Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-09-29T12:36:06Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| name = Abdullah ibn Saba
| image = عبدالله بن سبا.jpg
| full_name = Abdullah ibn Wahb ibn Saba
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| birth_place = [[Yemen]]
| death_date =
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''"This entry requires serious content review."''

'''Abdullah ibn Saba''', also known by other names such as Ibn Suda, Ibn Harb, and Ibn Wahb, is the figure from whom the name of the Sabaiyya sect is derived. [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] sources consider him a Jew who ostensibly converted to Islam and played a main role in the formation of [[Shia Islam]]. However, a group of Shia consider him one of the extremists ([[Ghulat|extremists]]) who had no role in creating and spreading the true Shia faith. Some Shia also consider the personality of Abdullah ibn Saba to be a legend fabricated by Sayf.

Abdullah ibn Wahb ibn Saba, known as Ibn Sawda because his mother was black, gradually his followers were called (Sabaiyya) or People of Medina. He converted to Islam during the time of [[Uthman]] and played the most important role in the uprising against Uthman ibn Affan and his assassination. Afterward, he played a role in the uprising and sedition against [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and claiming divinity for him.

[[Al-Tabari]] narrates through chains of transmission accepted by historians: Abdullah ibn Saba was [[Judaism|Jewish]] and from the people of [[Medina]], and his mother was black; he converted to Islam during the time of Uthman.

== Biography of Abdullah ibn Saba ==

Among historical scholars, there are many differing views regarding the original existence or non-existence of a person named "Abdullah ibn Saba". In light of this, after significant tracing and searching through historical sources of [[Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], the only thing found regarding his biography, place of birth, and parents is what Al-Tabari states in his history book, which should be discussed and examined in its own place.

Al-Tabari says: "Yazid al-Faq'asi says: Abdullah ibn Saba was a Jewish individual from the people of [[Sanaa]] ([[Yemen]]) and his mother was a black slave. He converted to Islam during the time of Uthman. Then he traveled to the Muslim provinces and intended to mislead them. He started from [[Hejaz]], then went to [[Basra]], then to [[Kufa]], and after that headed to [[Levant]], but he could not achieve his purpose with anyone among the people of Levant. As a result, they expelled him from Levant. After that, he went to [[Egypt]] and settled there...". <ref>Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, History of Nations and Kings, Research: Ibrahim, Muhammad Abu al-Fadl, Vol 4, p 340</ref>

It is worth noting that by looking at various historical and biographical sources and books from Shia and Sunni writers, it is understood that no report regarding his family, wife, and possible children, as well as education and experiences, life events, and death, has been recorded in these books.

== Lineage and Family of Abdullah ibn Saba ==

Regarding the lineage and family of Abdullah ibn Saba, the only available information is what Al-Tabari stated in his history book. He reports about his mother that the mother of Abdullah ibn Saba was a black slave, but nothing is observed regarding his father, ancestors, and family. <ref>See: Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, History of Nations and Kings, Research: Ibrahim, Muhammad Abu al-Fadl, Vol 4, p 340</ref>

== Personality Traits of Abdullah ibn Saba ==

The purpose of personality traits of any individual is their relatively stable characteristics which are also considered their main identifier. Every individual has their own specific traits and ethics, and the personality of Abdullah ibn Saba is no exception to this rule, but historical information about the personality and ethical traits of Abdullah ibn Saba – according to those who believe in his existence – is very weak and scarce.

== Ethics and Attributes of Abdullah ibn Saba ==

Regarding the traits and ethical characteristics of Abdullah ibn Saba, it must be said: Al-Tabari introduces him in his book as a deceptive individual who deceived others; both elites and commoners, and attracted them to himself. Also, he considers him a rebellious person who rose up against the [[Caliph]] of the time (Uthman) and caused his killing. <ref>Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, History of Nations and Kings, Research: Ibrahim, Muhammad Abu al-Fadl, Vol 4, p 340</ref>
Others consider him a lying, accursed, extremist, and slanderous human who exaggerated regarding Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and elevated him to the level of divinity, and they say: [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] burned him in fire due to this exaggeration. <ref>Al-Maqdisi, Mutahhar ibn Tahir, Al-Bad' wa al-Tarikh, Vol 5, p 125</ref> Of course, this matter has also been mentioned in some Shia narrations. <ref>Al-Kashi, Muhammad ibn Umar, Ikhtiyar Ma'rifat al-Rijal (Rijal al-Kashi), Abridgment and Editing: Al-Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan, Researcher and Corrector: Mustafawi, Hassan, p 107 and 108</ref>

== Abdullah ibn Saba in Shia Narrations ==

Abdullah ibn Saba is introduced in Shia [[narrations]] as a rejected, lying, accursed, and extremist individual. The late [[Muhammad ibn Umar al-Kashi|Al-Kashi]] has narrated several hadiths in this regard in his Rijal, which are pointed out below:

[[Aban ibn Uthman]] says: I heard from [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] that he said: "May God curse Abdullah ibn Saba, he claimed divinity for the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him), while the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) was an obedient servant of God. Woe to whoever slanders us. Groups have beliefs about us that we ourselves do not have regarding ourselves. We disassociate from such people, we disassociate". <ref>Al-Kashi, Muhammad ibn Umar, Ikhtiyar Ma'rifat al-Rijal (Rijal al-Kashi), Abridgment and Editing: Al-Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan, Researcher and Corrector: Mustafawi, Hassan, p 107</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[Category:Historical figures]]
[[Category:Early Islamic history]]
[[Category:Shia Islam]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam]]

[[fa:عبدالله بن سبا]]

[[Abu Hamza Thumali|Abu Hamza Thumali]] says: [[Ali ibn Husayn (Zayn al-Abidin)|Ali ibn Husayn (Zayn al-Abidin)]] said: "May God curse whoever tells lies about us. Whenever I remember Abdullah ibn Saba, all the hairs on my body stand on end. He made a very great claim; may God curse him. [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] was a righteous servant of God and the brother of [[Muhammad|the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] and he did not reach this status except through obedience to God and His Messenger. [[Muhammad|The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] reached this status through obedience to God." <ref>Ibid., pp. 107–108</ref>

[[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Ja'far ibn Muhammad (al-Sadiq)]] said: We are a family of truthful and honest people, but we are not safe from slanderers. Due to the lies told about us, our truthfulness is lost in the eyes of the people. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) was the most truthful of people and more honest than all beings, but "Musaylimah" <ref>Musaylimah ibn Habib al-Hanafi, known as Musaylimah the Liar, from the Banu Hanifah tribe and from the people of Yamamah, was one of the false claimants of prophethood. During the lifetime of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), in the ninth year of Hijrah, he came to Medina with the elders of his tribe from Yamamah and professed Islam; but after returning to his homeland, he fell into the thought of prophethood and became an apostate. He revealed his claim of prophethood during the time of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) and wrote a letter to the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) stating that I have become your partner in prophethood. Half of the land is ours and half is for Quraysh. The Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) wrote a letter in response to him and asked God for his destruction. This correspondence took place in the eleventh year of Hijrah, shortly after which the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) bade farewell to the mortal world. After the demise of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), more ground was provided for Musaylimah to the extent that he was able to gather a large number around himself. He imitated the Quran, composing words with rhymed prose and offering them to the people. Musaylimah became acquainted with Sajjah daughter of Harith al-Tamimi, who also claimed prophethood, and married her, setting her dowry as the forgiveness of Morning and Evening prayers for their followers! In the twelfth year of Hijrah, an equipped army – in which many prominent Companions such as Ammar ibn Yasir were among them – headed towards Yamamah under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid and after a hard battle – known in history as the "Battle of Yamamah" – they crushed Musaylimah's army and Musaylimah was also killed. See: Ibn Hisham, Abd al-Malik, Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyah, Research: al-Saqqa, Mustafa and al-Abyari, Ibrahim and Shalabi, Abd al-Hafiz, Vol. 2, p. 576.</ref> lied about him. The Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) was also the most truthful person after the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny). The one who lied about him, tarnished his truthfulness with his lies, and slandered God was Abdullah ibn Saba. <ref>Ikhtiyar Ma'rifat al-Rijal (Rijal al-Kashi), Summary and Revision: Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan, Researcher and Corrector: Mustafawi, Hasan, p. 108</ref>

Abdullah ibn Sinan narrates from his father from [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Muhammad ibn Ali (al-Baqir)]] who said: "Abdullah ibn Saba claimed prophethood and said: The Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) is God (God is exalted above such speech). When this speech reached the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him), he summoned him and asked about his belief. He confessed and said: You are God, and he claimed that such thought had occurred to his heart that you are God and I am the prophet.

The Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) said: Woe to you! [[Satan|Satan]] has dominated you; return from this belief, let your mother mourn for you, [[Repentance|repent]]. Abdullah ibn Saba refused. The Imam ordered him to be imprisoned. For three consecutive days he urged him to repent, but Abdullah did not repent. Then Ali (peace be upon him) cast him into the fire and said: Satan has deceived him and instilled this in his heart." <ref>Ibid., pp. 106–107; Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan, Rijal al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Vol. 1, p. 75</ref>

==Abdullah ibn Saba in Sunni Narrations==

In a relatively detailed tracking and search conducted within Sunni works and books, it was revealed that what they believe regarding the personality of Abdullah ibn Saba stems solely from the statement of [[Al-Tabari|Al-Tabari]] in the book [[History of al-Tabari (book)|History of al-Tabari]] <ref>Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, Research: Ibrahim, Muhammad Abu al-Fadl, Vol. 4, p. 340</ref>, and they have not cited any narration in this regard.

==Abdullah ibn Saba: Myth or Reality==

Abdullah ibn Saba is among the personalities about whom both Shia and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars have differed in opinion and have criticized and examined him from various angles. In summary, there are three viewpoints among Shia and Sunni scholars regarding him:

A. Those who consider Abdullah ibn Saba a real person and affirm his existence. From this category; as examples one can name:

* [[Hasan Ibrahim Hasan|Hasan Ibrahim Hasan]] <ref>Hasan, Ibrahim Hasan, Tarikh al-Islam al-Siyasi wa al-Dini wa al-Thaqafi wa al-Ijtima'i, Vol. 1, p. 358</ref>
* [[Ahmad Amin|Ahmad Amin]] Egyptian <ref>Misri, Ahmad Amin, Fajr al-Islam, Translation: Khalili, Abbas, p. 269</ref> (from [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]])
* [[Allamah Hilli|Allamah Hilli]] <ref>Hilli, Hasan ibn Yusuf, Rijal al-Allamah al-Hilli, p. 237</ref>
* [[Shaykh Tusi|Shaykh Tusi]] <ref>Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan, Rijal al-Shaykh al-Tusi, p. 75</ref> (from Shia)

B. Those who have doubted the external existence of Abdullah ibn Saba and have treated this personality or the actions he performed with doubt and skepticism. Some individuals of this group include:

* [[Taha Hussein|Dr. Taha Hussein]] Egyptian. <ref>Ibid., p. 134</ref>
* [[Mohammad Ammareh|Mohammad Ammareh]]. <ref>Andisheh Qom Website</ref>
* [[Hussein Farhan Maliki|Hussein Farhan Maliki]]. <ref>Ibid.</ref>

It should not be left unsaid that the viewpoints of Shia scholars are confined to proving and negating Abdullah ibn Saba, and none of them have doubted his existence.

C. Some other scholars have denied the very existence of Abdullah ibn Saba, considering him nothing but a legend, consequently, in their view, the issue, role, and position of him are also rejected.
<ref>See: Askari, Sayyid Murtaza, Abdullah ibn Saba wa Asatir Ukhra, Vol. 1, p. 102; Subhani, Ja'far, Buhuth fi al-Milal wa al-Nihal, Vol. 6, pp. 123–140</ref> Hereinafter, the names of some of them are indicated:

* [[Muhammad Abd al-Hayy Shaban|Muhammad Abd al-Hayy Shaban]] <ref>See: Shaban, Muhammad Abd al-Hayy, Sadr al-Islam wa al-Dawlah al-Islamiyah</ref>
* [[Hisham Jayyit|Hisham Jayyit]] <ref>Jayyit, Hisham, Al-Fitnah (Jadaliyyat al-Din wa al-Siyasah fi al-Islam al-Mubakkar), p. 75</ref> (from [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]])
* [[Sayyid Murtaza Askari|Sayyid Murtaza Askari]] <ref>Abdullah ibn Saba wa Asatir Ukhra, Vol. 1, pp. 1–427</ref>
* [[Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai|Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai]] <ref>Tabatabai, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn, Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Quran, Vol. 9, p. 260</ref> (from Shia).

==List of Historical Actions of Abdullah ibn Saba==

In general, the actions of Abdullah ibn Saba can be summarized in the cases stated below:

* Opposition to Uthman and pioneering in inciting people against him. <ref>Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, Research: Ibrahim, Muhammad Abu al-Fadl, Vol. 4, p. 340</ref>
* Long journeys to corners of the [[Islamic World|Islamic World]]. <ref>Ibid.</ref>
* Raising the issue of divinity and godhood of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]]. <ref>Ikhtiyar Ma'rifat al-Rijal (Rijal al-Kashi), Summary and Revision: Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan, Researcher and Corrector: Mustafawi, Hasan, pp. 106–107; Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan, Rijal al-Shaykh al-Tusi, Vol. 1, p. 75</ref>
* Denial of the martyrdom of Ali (peace be upon him) and claiming his survival and announcing his return to earth.

* Promoting Jewish thoughts under the guise of Islam. <ref>Ibn Kathir, Ismail ibn Umar, Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah, Vol. 7, p. 167; Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad, Diwan al-Mubtada wa al-Khabar ... (Tarikh Ibn Khaldun), Research: Shahadah, Khalil, Beirut, Vol. 2, p. 587; Tabatabai, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn, Maktab al-Tashayyu, pp. 198–200</ref>
* Establishing teachings for the destruction of Islam. <ref>Ibid.</ref>
* Creating a secret organization to spread his teachings. <ref>Ibid.</ref>

==Students and Companions of Abdullah ibn Saba==

Throughout history, alongside influential personalities, there have always been other individuals who learned from them and were taught as students. Also, other persons as their companions accompanied them, influencing their success and aiding them in reaching the correct or incorrect goals they had.

The personality of Abdullah ibn Saba also—if his external existence is accepted—is not exempt from this rule, but whether he had companions and students is a matter of debate.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[Category:Early Islamic History]]
[[Category:Shia Islam]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam]]
[[Category:Abdullah ibn Saba]]

[[fa:عبدالله بن سبأ]]

Given the numerous ambiguities surrounding the figure of Abdullah ibn Saba, as far as has been researched, no news is available regarding the names of his probable companions and students. However, some historians who believe in his existence have considered the followers of the [[Saba'iyya|Saba'iyya sect]] and some of the [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]] of the Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him) and the companions of the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) as among his companions and students<ref>Tabari Amuli (the Elder), Muhammad ibn Jarir, ''Al-Mustarshad fi Imamat Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him)'', researcher and corrector: Mahmudi, Ahmad, p. 657; Saduq, Muhammad ibn Ali, ''Ma'ani al-Akhbar'', researcher and corrector: Ghaffari, Ali Akbar, p. 35.</ref>.

== Legacy of Abdullah ibn Saba ==

In the terminology of [[Fiqh]], properties and rights transferable to another (such as the [[Right of option|right of option]], [[Pre-emption|right of pre-emption]], and the right of [[Qisas]]) that a person leaves behind after their death are called "taraka or inheritance".<ref>See: A group of researchers under the supervision of Hashemi Shahroudi, Sayyed Mahmoud, ''Farhang-e Fiqh according to the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) School'', researcher: Researchers of the Islamic Fiqh Encyclopedia Institute, Vol. 2, p. 453.</ref>

However, here the discussion is about the spiritual legacy left by the ambiguous figure of Abdullah ibn Saba—whether during his lifetime or after his death. In this regard, it should be stated briefly: According to those who believe in the existence of such a figure, the legacy of Abdullah ibn Saba is sedition, the spread of lying, [[Ghulu]] (divinity of Imam Ali (peace be upon him)), and the creation of the Saba'iyya sect. Some also, by [[Slander|false accusation]] against the followers of the Shia school, consider this school as among his legacy. Also, this group attributes the belief in the [[Raj'a]] of the Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him) and the Seal of the Successors being the Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) as his legacy and ascribe it to him<ref>Andisheh Qom Website.</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
[https://www.pasokh.org/fa/Article/View/4405/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A3?CID=21850 Adapted from the website The Legend of Abdullah ibn Saba - Center for Studies and Responses to Doubts]

[[Category:Figures]]
[[Category:Historical Figures]]
[[fa:عبدالله بن سبأ]]

Draft:Abdullah ibn Saba - Revision history

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی