Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa - Revision history

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Abu Bakr Before Islam

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	Abu Bakr is described as a gentle and pleasant man whom the Quraysh loved and consulted with in trade and other affairs.		Abu Bakr is described as a gentle and pleasant man whom the Quraysh loved and consulted with in trade and other affairs.

	According to some narrations, the affairs of ~~Ashnaq~~, meaning blood money ~~(diyat)~~, were also under his responsibility.		According to some narrations, the affairs of diyat, meaning blood money, were also under his responsibility.

	In this capacity, he was required to resolve blood-related disputes among Quraysh clans and between Quraysh and other tribes through reconciliation or payment of blood money.		In this capacity, he was required to resolve blood-related disputes among Quraysh clans and between Quraysh and other tribes through reconciliation or payment of blood money.
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	Some Sunni researchers have written that Abu Bakr was a close friend of the Prophet from his youth and accompanied him on one of his journeys to Syria<ref>Al-Suyuti, ''Al-Khasa'is al-Kubra'', Vol. 1, p. 84, Beirut, 1405 AH/1985 CE</ref>.		Some Sunni researchers have written that Abu Bakr was a close friend of the Prophet from his youth and accompanied him on one of his journeys to Syria<ref>Al-Suyuti, ''Al-Khasa'is al-Kubra'', Vol. 1, p. 84, Beirut, 1405 AH/1985 CE</ref>.



	== Abu Bakr During the Time of the Noble Prophet ==		== Abu Bakr During the Time of the Noble Prophet ==

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	'''Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa''' (d. 13 AH, Medina) was among the earliest [[Muslims]] and [[Muhajirun~~\|Muhajir~~]], a renowned [[Companion]] of the Prophet, the father of [[Aisha]] (wife of [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)\|the Prophet]]), and the [[First Caliph]]. He accompanied the Prophet during his [[Hijra]] from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]]. Following the Prophet's death, he was designated as [[Caliph]] by a group that convened at the [[Saqifah Bani Sa'idah]]. His selection to the [[Caliphate]] became the origin of the division among followers of the [[Islamic religion]] into two groups: [[Shia]] and [[Sunni]]. He held authority over the [[Islamic government]] for two years and three months.		'''Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa''' (d. 13 AH, Medina) was among the earliest [[Muslims]] and [[Muhajirun]], a renowned [[Companion]] of the Prophet, the father of [[Aisha]] (wife of [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)\|the Prophet]]), and the [[First Caliph]]. He accompanied the Prophet during his [[Hijra]] from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]]. Following the Prophet's death, he was designated as [[Caliph]] by a group that convened at the [[Saqifah Bani Sa'idah]]. His selection to the [[Caliphate]] became the origin of the division among followers of the [[Islamic religion]] into two groups: [[Shia]] and [[Sunni]]. He held authority over the [[Islamic government]] for two years and three months.

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

2026-05-10T08:21:23Z

ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

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{{Infobox person
| title = Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa
| name = Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa
| other_names = Abu Bakr
| birth_year = Year 3 of the [[Year of the Elephant]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mecca]]
| death_year = Year 13 AH
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Medina]]
| teachers =
| students =
| religion =
| sect =
| works =
| website =
}}
'''Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa''' (d. 13 AH, Medina) was among the earliest [[Muslims]] and [[Muhajirun|Muhajir]], a renowned [[Companion]] of the Prophet, the father of [[Aisha]] (wife of [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|the Prophet]]), and the [[First Caliph]]. He accompanied the Prophet during his [[Hijra]] from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]]. Following the Prophet's death, he was designated as [[Caliph]] by a group that convened at the [[Saqifah Bani Sa'idah]]. His selection to the [[Caliphate]] became the origin of the division among followers of the [[Islamic religion]] into two groups: [[Shia]] and [[Sunni]]. He held authority over the [[Islamic government]] for two years and three months.

== Introduction to Abu Bakr ==
According to certain narrations<ref>Ibn Athir al-Jazari, ''Usd al-Ghabah'', 1286 AH, Vol. 3, p. 223</ref> and evidence such as his lifespan and date of death, Abu Bakr was born in [[Mecca]] two years and several months after the [[Year of the Elephant]]. His name during the [[Jahiliyyah]] period was Abd al-Ka'bah, and after [[Islam]], [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|the Prophet (peace be upon him)]] renamed him Abdullah<ref>Ibn Qutaybah, ''Al-Ma'arif'', 1960 CE, p. 167</ref>. His father was Abu Quhafa Uthman (d. 14 AH) and his mother was Umm al-Khayr Salma bint Sakhr ibn Amr ibn Ka'b; both belonged to the Taym clan and were related to the Prophet (peace be upon him) through Murrah, their fifth common ancestor<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', 1968 CE, Vol. 3, p. 169; Ibn Qutaybah, ''Al-Ma'arif'', 1960 CE, pp. 167-168</ref>. In some [[narrations]] from [[Sunni]] sources, his name is mentioned as Atiq;<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', 1968 CE, Vol. 3, p. 170; Ibn Athir al-Jazari, ''Usd al-Ghabah'', 1286 AH, Vol. 3, p. 205</ref> however, apparently Atiq was his epithet. His kunya is Abu Bakr. However, there is disagreement regarding whether he had a son named Bakr. None of the sources enumerating Abu Bakr's children mention the name Bakr.<ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk'', 1387 AH, Vol. 3, p. 246; Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya'', 1407 AH, Vol. 6, p. 313</ref> Regarding this naming, some historians such as Al-Baladhuri and Al-Tabari have cited other reasons<ref>(See: Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', 1959 CE, Vol. 1, p. 589; Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk'', 1387 AH, Vol. 3, pp. 253-255; Al-Mufid, ''Al-Irshad'', Maktabah Basirati, p. 102)</ref>.

== Wives and Children ==
Qutaylah bint Abd al-Uzza, Umm Ruman bint Amir ibn Uwaymir<ref>''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 10, p. 101</ref>, Asma bint Umayr al-Khath'ami, and Habibah bint Kharijah ibn Zayd al-Khazraji<ref>''Al-Tabaqat'', Vol. 3, p. 126</ref> were the wives of Abu Bakr<ref>Abdullah, Abd al-Rahman, and Muhammad were his sons, and Asma, Aisha, and Umm Kulthum were his daughters. Aisha married the Prophet (peace be upon him), and Asma became the wife of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and the mother of Abdullah ibn Zubayr. Muhammad, the son of Abu Bakr, after his father's death and his mother Asma bint Umayr's marriage to [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Amir al-Mu'minin (peace be upon him)]], was raised under his care and became one of his close companions; he was later killed by Amr ibn al-As in Egypt. (''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 3, p. 167; ''Al-Amali'', p. 79) Qasim, the son of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, was among the seven jurists of Medina and the father of Umm Farwah, the wife of [[Muhammad ibn Ali (Baqir al-Ulum)|Imam Baqir (peace be upon him)]]. (''Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf'', p. 249; ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 10, p. 111) The majority of Abu Bakr's descendants continued through Talhah, the grandson of Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, known as the Talhiyun. (''Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf'', p. 249)</ref>.

== Abu Bakr Before Islam ==
Regarding the life and circumstances of Abu Bakr before Islam, some historical sources provide information, including the following:

He was considered one of the elders and wise men of Quraysh and was unparalleled in his knowledge of genealogy<ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol. 2, p. 317</ref>.

Ibn Abd Rabbih also recounted a story concerning his expertise in genealogy<ref>Ibn Abd Rabbih, Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Vol. 3, pp. 326-327, ''Al-Aqd al-Farid'', edited by Ahmad Amin and others, Beirut, 1402 AH/1982 CE</ref>.

Abu Bakr is described as a gentle and pleasant man whom the Quraysh loved and consulted with in trade and other affairs.

According to some narrations, the affairs of Ashnaq, meaning blood money (diyat), were also under his responsibility.

In this capacity, he was required to resolve blood-related disputes among Quraysh clans and between Quraysh and other tribes through reconciliation or payment of blood money.

He determined the blood money for the slain, and the Quraysh paid it according to his judgment<ref>Ibn Athir, Ali ibn Muhammad, Vol. 3, p. 206, ''Usd al-Ghabah'', Cairo, 1286 AH</ref>.

He had been engaged in commerce (cloth trading) since his youth<ref>Ibn Rustah, Ahmad ibn Umar, Vol. 7, p. 215, ''Al-A'laq al-Nafisah'', Leiden, 1891 CE</ref> and was a wealthy man with a cash reserve of 40,000 dirhams<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', Vol. 3, p. 172, Beirut, Dar Sadir</ref>.

Some Sunni researchers have written that Abu Bakr was a close friend of the Prophet from his youth and accompanied him on one of his journeys to Syria<ref>Al-Suyuti, ''Al-Khasa'is al-Kubra'', Vol. 1, p. 84, Beirut, 1405 AH/1985 CE</ref>.

== Abu Bakr During the Time of the Noble Prophet ==
There is disagreement among [[Sunni]] narrations regarding the time of his conversion to Islam. Given the certainty of the title of the first adult male Muslim belonging to Imam Ali (peace be upon him), some sources have attempted, by citing narrations, to portray him as the first adult male Muslim, arguing that Imam Ali (peace be upon him) was no more than ten years old at the time of his conversion. However, in a narration, Muhammad ibn Sa'd reports from his father that more than fifty people had embraced Islam before Abu Bakr<ref>''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol. 2, p. 316</ref>.

The most prominent event in Abu Bakr's life was accompanying the Prophet during the migration to [[Medina]] and hiding in the Cave of Thawr. When the Prophet learned through [[Revelation]] of the plot to assassinate him, he decided to migrate to Medina. At the beginning of the journey, he met Abu Bakr and left Mecca with him. Pursued by the Meccans, Abu Bakr became fearful, but the Prophet calmed him. Sunnis attach great importance to Abu Bakr's companionship with the Prophet during the migration to Medina, particularly their stay of several days in the Cave of Thawr.

However, Shia exegetes, considering the verse "Do not grieve"<ref>Verse 40 of Surah Al-Tawbah</ref> (which refers to the Prophet's advice to Abu Bakr not to fear anything), believe that this companionship was coincidental and, given Abu Bakr's fear and anxiety, does not constitute a virtue for him.
He had a bond of brotherhood with Umar ibn al-Khattab and later, together with him and Abu Ubaydah al-Jarrah, assumed the Caliphate.<ref>''From the Emergence of Islam to Islamic Iran'', Rasul Ja'fariyan, p. 132</ref>.

== Most Significant Actions ==
Among the most significant actions of Abu Bakr are the following:

# Attacks on cities under the control of the [[Sasanian Empire]] ([[Iraq]]) and the Eastern Roman Empire ([[Levant]]),
# Advising against the narration of [[Hadith]],
# The initial compilation of the [[Quran]],
# Abu Bakr appointed [[Umar]] as his successor before his death.

=== Abu Bakr's Securing of Allegiance for the Caliphate ===
Immediately following the demise of the Prophet (peace be upon him), while the Ahl al-Bayt and a group of Companions were occupied with preparing the noble body of the Prophet for burial, another group of Muslims—comprising both the [[Ansar]] and the [[Muhajirun]]—gathered at a location known as Saqifah Bani Sa'idah. They engaged in negotiations and disputes regarding the appointment of the Prophet's successor, ultimately designating Abu Bakr for this role.

Another group of Muslims, including the Ahl al-Bayt led by Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him), upon witnessing the disregard shown by certain Companions toward the event of Ghadir and the divine appointment of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) as successor—as detailed extensively in Shia sources—and upon learning of the outcome ratified by those present at Saqifah, separated themselves from the majority in protest. From that moment, the foundation of Shi'ism (which entails allegiance to and following of Ali ibn Abi Talib) was established. This group, which included Companions such as Abbas, [[Fadl ibn Abbas]], [[Zubayr]], [[Khalid ibn Sa'id]], [[Miqdad]], [[Salman al-Farsi]], [[Abu Dharr]], [[Ammar ibn Yasir]], [[Bara' ibn Azib]], and others, assembled in the house of [[Fatimah bint Muhammad (Zahra)|Lady Fatimah al-Zahra (peace be upon her)]]. However, their protest did not deter the Caliph and his supporters from their course of action.

=== Abu Bakr's Actions During His Caliphate ===

==== Confiscation of Fadak ====
After the demise of the final Prophet, Abu Bakr confiscated the property of [[Fadak]], which had been gifted by the Messenger of God to his daughter Fatimah al-Zahra and bestowed upon her during his lifetime. Fatimah, in defense of her right, went to the [[Mosque]] and, in a detailed sermon delivered before the [[Muhajirun]] and the [[Ansar]], strongly protested Abu Bakr's conduct.

Al-Ya'qubi summarizes this incident as follows:

"Fatimah, the daughter of the Messenger of God, came to Abu Bakr and demanded her inheritance from her father. He replied: 'The Messenger of God said: <sup>We, the community of prophets, do not leave inheritance; whatever we leave behind is charity.</sup>'

She responded: 'Is it God's decree that you inherit from your father, while I do not inherit from mine? Did not the Messenger of God say: A man's rights concerning his children must be upheld?' Thereupon, Abu Bakr wept.<ref>Translation of Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, Vol. 2, p. 1</ref>

==== Repeated Military Expeditions to the Levant ====
After assuming the caliphate, Abu Bakr equipped the army of Usamah—which he himself had refrained from joining prior to the Prophet's death (peace be upon him)—and dispatched it to the Roman frontiers, having exempted Umar from participating in this expedition.<ref>Translation of Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, Vol. 2, p. 2</ref> [[Usamah]] proceeded with this army to the [[Levant]], and after acquiring spoils of war, returned to Medina.

Abu Bakr also dispatched another army under the command of Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah to the Levant. Subsequently, military contingents were continuously sent from Medina to reinforce him. The Islamic army was on the verge of victory at Yarmouk when news of Abu Bakr's death reached the Levant (Jamada al-Thani, 13 AH, at the age of 63).<ref>Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Abolqasem Gorji, Tehran: Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1988, Vol. 8</ref>

==== Dealing with Apostates and Those Refusing Zakat ====
One of the challenges facing Abu Bakr was the rebellion and insubordination of tribes that, following the death of the Prophet (peace be upon him), refused to pay [[Zakat]] to his successor. Some of these uprisings, which became known in Islamic history as the [[Ridda Wars|Wars of Apostasy]], emerged in various regions of the Arabian Peninsula under claims of prophethood.

Some of these rebellions had begun sporadically during the final days of the Prophet's life (peace be upon him) but became more pronounced during Abu Bakr's caliphate. Ultimately, successive military campaigns crushed the rebels, and the central government under Abu Bakr's caliphate remained firmly established.<ref>Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Abolqasem Gorji, Tehran: Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1988, Vol. 8</ref>

=== Policy of Prohibiting the Writing and Narration of Hadith ===

During Abu Bakr's caliphate, the writing of the Prophet's (peace be upon him) hadiths was completely prohibited. Whenever written [[Hadith]] was discovered or obtained from anyone, it was confiscated and burned. The prohibition on narrating and recording hadiths continued throughout the era of the Rashidun Caliphs until the caliphate of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, the Umayyad caliph (99–102 AH).<ref>Shi'ism in Islam, Allamah Tabataba'i, may God have mercy on him</ref>.

== Death of Abu Bakr ==
Abu Bakr died at the age of 63 due to illness on the seventh of [[Jumada al-Thani|Jumada al-Akhirah]], 13 AH, after a caliphate lasting two years, three months, and 26 days.<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Vol. 3, pp. 150–151</ref> At the time of his death, he left behind a palm grove from the spoils of Banu Nadir, as well as lands in Bahrain, Ghaba, and Khaybar. Despite opposition from some of the Companions, he appointed Umar ibn al-Khattab as his successor.<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Vol. 3, p. 149; Ansab al-Ashraf, Vol. 10, p. 88; Tarikh al-Islam, Vol. 3, p. 116</ref> Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (peace be upon him) regarded this appointment as a recompense for Umar's efforts in consolidating Abu Bakr's authority and considered it a predictable move. He expressed astonishment that Abu Bakr, despite deeming himself unworthy of the caliphate and having requested his own removal from office, nonetheless chose a successor.<ref>Ma'ani al-Akhbar, p. 361; Nahj al-Balagha, Vol. 1, pp. 32–33; Al-Fusul al-Mukhtara, p. 247</ref> Umar performed the funeral prayer for him during the night between the pulpit and the grave of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) and buried him beside the grave of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), in accordance with Abu Bakr's will.<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Vol. 3, pp. 150–157</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{Footnotes}}

[[Category:Caliphs]]

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	== Introduction to Abu Bakr ==		== Introduction to Abu Bakr ==
	According to certain narrations<ref>Ibn Athir al-Jazari, ''Usd al-Ghabah'', 1286 AH, Vol. 3, p. 223</ref> and evidence such as his lifespan and date of death, Abu Bakr was born in [[Mecca]] two years and several months after the [[Year of the Elephant]]. His name during the [[Jahiliyyah]] period was Abd al-Ka'bah, and after [[Islam]], [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)\|the Prophet (~~peace be upon him~~)]] renamed him Abdullah<ref>Ibn Qutaybah, ''Al-Ma'arif'', 1960 CE, p. 167</ref>. His father was Abu Quhafa Uthman (d. 14 AH) and his mother was Umm al-Khayr Salma bint Sakhr ibn Amr ibn Ka'b; both belonged to the Taym clan and were related to the Prophet (~~peace be upon him~~) through Murrah, their fifth common ancestor<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', 1968 CE, Vol. 3, p. 169; Ibn Qutaybah, ''Al-Ma'arif'', 1960 CE, pp. 167-168</ref>. In some [[narrations]] from [[Sunni]] sources, his name is mentioned as Atiq;<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', 1968 CE, Vol. 3, p. 170; Ibn Athir al-Jazari, ''Usd al-Ghabah'', 1286 AH, Vol. 3, p. 205</ref> however, apparently Atiq was his epithet. His kunya is Abu Bakr. However, there is disagreement regarding whether he had a son named Bakr. None of the sources enumerating Abu Bakr's children mention the name Bakr.<ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk'', 1387 AH, Vol. 3, p. 246; Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya'', 1407 AH, Vol. 6, p. 313</ref> Regarding this naming, some historians such as Al-Baladhuri and Al-Tabari have cited other reasons<ref>(See: Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', 1959 CE, Vol. 1, p. 589; Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk'', 1387 AH, Vol. 3, pp. 253-255; Al-Mufid, ''Al-Irshad'', Maktabah Basirati, p. 102)</ref>.		According to certain narrations<ref>Ibn Athir al-Jazari, ''Usd al-Ghabah'', 1286 AH, Vol. 3, p. 223</ref> and evidence such as his lifespan and date of death, Abu Bakr was born in [[Mecca]] two years and several months after the [[Year of the Elephant]]. His name during the [[Jahiliyyah]] period was Abd al-Ka'bah, and after [[Islam]], [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)\|the Prophet (PBUH)]] renamed him Abdullah<ref>Ibn Qutaybah, ''Al-Ma'arif'', 1960 CE, p. 167</ref>. His father was Abu Quhafa Uthman (d. 14 AH) and his mother was Umm al-Khayr Salma bint Sakhr ibn Amr ibn Ka'b; both belonged to the Taym clan and were related to the Prophet ((PBUH)) through Murrah, their fifth common ancestor<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', 1968 CE, Vol. 3, p. 169; Ibn Qutaybah, ''Al-Ma'arif'', 1960 CE, pp. 167-168</ref>. In some [[narrations]] from [[Sunni]] sources, his name is mentioned as Atiq;<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', 1968 CE, Vol. 3, p. 170; Ibn Athir al-Jazari, ''Usd al-Ghabah'', 1286 AH, Vol. 3, p. 205</ref> however, apparently Atiq was his epithet. His kunya is Abu Bakr. However, there is disagreement regarding whether he had a son named Bakr. None of the sources enumerating Abu Bakr's children mention the name Bakr.<ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk'', 1387 AH, Vol. 3, p. 246; Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya'', 1407 AH, Vol. 6, p. 313</ref> Regarding this naming, some historians such as Al-Baladhuri and Al-Tabari have cited other reasons<ref>(See: Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', 1959 CE, Vol. 1, p. 589; Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk'', 1387 AH, Vol. 3, pp. 253-255; Al-Mufid, ''Al-Irshad'', Maktabah Basirati, p. 102)</ref>.



	== Wives and Children ==		== Wives and Children ==
	Qutaylah bint Abd al-Uzza, Umm Ruman bint Amir ibn Uwaymir<ref>''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 10, p. 101</ref>, Asma bint Umayr al-Khath'ami, and Habibah bint Kharijah ibn Zayd al-Khazraji<ref>''Al-Tabaqat'', Vol. 3, p. 126</ref> were the wives of Abu Bakr<ref>Abdullah, Abd al-Rahman, and Muhammad were his sons, and Asma, Aisha, and Umm Kulthum were his daughters. Aisha married the Prophet (~~peace be upon him~~), and Asma became the wife of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and the mother of Abdullah ibn Zubayr. Muhammad, the son of Abu Bakr, after his father's death and his mother Asma bint Umayr's marriage to [[Ali ibn Abi Talib\|Amir al-Mu'minin (~~peace be upon him~~)]], was raised under his care and became one of his close companions; he was later killed by Amr ibn al-As in Egypt. (''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 3, p. 167; ''Al-Amali'', p. 79) Qasim, the son of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, was among the seven jurists of Medina and the father of Umm Farwah, the wife of [[Muhammad ibn Ali (Baqir al-Ulum)\|Imam Baqir (~~peace be upon him~~)]]. (''Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf'', p. 249; ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 10, p. 111) The majority of Abu Bakr's descendants continued through Talhah, the grandson of Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, known as the Talhiyun. (''Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf'', p. 249)</ref>.		Qutaylah bint Abd al-Uzza, Umm Ruman bint Amir ibn Uwaymir<ref>''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 10, p. 101</ref>, Asma bint Umayr al-Khath'ami, and Habibah bint Kharijah ibn Zayd al-Khazraji<ref>''Al-Tabaqat'', Vol. 3, p. 126</ref> were the wives of Abu Bakr<ref>Abdullah, Abd al-Rahman, and Muhammad were his sons, and Asma, Aisha, and Umm Kulthum were his daughters. Aisha married the Prophet (PBUH), and Asma became the wife of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and the mother of Abdullah ibn Zubayr. Muhammad, the son of Abu Bakr, after his father's death and his mother Asma bint Umayr's marriage to [[Ali ibn Abi Talib\|Amir al-Mu'minin (PBUH)]], was raised under his care and became one of his close companions; he was later killed by Amr ibn al-As in Egypt. (''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 3, p. 167; ''Al-Amali'', p. 79) Qasim, the son of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, was among the seven jurists of Medina and the father of Umm Farwah, the wife of [[Muhammad ibn Ali (Baqir al-Ulum)\|Imam Baqir (PBUH)]]. (''Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf'', p. 249; ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 10, p. 111) The majority of Abu Bakr's descendants continued through Talhah, the grandson of Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, known as the Talhiyun. (''Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf'', p. 249)</ref>.


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	== Abu Bakr During the Time of the Noble Prophet ==		== Abu Bakr During the Time of the Noble Prophet ==
	There is disagreement among [[Sunni]] narrations regarding the time of his conversion to Islam. Given the certainty of the title of the first adult male Muslim belonging to Imam Ali (~~peace be upon him~~), some sources have attempted, by citing narrations, to portray him as the first adult male Muslim, arguing that Imam Ali (~~peace be upon him~~) was no more than ten years old at the time of his conversion. However, in a narration, Muhammad ibn Sa'd reports from his father that more than fifty people had embraced Islam before Abu Bakr<ref>''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol. 2, p. 316</ref>.		There is disagreement among [[Sunni]] narrations regarding the time of his conversion to Islam. Given the certainty of the title of the first adult male Muslim belonging to Imam Ali (PBUH), some sources have attempted, by citing narrations, to portray him as the first adult male Muslim, arguing that Imam Ali (PBUH) was no more than ten years old at the time of his conversion. However, in a narration, Muhammad ibn Sa'd reports from his father that more than fifty people had embraced Islam before Abu Bakr<ref>''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol. 2, p. 316</ref>.

	The most prominent event in Abu Bakr's life was accompanying the Prophet during the migration to [[Medina]] and hiding in the Cave of Thawr. When the Prophet learned through [[Revelation]] of the plot to assassinate him, he decided to migrate to Medina. At the beginning of the journey, he met Abu Bakr and left Mecca with him. Pursued by the Meccans, Abu Bakr became fearful, but the Prophet calmed him. Sunnis attach great importance to Abu Bakr's companionship with the Prophet during the migration to Medina, particularly their stay of several days in the Cave of Thawr.		The most prominent event in Abu Bakr's life was accompanying the Prophet during the migration to [[Medina]] and hiding in the Cave of Thawr. When the Prophet learned through [[Revelation]] of the plot to assassinate him, he decided to migrate to Medina. At the beginning of the journey, he met Abu Bakr and left Mecca with him. Pursued by the Meccans, Abu Bakr became fearful, but the Prophet calmed him. Sunnis attach great importance to Abu Bakr's companionship with the Prophet during the migration to Medina, particularly their stay of several days in the Cave of Thawr.
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	=== Abu Bakr's Securing of Allegiance for the Caliphate ===		=== Abu Bakr's Securing of Allegiance for the Caliphate ===
	Immediately following the demise of the Prophet (~~peace be upon him~~), while the Ahl al-Bayt and a group of Companions were occupied with preparing the noble body of the Prophet for burial, another group of Muslims—comprising both the [[Ansar]] and the [[Muhajirun]]—gathered at a location known as Saqifah Bani Sa'idah. They engaged in negotiations and disputes regarding the appointment of the Prophet's successor, ultimately designating Abu Bakr for this role.		Immediately following the demise of the Prophet (PBUH), while the Ahl al-Bayt and a group of Companions were occupied with preparing the noble body of the Prophet for burial, another group of Muslims—comprising both the [[Ansar]] and the [[Muhajirun]]—gathered at a location known as Saqifah Bani Sa'idah. They engaged in negotiations and disputes regarding the appointment of the Prophet's successor, ultimately designating Abu Bakr for this role.

	Another group of Muslims, including the Ahl al-Bayt led by Ali ibn Abi Talib (~~peace be upon him~~), upon witnessing the disregard shown by certain Companions toward the event of Ghadir and the divine appointment of Imam Ali (~~peace be upon him~~) as successor—as detailed extensively in Shia sources—and upon learning of the outcome ratified by those present at Saqifah, separated themselves from the majority in protest. From that moment, the foundation of Shi'ism (which entails allegiance to and following of Ali ibn Abi Talib) was established. This group, which included Companions such as Abbas, [[Fadl ibn Abbas]], [[Zubayr]], [[Khalid ibn Sa'id]], [[Miqdad]], [[Salman al-Farsi]], [[Abu Dharr]], [[Ammar ibn Yasir]], [[Bara' ibn Azib]], and others, assembled in the house of [[Fatimah bint Muhammad (Zahra)\|Lady Fatimah al-Zahra (~~peace be upon her~~)]]. However, their protest did not deter the Caliph and his supporters from their course of action.		Another group of Muslims, including the Ahl al-Bayt led by Ali ibn Abi Talib (PBUH), upon witnessing the disregard shown by certain Companions toward the event of Ghadir and the divine appointment of Imam Ali (PBUH) as successor—as detailed extensively in Shia sources—and upon learning of the outcome ratified by those present at Saqifah, separated themselves from the majority in protest. From that moment, the foundation of Shi'ism (which entails allegiance to and following of Ali ibn Abi Talib) was established. This group, which included Companions such as Abbas, [[Fadl ibn Abbas]], [[Zubayr]], [[Khalid ibn Sa'id]], [[Miqdad]], [[Salman al-Farsi]], [[Abu Dharr]], [[Ammar ibn Yasir]], [[Bara' ibn Azib]], and others, assembled in the house of [[Fatimah bint Muhammad (Zahra)\|Lady Fatimah al-Zahra (PBUH)]]. However, their protest did not deter the Caliph and his supporters from their course of action.

	=== Abu Bakr's Actions During His Caliphate ===		=== Abu Bakr's Actions During His Caliphate ===
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	==== Repeated Military Expeditions to the Levant ====		==== Repeated Military Expeditions to the Levant ====
	After assuming the caliphate, Abu Bakr equipped the army of Usamah—which he himself had refrained from joining prior to the Prophet's death (~~peace be upon him~~)—and dispatched it to the Roman frontiers, having exempted Umar from participating in this expedition.<ref>Translation of Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, Vol. 2, p. 2</ref> [[Usamah]] proceeded with this army to the [[Levant]], and after acquiring spoils of war, returned to Medina.		After assuming the caliphate, Abu Bakr equipped the army of Usamah—which he himself had refrained from joining prior to the Prophet's death (PBUH)—and dispatched it to the Roman frontiers, having exempted Umar from participating in this expedition.<ref>Translation of Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, Vol. 2, p. 2</ref> [[Usamah]] proceeded with this army to the [[Levant]], and after acquiring spoils of war, returned to Medina.

	Abu Bakr also dispatched another army under the command of Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah to the Levant. Subsequently, military contingents were continuously sent from Medina to reinforce him. The Islamic army was on the verge of victory at Yarmouk when news of Abu Bakr's death reached the Levant (Jamada al-Thani, 13 AH, at the age of 63).<ref>Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Abolqasem Gorji, Tehran: Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1988, Vol. 8</ref>		Abu Bakr also dispatched another army under the command of Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah to the Levant. Subsequently, military contingents were continuously sent from Medina to reinforce him. The Islamic army was on the verge of victory at Yarmouk when news of Abu Bakr's death reached the Levant (Jamada al-Thani, 13 AH, at the age of 63).<ref>Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Abolqasem Gorji, Tehran: Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1988, Vol. 8</ref>

	==== Dealing with Apostates and Those Refusing Zakat ====		==== Dealing with Apostates and Those Refusing Zakat ====
	One of the challenges facing Abu Bakr was the rebellion and insubordination of tribes that, following the death of the Prophet (~~peace be upon him~~), refused to pay [[Zakat]] to his successor. Some of these uprisings, which became known in Islamic history as the [[Ridda Wars\|Wars of Apostasy]], emerged in various regions of the Arabian Peninsula under claims of prophethood.		One of the challenges facing Abu Bakr was the rebellion and insubordination of tribes that, following the death of the Prophet (PBUH), refused to pay [[Zakat]] to his successor. Some of these uprisings, which became known in Islamic history as the [[Ridda Wars\|Wars of Apostasy]], emerged in various regions of the Arabian Peninsula under claims of prophethood.

	Some of these rebellions had begun sporadically during the final days of the Prophet's life (~~peace be upon him~~) but became more pronounced during Abu Bakr's caliphate. Ultimately, successive military campaigns crushed the rebels, and the central government under Abu Bakr's caliphate remained firmly established.<ref>Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Abolqasem Gorji, Tehran: Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1988, Vol. 8</ref>		Some of these rebellions had begun sporadically during the final days of the Prophet's life (PBUH) but became more pronounced during Abu Bakr's caliphate. Ultimately, successive military campaigns crushed the rebels, and the central government under Abu Bakr's caliphate remained firmly established.<ref>Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Abolqasem Gorji, Tehran: Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1988, Vol. 8</ref>

	=== Policy of Prohibiting the Writing and Narration of Hadith ===		=== Policy of Prohibiting the Writing and Narration of Hadith ===

	During Abu Bakr's caliphate, the writing of the Prophet's (~~peace be upon him~~) hadiths was completely prohibited. Whenever written [[Hadith]] was discovered or obtained from anyone, it was confiscated and burned. The prohibition on narrating and recording hadiths continued throughout the era of the Rashidun Caliphs until the caliphate of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, the Umayyad caliph (99–102 AH).<ref>Shi'ism in Islam, Allamah Tabataba'i, may God have mercy on him</ref>.		During Abu Bakr's caliphate, the writing of the Prophet's (PBUH) hadiths was completely prohibited. Whenever written [[Hadith]] was discovered or obtained from anyone, it was confiscated and burned. The prohibition on narrating and recording hadiths continued throughout the era of the Rashidun Caliphs until the caliphate of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, the Umayyad caliph (99–102 AH).<ref>Shi'ism in Islam, Allamah Tabataba'i, may God have mercy on him</ref>.

	== Death of Abu Bakr ==		== Death of Abu Bakr ==
	Abu Bakr died at the age of 63 due to illness on the seventh of [[Jumada al-Thani\|Jumada al-Akhirah]], 13 AH, after a caliphate lasting two years, three months, and 26 days.<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Vol. 3, pp. 150–151</ref> At the time of his death, he left behind a palm grove from the spoils of Banu Nadir, as well as lands in Bahrain, Ghaba, and Khaybar. Despite opposition from some of the Companions, he appointed Umar ibn al-Khattab as his successor.<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Vol. 3, p. 149; Ansab al-Ashraf, Vol. 10, p. 88; Tarikh al-Islam, Vol. 3, p. 116</ref> Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (~~peace be upon him~~) regarded this appointment as a recompense for Umar's efforts in consolidating Abu Bakr's authority and considered it a predictable move. He expressed astonishment that Abu Bakr, despite deeming himself unworthy of the caliphate and having requested his own removal from office, nonetheless chose a successor.<ref>Ma'ani al-Akhbar, p. 361; Nahj al-Balagha, Vol. 1, pp. 32–33; Al-Fusul al-Mukhtara, p. 247</ref> Umar performed the funeral prayer for him during the night between the pulpit and the grave of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) and buried him beside the grave of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), in accordance with Abu Bakr's will.<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Vol. 3, pp. 150–157</ref>		Abu Bakr died at the age of 63 due to illness on the seventh of [[Jumada al-Thani\|Jumada al-Akhirah]], 13 AH, after a caliphate lasting two years, three months, and 26 days.<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Vol. 3, pp. 150–151</ref> At the time of his death, he left behind a palm grove from the spoils of Banu Nadir, as well as lands in Bahrain, Ghaba, and Khaybar. Despite opposition from some of the Companions, he appointed Umar ibn al-Khattab as his successor.<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Vol. 3, p. 149; Ansab al-Ashraf, Vol. 10, p. 88; Tarikh al-Islam, Vol. 3, p. 116</ref> Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (PBUH) regarded this appointment as a recompense for Umar's efforts in consolidating Abu Bakr's authority and considered it a predictable move. He expressed astonishment that Abu Bakr, despite deeming himself unworthy of the caliphate and having requested his own removal from office, nonetheless chose a successor.<ref>Ma'ani al-Akhbar, p. 361; Nahj al-Balagha, Vol. 1, pp. 32–33; Al-Fusul al-Mukhtara, p. 247</ref> Umar performed the funeral prayer for him during the night between the pulpit and the grave of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) and buried him beside the grave of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), in accordance with Abu Bakr's will.<ref>Al-Tabaqat, Vol. 3, pp. 150–157</ref>