustafa al-Saqqa and others, Qom: Intisharat Iran, 1363 SH. Al-Nabawiyya Ibn Hisham, Vol. 2, pp. 305–306; Al-Ma'arif, pp. 344–345</ref>. This defeat weighed so heavily upon them that they decided to once again fight the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) and the Muslims of Medina.

As some researchers have rightly stated, the Battle of Badr gave a bloody dimension to the rivalry or enmity between Banu Umayya and [[Banu Hashim|Banu Hashim]]. This was especially true since leaders of Banu Umayya had been killed by [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (peace be upon him)]] and [[Hamza]], and the bitter and painful memory of this remained in the minds of the Quraysh for distant years, even influencing the thoughts of subsequent generations, playing a role in certain events of the first Islamic century<ref>Tarikh Quraysh, by Husayn Munis, Jeddah: 1408 AH/1998 CE, p. 143</ref>.

=== Burning of the Date Palms of Medina ===
After the defeat at Badr, Abu Sufyan himself took the lead among the [[polytheists|polytheists]]. He set out for Medina with 200 cavalrymen from Quraysh, and after negotiating with Sallam ibn Mishkam, chief of Banu Nadir, he sent individuals to Medina who set fire to date palm orchards in a place called "Urayd" and then fled. The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) pursued Abu Sufyan but could not catch him and returned<ref>Al-Siyar wa al-Maghazi, pp. 310–312; Al-Maghazi, by Muhammad ibn Umar al-Waqidi, researched by Marsden Jones, Qom: Dar al-Ilm al-Islami, 1405 AH, Vol. 1, p. 181; Ansab al-Ashraf, by Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, edited by Mahmud Firdaws al-Azm, Damascus: 1996–2000 CE, Vol. 1, p. 310</ref>.

=== Battle of Uhud ===
In the third year of the Hijra, Abu Sufyan moved toward Medina at the head of a large army intending to take revenge on the Muslims<ref>Ansab al-Ashraf, by Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, edited by Mahmud Firdaws al-Azm, Damascus: 1996–2000 CE, Vol. 1, p. 312</ref>. He played a primary role in mobilizing the Meccans for the Battle of [[Uhud|Uhud]]. A fierce battle took place near Medina at [[Uhud]], in which the Muslims were defeated and distinguished figures among them, such as [[Hamza|Hamza, Sayyid al-Shuhada]], the uncle of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), were [[martyred]].

=== Battles of Badr and the Trench ===
After the Muslims' defeat at Uhud, Abu Sufyan ascended the mountain and, while praising the idols, challenged the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) to another battle at [[Badr]]<ref>Al-Siyar wa al-Maghazi, pp. 333–334; Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya, by Ibn Hisham, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik, researched by Mustafa al-Saqqa and others, Qom: Intisharat Iran, 1363 SH. Al-Nabawiyya Ibn Hisham, Vol. 2, pp. 305–306; Ansab al-Ashraf, by Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, edited by Mahmud Firdaws al-Azm, Damascus: 1996–2000 CE, Vol. 1, p. 327</ref>. The following year, the Prophet went to [[Expedition of Badr|Badr]], but Abu Sufyan persuaded the Quraysh to return to Mecca before reaching the appointed place<ref>Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya, by Ibn Hisham, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik, researched by Mustafa al-Saqqa and others, Qom: Intisharat Iran, 1363 SH. Al-Nabawiyya Ibn Hisham, Vol. 3, pp. 220–221</ref>. The year after that, Abu Sufyan, with the support of the [[Jews]] of Medina, organized the battle of the [[Expedition of the Trench|Trench]] against the Muslims<ref>Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya, by Ibn Hisham, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik, researched by Mustafa al-Saqqa and others, Qom: Intisharat Iran, 1363 SH. Al-Nabawiyya Ibn Hisham, Vol. 2, pp. 225–226</ref>; however, due to the wisdom and foresight of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), the army of Abu Sufyan and his allies returned unsuccessful, and Medina was saved<ref>Ansab al-Ashraf, by Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri, edited by Mahmud Firdaws al-Azm, Damascus: 1996–2000 CE, Vol. 1, pp. 343–345</ref>.

== Abu Sufyan Before the Conquest of Mecca ==
Abu Sufyan was one of the prominent figures of the Quraysh during the [[Jahiliyyah|pre-Islamic era]]. Like many residents of Mecca, he engaged in trade, leading caravans to various commercial centers of the time, particularly to Syria<ref>Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 4, p. 1677</ref>. The three leading figures of the Quraysh during the pre-Islamic period were [[Utba]], [[Abu Jahl]], and Abu Sufyan. The first two were killed in the Battle of Badr; following this battle, Abu Sufyan alone assumed leadership of the Quraysh<ref>Al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din, Imta' al-Asma', edited by Namisi, Muhammad Abd al-Hamid, Vol. 1, p. 137, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1st ed., 1420 AH</ref>, and all hostilities formed against the Muslims after Badr were conducted under his supervision.

However, this prominent leader of the Quraysh eventually reached a point where one day [[Abu Bakr]], upon hearing something about him, summoned him and shouted at him, while Abu Sufyan responded with gentleness! Amidst this commotion, Abu Quhafa arrived and asked, "My son, at whom are you shouting?" They replied, "At Abu Sufyan!" Abu Quhafa approached Abu Bakr and said, "Do you raise your voice against Abu Sufyan, who until yesterday was the leader of the Quraysh during the pre-Islamic era?" Abu Bakr and those present laughed, and [[Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa|Abu Bakr]] said:

"O father! God has elevated some people through Islam and humbled others<ref>Al-Mas'udi, Ali ibn al-Husayn, Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar, edited by Daghir, As'ad, Vol. 2, p. 299, Qom, Dar al-Hijra, 2nd ed., 1409 AH</ref>." Although Abu Sufyan's trade caravan was the cause of the Battle of Badr, he had prioritized saving the caravan over fighting the Muslims; however, after the defeat of the [[polytheists]] in that battle, he psychologically prepared the people of Mecca for war against the Muslims<ref>Imta' al-Asma', Vol. 1, p. 123</ref> and prohibited mourning and lamentation for those killed at Badr<ref>Al-Qummi, Ali ibn Ibrahim, Tafsir al-Qummi, edited and corrected by Musawi al-Jaza'iri, Sayyid Tayyib, Vol. 1, p. 111, Qom, Dar al-Kitab, 3rd ed., 1404 AH</ref>. Abu Sufyan's enmity created numerous difficulties for the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) and the Muslims, and many verses of the [[Quran]] were revealed condemning his actions and those of his followers<ref>Al-Wahidi, Ali ibn Ahmad, Asbab Nuzul al-Quran, edited by Kamal Basyuni Zaghlul, p. 129, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1st ed., 1411 AH</ref>.

According to some [[narrations]], the Prophet of Islam cursed Abu Sufyan seven times in various regions<ref>Shaykh Saduq, Al-Khisal, edited and corrected by Ghaffari, Ali Akbar, Vol. 2, p. 397, Qom, Islamic Publication Office, 1st ed., 1362 SH; Al-Tabarsi, Ahmad ibn Ali, Al-Ihtijaj 'ala Ahl al-Lajaj, edited and corrected by Khurasan, Muhammad Baqir, Vol. 1, p. 274, Mashhad, Nashr Murtaza, 1st ed., 1403 AH</ref>. He initiated wars such as [[Uhud]] and the [[Battle of the Trench]] commanding forces against the Muslims<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Al-Irshad fi Ma'rifat Hujaj Allah 'ala al-'Ibad, Vol. 1, p. 95, Qom, Shaykh Mufid Congress, 1st ed., 1413 AH; Al-Mas'udi, Ali ibn al-Husayn, Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf, corrected by Savi, Abdullah Isma'il, p. 211, Cairo, Dar al-Savi, n.d.</ref>. This hostility continued until the Conquest of Mecca, when, seeing defeat as inevitable, he embraced Islam and encouraged the people of Mecca to surrender to the Islamic army. The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) subsequently declared Abu Sufyan's house a place of safety for the people of Mecca<ref>Al-Qushayri al-Nishaburi, Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Sahih Muslim, edited by Abd al-Baqi, Muhammad Fu'ad, Vol. 3, p. 1405, Beirut, Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-Arabi, n.d.; Al-Azdi, Sulayman ibn al-Ash'ath, Sunan Abi Dawud, edited by Abd al-Hamid, Muhammad Muhyi al-Din, Vol. 3, p. 162, Beirut, Al-Maktaba al-Asriyya, n.d.</ref>.

== Abu Sufyan After the Conquest of Mecca ==
After the Conquest of Mecca, Abu Sufyan converted to Islam. To further incline his heart toward Islam—in accordance with {{Quran text |AL-MU'ALLAFATI QULUBUHUM |Surah = Tawbah |Verse = 60 }} "...and those whose hearts are reconciled..."—the Prophet gave him and each of his two sons one hundred camels and a quantity of silver<ref>Al-Salihi al-Dimashqi, Muhammad ibn Yusuf, Subul al-Huda wa al-Rashad fi Sirat Khayr al-'Ibad, Vol. 5, p. 398, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1st ed., 1414 AH</ref>. For this reason, he faced objections from some of the [[Companions]]<ref>Al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya'qub, Al-Kafi, edited and corrected by Ghaffari, Ali Akbar and Akhundi, Muhammad, Vol. 2, p. 411, Tehran, Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya, 4th ed., 1407 AH</ref>.

Subsequently, he joined the ranks of the Islamic army, and according to some accounts, he lost his eyesight during the campaigns against the people of [[Ta'if]] and the [[Battle of Yarmouk]]<ref>Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 4, p. 1680; Al-A'lam, Vol. 3, p. 201</ref>.
Some historians believe that the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) appointed him as the governor of Najran, a position he held until the Prophet's death<ref>Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 2, p. 714</ref>. However, this report has its detractors<ref>Al-Isaba, Vol. 3, p. 333</ref>, and it seems that if such an event had truly occurred, it would have received greater attention in historical sources.

== Faith of Abu Sufyan ==
After embracing Islam, Abu Sufyan was no longer a prominent figure as he had been previously; since he had openly devoted all his efforts to the destruction of Islam, he could not become a great leader among the [[Muslims]]. It was solely the mercy of Islam that granted him and others like him the right to live and even provided them with relatively favorable conditions.

Although some [[Sunni]] authors have regarded him as a true Muslim and counted him among the Companions,<ref>Ibn al-Jawzi, Abd al-Rahman ibn Ali, Al-Muntazam, investigators: Ata, Muhammad Abd al-Qadir; Ata, Mustafa Abd al-Qadir, Vol. 5, p. 27, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, First Edition, 1412 AH</ref> the [[Shia]]<ref>Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, Ahmad ibn A'tham, Al-Futuh, Vol. 2, p. 563, investigation: Shiri, Ali, Beirut, Dar al-Adwa', 1411 AH</ref> and many Sunni scholars<ref>Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk (Tarikh al-Tabari), investigation: Ibrahim, Muhammad Abu al-Fadl, Vol. 10, p. 57, Beirut, Dar al-Turath, Second Edition, 1387 AH</ref> consider his Islam to be superficial and classify him among the [[hypocrites]].

This hypocrisy can be deduced from certain statements and actions of his:

* He is the one who said: "I do not believe in [[Paradise]] or [[Hell]]<ref>Al-Isti'ab, Vol. 4, p. 1679</ref>!"
* He repeatedly expressed his desire for the destruction of Islam<ref>Ibn al-Athir, Ali ibn Abi al-Karam, Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Vol. 2, p. 414, Beirut, Dar Sadir, Dar Beirut, 1385 AH</ref>.
* After the death of the Prophet of Islam and during the event of [[Saqifah]], he offered the caliphate to Imam Ali (peace be upon him); however, due to the hypocritical nature of this offer, he faced a severe reaction from the Imam<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Al-Fusul al-Mukhtarah, investigator and corrector: Mir Sharifi, Ali, p. 248, Qom, Shaykh Mufid Congress, First Edition, 1413 AH</ref>.

During his lifetime, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) once saw Abu Sufyan walking in front of a donkey upon which his son Mu'awiya was riding, while his son [[Yazid]] followed behind. The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) said: "May God curse the one who walks in front, the one who rides upon it, and the one who follows behind<ref>Tarikh al-Tabari, Vol. 10, p. 58</ref>."

After [[Uthman]] assumed the caliphate, Abu Sufyan and several members of the Umayyad clan went to see him. Abu Sufyan addressed the Umayyads, saying:

O Banu Umayyah! Pass the caliphate among yourselves like a ball. By God, whom Abu Sufyan swears by, I have always hoped that the caliphate would reach you and become hereditary among your descendants<ref>Muruj al-Dhahab, Vol. 2, p. 343; Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya, Ansab al-Ashraf, investigation: Zakkar, Suhayl; Zirikli, Riyadh, Vol. 5, p. 12, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, First Edition, 1417 AH</ref>.

Ali (peace be upon him), after the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), said regarding Abu Sufyan: "You have remained an enemy to Islam and its people"; you have ceaselessly been hostile toward Islam and the Muslims<ref>Al-Himyari, Abu Bakr Abd al-Razzaq ibn Hammam, Al-Musannaf, investigator: A'zami, Habib al-Rahman, Vol. 5, p. 450, India, Al-Majlis al-Ilmi, Second Edition, 1403 AH</ref>. He also referred to Mu'awiya as a hypocrite, the son of a hypocrite, alluding to the hypocrisy of both father and son<ref>Nasr ibn Muzahim, Waq'at Siffin, investigator and corrector: Harun, Abd al-Salam Muhammad, p. 314, Qom, Library of Ayatollah al-Mar'ashi al-Najafi, Second Edition, 1404 AH</ref>.

[[Zubayr]] also said to Abu Sufyan: "May God kill him, for he accepts nothing but hypocrisy."
In conclusion, Abu Sufyan did not possess true [[faith]] in his heart, and he cannot be considered as following the straight path or adhering to truth and reality.

== Death of Abu Sufyan ==
Ultimately, Abu Sufyan died toward the end of the reign of [[Uthman]]<ref>Al-Maqdisi, Mutahhar ibn Tahir, Al-Bad' wa al-Tarikh, Vol. 5, p. 108, Port Said, Maktabat al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya, n.d.</ref>. However, there are discrepancies regarding the year of his death, with some scholars citing the year 31 AH<ref>Usd al-Ghabah, Vol. 2, p. 392</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{Footnotes}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Historical figures]]

Draft:Abu Sufyan - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی