Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-05-16T10:34:39Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = Abu Jahl
| image = ابوجهل.jpg
| name = Abu al-Hakam Amr ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi
| other_names =
| birth_year = 554 CE
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mecca]]
| death_year = 2 AH
| death_date = 17 [[Ramadan]]
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion =
| sect =
| works =
| activities = {{Horizontal list|Nobles of [[Mecca]]|Member of Dar al-Nadwa|Staunch opponent of [[Islam]]}}
| website =
}}

'''Abu al-Hakam Amr ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi''', widely known as <big>Abu Jahl</big>, was among the nobility of the [[Quraysh]] and one of the renowned polytheists of [[Mecca]]. Like other Qurayshi nobles, he was engaged in trade. In his youth, he attained a distinguished status among the Meccan elite; before reaching the age of thirty, he was admitted to membership in [[Dar al-Nadwa|Dar al-Nadwa]] due to his competence, although customary practice at the time required members (except those from Banu Qusay) to be over forty years of age.

With the advent of [[Islam]], Abu Jahl undertook numerous measures to prevent its spread. His most significant actions against the Prophet of Islam included efforts to sever ties between the Quraysh and [[Banu Hashim|Banu Hashim]], preventing [[Abu Lahab]] from supporting the Prophet, and orchestrating an unsuccessful plot to assassinate the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) in collaboration with various tribes.

The [[Muslims]] were not spared from his malice and hostility. The Prophet himself bestowed upon him the name [[Abu Jahl]] and instructed the Muslims to address him by this name. Following the Prophet's [[Hijra]] to [[Medina]], Abu Jahl continued his antagonism until he was ultimately killed alongside several other leaders of polytheism at the [[Battle of Badr]].

== Biography of Abu Jahl ==
Abu Jahl: Abu al-Hakam, Amr ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira<ref>Al-Muhabbar, p. 139.</ref>, was one of the prominent figures of [[Mecca]] and a staunch enemy of the Prophet<ref>Al-Maghazi, Vol. 2, p. 491.</ref>. He belonged to the tribe of Banu Makhzum and was famously known as Abu Jahl. Through maternal lineage, he was also referred to as Ibn al-Hanzaliyya<ref>Sirat Ibn Hisham, Vol. 2, p. 623.</ref>. Information regarding his birth and life prior to the emergence of Islam is scarce. Some sources consider him to be of the same age as [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Khatam al-Anbiya)|the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)]]<ref>Dā'irat al-Ma'ārif al-Islāmiyya, Vol. 1, p. 322, entry "Abu Jahl".</ref>, while others state that he was thirty years old upon entering Dar al-Nadwa (in 584 CE)<ref>Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, p. 305, entry "Abu Jahl".</ref>, which would make him older than the Prophet. His father, Hisham, was a distinguished and hospitable figure in Mecca, so much so that the Quraysh adopted the year of his death as a chronological reference point<ref>Al-Muhabbar, p. 139.</ref>.

His cunning, knowledge, and acumen in that era led to his admission into Dar al-Nadwa during his youth, contrary to the pre-Islamic Arab tradition that restricted membership to those over forty years of age (except for Banu Qusay)<ref>Akhbar Mecca, Vol. 2, p. 253.</ref>. He joined the council while still beardless<ref>Uyun al-Akhbar, Vol. 1, p. 230.</ref>, or nearing thirty<ref>Al-Ishtiqāq, p. 155.</ref>, and became a consulted advisor in the decisions of the tribal leaders<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, Vol. 2, p. 37; Al-Ishtiqāq, p. 155.</ref>.

Abu Jahl was a wealthy merchant and one of the nobles of Mecca<ref>Jāmi' al-Bayān, Part 11, Vol. 20, p. 119</ref>. Like his peers, he contested with Banu Hashim for leadership of the [[Kaaba]] and, consequently, supremacy over Mecca, interpreting prophethood through this lens. He stated: "We and the descendants of [[Abd Manaf|Abd Manaf]] competed in honor and greatness; they fed others, so did we; they gave gifts, so did we, until we became equals. Then they claimed that a prophet had emerged from among them to whom revelation is sent! This we could not comprehend. By God, we shall never believe in him nor acknowledge his truthfulness"<ref>Al-Siyar wa al-Maghazi, p. 210.</ref>.

Abu Jahl was a relentless adversary of the Prophet and the [[Muslims]]. His angry and malicious conduct toward them is evident in the torture of recent converts such as Yasir and Sumayya<ref>Al-Ta'rīf, p. 172.</ref>, which resulted in their martyrdom; in slandering<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, Vol. 2, p. 28.</ref> and falsely accusing them<ref>Al-Ta'rīf, p. 172.</ref>; in preventing others from listening to the Quran<ref>Al-Qurtubi, Vol. 15, p. 236.</ref>; in obstructing people from establishing contact with the Prophet<ref>Asbāb al-Nuzūl, p. 381; Majma' al-Bayān, Vol. 10, p. 584.</ref>; in striving to establish the [[Pact of Sahifa]] to withhold support from the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) and ensuring its non-violation<ref>Al-Siyar wa al-Maghazi, pp. 161 and 166.</ref>; in plotting the assassination of the Prophet<ref>Sirat Ibn Hisham, Vol. 2, p. 480; Majma' al-Bayān, Vol. 4, p. 826.</ref>; and in instigating the [[Battle of Badr]]<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Vol. 2, p. 9; Al-Ya'qubi, Vol. 2, p. 45.</ref>, among other actions.

When Abu Jahl learned that his maternal half-brother, Ayyash ibn Abi Rabi'a, had embraced [[Islam]], he employed every possible means to bring him back<ref>Sirat Ibn Hisham, Vol. 2, p. 474.</ref>. Upon perceiving even slight leniency from al-Walid ibn al-Mughira toward the Prophet, he cunningly induced him to describe the words of God as ''magic''<ref>Majma' al-Bayān, Vol. 10, p. 584.</ref>. The Quranic verse '''{{Quran text|Indeed, this is not but magic imitated. Indeed, this is not but the word of a human being.|Surah = Al-Muddaththir|Verses = 24–25}}''' reflects this incident<ref>Asbāb al-Nuzūl, pp. 381 and 382.</ref>.

He utilized every available method to undermine the Prophet and Islam. Upon hearing the verses '''{{Quran text|"And what can make you know what is Saqar? It lets nothing remain and leaves nothing [unburned], altering the skins. Over it are nineteen [angels]."|Surah = Al-Muddaththir|Verses = 27–30, 74}}''', he remarked to the Quraysh: "Are ten of you unable to overcome one of the guards of the Fire, while your numbers are greater? Your companion [the Prophet] informs you that ''Hell'' has nineteen guards"<ref>Jāmi' al-Bayān, Part 14, Vol. 29, p. 199; Majma' al-Bayān, Vol. 10, p. 586.</ref>.

His excessive and ignorant insistence on opposing the Prophet and Islam even provoked the anger of other Meccan leaders<ref>Al-Siyar wa al-Maghazi, p. 166.</ref>, and he was consequently titled "Abu Jahl" by the Prophet<ref>Al-Ishtiqāq, p. 147; Ansāb al-Ashrāf, Vol. 1, p. 141.</ref>. He was killed in the second year after the Hijra during the Battle of Badr, where he commanded the polytheist army, and was buried along with other casualties in the well of Qalib Badr<ref>Jāmi' al-Bayān, Part 5, Vol. 7, p. 240.</ref>. He had a son and a daughter, but his lineage did not continue<ref>Jamharat Ansāb al-'Arab, p. 145.</ref> and became extinct. His son, Ikrima, embraced Islam after the Conquest of Mecca, and the Prophet forbade Muslims from cursing Abu Jahl so as not to distress the new Muslim<ref>Al-'Iqd al-Farīd, Vol. 2, p. 386.</ref>.

== Abu Jahl's Relationship with the Prophet ==
Quraysh was one of the most famous and significant Arab tribes in [[Hejaz]]. [[Al-Masudi]], the renowned Islamic historian, listed 25 clans of the great Quraysh tribe at the time of the emergence of Islam as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Header Text!!Header Text
|-
|Banu Hashim||Banu Muttalib
|-
|Banu Harith||Banu Umayya
|-
|Banu Nawfal||Banu Harith ibn Fihr
|-
|Banu Asad||Banu Abd al-Dar
|-
|Banu Zuhra||Banu Taym ibn Murra
|-
|Banu Makhzum||Banu Yaqaza
|-
|Banu Murra||Banu Adi ibn Ka'b
|-
|Banu Sahm||Banu Jumah
|-
|Banu Malik||Banu Mait
|-
|Banu Nizar||Banu Sama
|-
|Banu Adram||Banu Muharib
|-
|Banu Harith ibn Abdullah||Banu Khuzayma
|-
|Banu Banana||
|-
|}<ref>Al-Masudi, ''Muruj al-Dhahab'', Vol. 1, p. 277, Clans of Quraysh.</ref>.

Abu al-Hakam Amr ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi, known as "Abu Jahl," was a noble of Quraysh and a prominent polytheist of Mecca who engaged in trade. Although he belonged to Quraysh, he was not the uncle of the Noble Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny); for the honorable father of [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|the Noble Messenger of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] was Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim. Therefore, the Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) was from the clan of Banu Hashim, while Abu Jahl was from the clan of Banu Makhzum<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', translation, Vol. 7, p. 413.</ref>. These are two distinct clans with different lineages; hence, Abu Jahl could not have been the uncle of the Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny).

== Bestowal of the Kunya Abu Jahl ==
His cunning and intelligence in that era led to his membership in the Dar al-Nadwa council during his youth<ref>''Akhbar Mecca'', Vol. 2, p. 253.</ref><ref>''Uyun al-Akhbar'', Vol. 1, p. 333.</ref> or around the age of 30<ref>''Al-Ishtiqqoq'', p. 155.</ref>, contrary to the pre-Islamic Arab tradition which conditioned membership for non-Banu Qusayy individuals upon reaching the age of 40<ref>''Akhbar Mecca'', Vol. 2, p. 253.</ref><ref>''Uyun al-Akhbar'', Vol. 1, p. 333; ''Al-Ishtiqqoq'', p. 155.</ref>. Perhaps for this reason, Quraysh addressed him as Abu al-Hakam. Later, [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] referred to him by the kunya Abu Jahl<ref>''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 1, p. 141.</ref>.

== Inciting Polytheists to Hostility Against Islam ==
Abu Jahl incited the polytheists against the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), saying: "Muhammad has settled in [[Yathrib|Yathrib]]; he has sent his vanguard and intends to seize your wealth. Beware of following him or drawing near to him. By God, he is accompanied by sorcerers such as I have never seen, and I have not observed any of his [[Companions]] except that they were accompanied by devils"<ref>Ibn Kathir, Vol. 3, p. 211.</ref>!

With these words, he ignited the fire of the Battle of Badr and bore part of its expenses. In this regard, [[God|God Almighty]] says: '''{{Quran text |Indeed, those who disbelieve spend their wealth to avert [people] from the way of Allah. So they will spend it; then it will be for them a [source of] regret; then they will be overcome. And those who have disbelieved - unto Hell they will be gathered. |Surah = Al-Anfal |Verse = 36 }}''' "The disbelievers spend their wealth to hinder [others] from the path of God. Soon they will spend it, and it will become a source of regret for them; then they will be defeated, and the disbelievers will be gathered into Hell." Al-Wahidi, narrating from Kalbi, states that this verse was revealed concerning twelve individuals who provided provisions on the day of Badr, one of whom was Abu Jahl<ref>''Asbab al-Nuzul'', p. 195.</ref>; the same man who slaughtered ten of his camels during that event<ref>Al-Ya'qubi, Vol. 2, p. 45.</ref>.

Abu Jahl was killed in this very battle, and regarding him and the other casualties of Badr, the following verse was revealed: '''{{Quran text |And if you could but see when the angels take the souls of those who disbelieved... They are striking their faces and their backs and [saying], "Taste the punishment of the Burning Fire." |Verse = 50 |Surah = Al-Anfal }}''' "If you could see when the angels take the souls of the disbelievers, striking their faces and their backs, and saying: 'Taste the punishment of the Fire'"<ref>''Jami' al-Bayan'', Vol. 6, Vol. 10, p. 30; ''Majma' al-Bayan'', Vol. 4, p. 846.</ref>.

== Death ==
This battle resulted in the defeat of the Meccans<ref>''Al-Maghazi'', Vol. 1, p. 53; ''Al-Sira al-Nabawiyya'', Vol. 1, p. 617.</ref>. During it, Abu Jahl, who commanded the polytheist army, was struck down by two young Ansari men named Mu'adh ibn Amr and Mu'adh ibn Afra (or Awf), and Mu'awwidh ibn Afra. While he still had some life left in him, [[Abdullah ibn Mas'ud]] severed his head from his body<ref>''Al-Maghazi'', Vol. 1, p. 91; ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 1, pp. 147, 281.</ref>.

He was buried in the well of Badr along with the other slain<ref>''Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya'', Vol. 3, pp. 292–293.</ref>. Exegetes have interpreted verse 50 of [[Surah Al-Anfal]] as pertaining to Abu Jahl and the other martyrs of Badr: '''{{Quran text |And if you could but see when the angels take the souls of those who disbelieved... They are striking their faces and their backs and [saying], "Taste the punishment of the Burning Fire." |Surah = Al-Anfal |Verse = 50 }}''' "If you could see when the angels take the souls of the disbelievers, striking their faces and backs, and saying: 'Taste the scorching punishment'"<ref>''Jami' al-Bayan'', Vol. 10, p. 31; ''Majma' al-Bayan'', Vol. 4, p. 846.</ref>!

The Prophet, who had been awaiting news of Abu Jahl's demise and considered him the ringleader of the leaders of disbelief and the [[Pharaoh]] of his nation<ref>''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 1, p. 141.</ref>, upon hearing this news, thanked God for the fulfillment of His promise<ref>''Al-Maghazi'', Vol. 1, p. 91.</ref>. Abu Jahl was 70 years old at the time of his death<ref>''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 1, p. 130.</ref>. Exegetes have also discussed him in relation to verse 55 of Surah Al-Furqan and verse 15 of Surah Al-Layl, considering him among the examples of disbelievers<ref>''Jami' al-Bayan'', Vol. 19, p. 18; ''Al-Durr al-Manthur'', Vol. 5, p. 74.</ref> and the wretched<ref>''Al-Kashshaf'', Vol. 4, p. 764.</ref>.

== See Also ==
* [[Banu Hashim]]
* [[Abu Lahab]]
* [[Medina]]
* [[Hejaz]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Historical figures]]

Draft:Abu Jahl - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی