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Draft:Ziad al-Nakhalah

2026-06-28T11:01:11Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Ziad al-Nakhalah
| تصویر = زیاد نخاله.jpg
| نام = Ziad al-Nakhalah
| نام‌های دیگر = Ziad Rushdi al-Nakhalah
| سال تولد = 1953 AD
| تاریخ تولد =
| محل تولد = [[غزه]]
| سال درگذشت =
| تاریخ درگذشت =
| محل درگذشت =
| استادان =
| شاگردان =
| دین = [[اسلام]]
| مذهب = [[اهل‌سنت]]
| آثار =
| فعالیت‌ها =Secretary-General of [[جهاد اسلامی فلسطین]]
| وبگاه =
}}
'''Ziad al-Nakhalah''' is one of the militants of [[غزه]] and Secretary-General of [[جهاد اسلامی فلسطین]] since 2018 AD and following ''Ramadan Abdullah Shallah''. He was placed on the [[تروریسم]] list of the terrorism-promoting government of [[آمریکا]] in 2014 AD due to supporting groups opposing [[اسرائیل]] and delivering weapons to [[غزه]].

== Biography ==
He was born in 1953 AD in the city of [[غزه]]. He completed his education in [[نوار غزه]] and obtained a diploma from the Gaza Teachers College.

== Activities ==
=== Resistance ===
Ziad al-Nakhalah, Secretary-General of the "Islamic Jihad" movement, made remarks regarding the support of [[جمهوری اسلامی ایران]] for the issue of [[فلسطین]]. He said: Iran is the only main supporter of the Palestinian nation. Iran is the only country that has been pressured solely due to its support for Palestine<ref>[https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5454034/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C Mehr News].</ref>.

=== Support for "Hezbollah" ===
He delivered a speech at the ceremony commemorating the 30th anniversary of the martyrdom of Martyr "[[سید عباس موسوی]]"<ref>[https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5436318/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%87%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B4-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA Mehr News].</ref>. According to this report, during this speech, Nakhalah stated: Martyr Sayyed Abbas Musavi had a significant impact on the path of resistance during his life and jihad. His martyrdom also had such an impact. Referring to the supports of [[حزب الله]] for the Palestinian resistance, he stated: "Hezbollah" has always stood shoulder to shoulder with the Palestinian nation and resistance.

He added: Martyr Sayyed Abbas Musavi had a deep and remarkable insight regarding the nature of the [[رژیم صهیونیستی]], its goals and dreams, as well as the regimes dependent on [[ایالات متحده آمریکا]] in the region. This Palestinian official stated in another part of his speech: [[قدس]] will remain as the main axis of issues of the [[جهان اسلام]].

== Meeting with the Leader of the Revolution ==
[[پرونده:زیاد نخاله و رهبر ایران.jpg|بی‌قاب|چپ|بندانگشتی|]]
[[ آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای|حضرت آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای]] the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution emphasized on 1397/10/10 during a meeting with Mr. '''Ziad al-Nakhalah''', Secretary-General of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad movement and the accompanying delegation: [[فلسطین]] will remain with power and by divine grace in the not-so-distant future, the final victory of the Palestinian nation will be realized.

His Excellency Ayatollah Khamenei, referring to a clear equation in the issue of Palestine, said: Based on this equation, if you resist, you will be victorious, and if you do not resist, you will not be victorious; but by divine grace, the people of Palestine have resisted in the struggle against the Zionist regime so far and have been victorious.

The Leader of the Islamic Revolution added: The victory of the people of Palestine in recent years has not meant the ability to form a government in [[تل‌آویو]], which of course this matter will also be realized by the grace of the Lord, but the main victory has been that the [[رژیم صهیونیستی]], which Arab armies could not defeat, was brought to its knees by the people of Palestine and resistance groups, and by divine permission, you will also have greater victories.

Ayatollah Khamenei noted: The Zionist regime, which in two previous wars with [[محور مقاومت|گروه‌های مقاومت]], requested a ceasefire after 22 days in one period and after 8 days in another period, in the latest conflict, requested a ceasefire after 48 hours, and this means the bringing to knees of the usurper Zionist regime.

The Leader of the Islamic Revolution counted these events as very important and among divine graces and emphasized: The cause of the continuous victories of the Palestinian nation in recent years has been standing firm and resistance, and in the future, as long as resistance exists, the process of decline and demise of the Zionist regime will continue. Referring to the heavy pressures of the Front of Arrogance on [[جمهوری اسلامی ایران]], he said: These pressures will never cause us to refrain from our divine, religious, and rational duty in supporting Palestine.

In another part of his speech, the Leader of the Islamic Revolution, praising the resistance and struggles of Palestinian Islamic Jihad, requested from God Almighty the speedy recovery of Dr. ''Ramadan Abdullah'', the former Secretary-General of Islamic Jihad.

In this meeting, Mr. Ziad al-Nakhalah, Secretary-General of Palestinian Islamic Jihad, also while presenting a report on the latest developments in occupied Palestine and the high capabilities and readiness of resistance groups, said: The people of Gaza, despite all pressures, have stood against the Zionist regime and the so-called "Deal of the Century" plan, a prominent example of which is the continuation of the weekly "Return Friday" protests.

He also referred to the recent victory of the Palestinian Islamic resistance against the Zionist regime and this regime's request for a ceasefire after 48 hours, and added: Today, the capabilities and power of the Palestinian Islamic resistance are greater than ever, such that if a war occurs, Tel Aviv and all cities and settlements of the Zionist regime will be within range of thousands of resistance missiles.

== Congratulatory Message from the Movement's Secretary-General to the Leader of the Revolution ==
Following the victory of the Palestinian Resistance in the twelve-day war with the Zionist regime, Mr. Ziad al-Nakhalah, Secretary-General of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement, in a letter to [[آیت‌الله خامنه‌ای|His Eminence Ayatollah Khamenei]], while thanking the Islamic Republic of Iran for its support in this battle, congratulated the Leader of the Revolution on the victory of the Palestinian Resistance<ref>[https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=47876 Courtesy of the Office of the Supreme Leader].</ref>.

The text of the letter from the Secretary-General of the Islamic Jihad Movement is as follows:

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

{{متن قرآن|وَاذْکُرُوا إِذْ أَنْتُمْ قَلِیلٌ مُسْتَضْعَفُونْ فِی الْأَرْضِ تَخَافُونَ أَنْ یَتَخَطَّفَکُمُ النَّاسُ فَآوَاکُمْ وَأَیَّدَکُمْ بِنَصْرِهِ وَرَزَقَکُمْ مِنَ الطَّیِّبَاتِ لَعَلَّکُمْ تَشْکُرُونَ|سوره = انفال|آیه = 26}}

Praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, praise be to Allah who commanded us to Islam, and prayers and peace be upon the Master of the Messengers, our Master and Leader Muhammad, and upon his Family and those who follow him until the Day of Judgment.

To the Honorable Presence of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei (May God prolong his presence and blessings)

Peace, mercy, and blessings of God be upon you

With pride and honor, on behalf of myself and my brothers in the command and fighters of the [[جنبش جهاد اسلامی فلسطین|Islamic Jihad Movement]] and the Al-Quds Brigades, I congratulate you on the victory of the Palestinian nation and their honorable and brave Resistance against the Zionist enemy and the arrogance and tyranny of this regime.

Your permanent, continuous, and overt support and backing in all arenas played the largest and most prominent role in the 'Sayf al-Quds' battle and its achievements. Despite the military superiority held by the enemy, the resistance fighters entered the field with full power, authority, courage, and bravery in this battle. The steadfastness and victory of the Palestinian nation were not possible without the help and confirmation of God; God's help caused our meager resources to become powerful and made those who were feared by the people lest they be wiped off the face of the earth, appear large and capable in the eyes of the enemies.

The Palestinian nation and Resistance, in a scene that pleased all believers in the world, rubbed the noses of the enemies in the dust and once again portrayed the Zionist regime as weaker than a spider's house. In these historical moments, I greatly appreciate and thank you and our brothers in the Quds Force, who have been with us step by step over long years and offered us every ability, knowledge, and help they had with their unique sincerity; until such a dear and blessed day arrived.

I deem it necessary to recall our dear martyr and beloved commander Haj Qasem Soleimani, who attained a great status and position through his martyrdom; indeed, in these historical moments, his absence is felt by us.

The friends and brothers of the martyr (Soleimani), especially Haj Ismail Qaani and his colleagues, were always beside us moment by moment in guiding and commanding this battle, and truly their presence was blessed and very fruitful for us.

I ask God to protect you and always benefit us from your blessed presence. We also pray for the preservation of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its brave soldiers.

And praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds.

Sincerely
Ziad Rushdi al-Nakhalah
Secretary-General of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine
Friday, 31 Ordibehesht 1400
2021-5-21

== Response of the Leader of the Revolution to the Secretary-General's Letter ==
His Eminence Ayatollah Khamenei, in response to the letter of Ziad al-Nakhalah, Secretary-General of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement, described the struggle against the usurpers of Palestine as resistance against oppression, disbelief, and arrogance, and emphasized: Our hearts are present in the scene of your struggles and our prayer for the permanence and continuation of your victories is constant<ref>[https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=47876 Courtesy of the Office of the Supreme Leader].</ref>.
=== Text of the Leader of the Revolution's Message ===
The text of the message of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution is as follows:
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Mujahid brother, Mr. Ziad al-Nakhalah, May God grant him success and aid him
Peace be upon you
I received your brotherly letter. Your great and victorious jihad, [you] Palestinian brothers, gladdened the eyes of your lovers throughout the world. Our hearts are present in the scene of your struggles and our prayer for the permanence and continuation of your victories is constant. The divine promise is true, as He said: 'And Allah will surely support those who support Him,' and you will see the final victory, God willing and by His power.

Your brother, Sayyid Ali Khamenei
Monday, 12 Shawwal 1442
3 Khordad 1400

== See Also ==
* [[جهاد اسلامی فلسطین|Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]
* [[جمهوری اسلامی ایران|Islamic Republic of Iran]]
* [[فلسطین|Palestine]]
* [[غزه|Gaza]]

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}
{{فلسطین}}
[[رده:Personalities]]
[[رده:Palestine]]

Draft:Zayd ibn Arqam

2026-06-28T10:53:45Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Zayd ibn Arqam
| image = Zayd ibn Arqam.jpg
| full_name = Zayd ibn Arqam Ansari Khazraji
| other_names =
| birth_year =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Medina]]
| death_year =
| death_date = 65 AH or 66 AH or 68 AH
| death_place = [[Kufa]]
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| works =
| notable_works = {{Horizontal list |Companions of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (peace be upon him)]] |Narrator of [[Hadith of Ghadir]] |Participation in [[Battle of Siffin]] }}
| website =
}}
'''Zayd ibn Arqam Ansari Khazraji''' is the son of Zayd ibn Qays ibn Nuʾman ibn Malik Ansari Khazraji. There is much disagreement regarding his kunya; some consider him Abu Saʿd, while others, like Haytham, consider him Abu Anisa, and there are also narrations from [[Al-Waqidi]] regarding him with the kunyas Abu Amr, Abu Amir, and Abu Saʿid. He was very close to [[Abdullah ibn Rawaha]], to the extent that before the [[Battle of Muʿtah]], Abdullah ibn Rawaha composed poems describing the desire for martyrdom, and Zayd wept. Suddenly, Abdullah became upset, struck Zayd with a whip, and said: Woe to you! I wish to become a [[martyr]] and you are weeping! He then recited a poem in praise of Zayd.

== Lineage and Kunya ==
He is Zayd ibn Arqam ibn Zayd ibn Qays ibn Nuʾman ibn Malik Ansari Khazraji<ref>Al-Amin, ''Ayan al-Shia'', vol. 7, p. 87; ''Al-Isaba'', vol. 2, p. 487.</ref>.
There are differing opinions regarding Zayd's kunya in sources: Abu Saʿd, Abu Anisa, Abu Amr, Abu Amir, Abu Saʿida, Ibn Adi, Abu Amara, Abu Hamza, Abu Anis<ref> Al-Amin, ''Ayan al-Shia'', vol. 7, pp. 87-88.</ref>.

== Conversion to Islam ==
He accepted [[Islam]] before reaching puberty. The [[Prophet Muhammad|Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] prevented him from participating in the [[Battle of Uhud]] due to his young age<ref>''Tahdhib al-Asma wa al-Lughat'': vol. 1, p. 199.</ref>. Zayd reported the conspiracy of the [[Hypocrites]] of Khazraj to betray the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), and [[God]] praised him in the [[Quran]] in [[Surah Al-Munafiqun]]<ref>''Tahdhib al-Asma wa al-Lughat'': vol. 1, p. 199.</ref>. With the migration of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him)]] to [[Kufa]], he also went there and settled in the Kinda neighborhood. In a gathering where [[Ibn Ziyad]] insulted the severed head of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him), he spoke out in protest and enumerated their virtues. His death is mostly reported to be in the year 68 AH<ref> ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'': vol. 6, p. 18, ''Al-Issti'ab'': vol. 2, p. 109.</ref>.

== Zayd during the Prophet's Time (Peace be upon him and his progeny) ==
Zayd participated in nineteen battles, seventeen of which were [[Expeditions]] accompanied by the Messenger of God. The first expedition he participated in was the [[Expedition of Banu Mustaliq]]<ref>Ibn Abd al-Barr, ''Al-Issti'ab'', vol. 2, p. 535.</ref>. He did not attend [[Uhud]] and [[Badr]] due to his young age<ref>''Rijal al-Tusi'': p. 39, no. 239 and p. 64, no. 565 and p. 94, no. 933 and p. 100, no. 980, ''Rijal al-Barqi'': p. 2, p. 7, ''Rijal al-Kashi'': vol. 1, p. 182.</ref>.

Zayd is the one who conveyed the hypocritical speech of [[Abdullah ibn Ubayy]] to the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny). After "Abdullah ibn Ubayy" denied his inappropriate speech and insisted on the [[lie]] of "Zayd ibn Arqam" and swore an [[oath]], and the elders of the Ansar supported him and attributed error and mistake in narration to "Zayd" due to him being a child. At this time, [[Surah Al-Munafiqun]] was revealed and recounted the inappropriate speech of "Abdullah ibn Ubayy" in that Surah:
{{Quran |text=يقُولُونَ لَئِن رَّجَعْنَا إِلَى ٱلْمَدِينَةِ لَيُخْرِجَنَّ ٱلْأَعَزُّ مِنْهَا ٱلْأَذَلَّ ۚ وَلِلَّهِ ٱلْعِزَّةُ وَلِرَسُولِهِۦ وَلِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَلَـٰكِنَّ ٱلْمُنَـٰفِقِينَ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ يقُولُونَ لَئِن رَجَعْنَا إِلَى ٱلْمَدِينَةِۖ لَيُخْرِجَنَّ ٱلْأَعَزُّ مِنْهَا ٱلْأَذَلَّ |surah=63 |verse=8 }} (Translation: They say: "If we return to Medina, the mightier will surely drive out the weaker therefrom." But honor belongs to Allah and His Messenger and to the believers, but the hypocrites do not know.)

And also:
{{Quran |text=هُمُ ٱلَّذِينَ يَقُولُونَ لَا تُنفِقُوا۟ عَلَىٰ مَنْ عِندِ رَسُولِ ٱللَّهِ حَتَّىٰ يَنفَضُّوا۟...|surah=63 |verse=7 }} (Translation: They are the ones who say: "Do not spend on those who are with the Messenger of Allah until they disperse...)
God Almighty testified to the lies of the [[Hypocrites]] at the very beginning of the Surah and revealed the falsehood of their [[oaths]], and drew His Messenger's attention that: The deceptive appearance of these hypocrites should not deceive you, and He commanded him: Your enemies are these hypocrites, beware of them, and do not believe their hypocritical speech.

== The Three Caliphs ==
It is narrated from [[Fadl ibn Shadhan]] that Zayd ibn Arqam was among the first who turned to [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (peace be upon him)]] after the death of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)<ref>Al-Tusi, ''Ikhtiyar Ma'rifat al-Rijal'', vol. 1, pp. 177-182.</ref>.

Zayd, in the [[Event of Saqifah|Saqifah incident]], believed in supporting Imam Ali (peace be upon him), stating that if he were proposed for the succession of the Prophet, no disagreement would arise<ref>Al-Amin, ''Ayan al-Shia'', vol. 7, p. 88.</ref>.

== Caliphate of Imam Ali (Peace be upon him) ==
Zayd participated in the [[Battle of Siffin]] alongside Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and was among his special companions<ref>Ibn Abd al-Barr, ''Al-Issti'ab'', vol. 2, p. 536.</ref>.

Some have said that in the [[Event of Rahba]], when [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him)]] asked the [[Companions]] to testify to what they had heard from the Prophet peace be upon him regarding the hadith "Whomever I am his master, Ali is his master"<ref>''A'lam al-Wara bi-A'lam al-Huda'', p: 133.</ref>, Zayd did not testify and the Imam [[prayed]] that he become blind, and so it happened.

[[Sayyid Muhsin Amin]] writes that since such a narration has also come regarding [[Bara' ibn Azib]], apparently the narrations attributing the concealment of testimony to Zayd are confused with Bara'; because many narrators have narrated the [[Hadith of Ghadir]] from Zayd. Moreover, Zayd is among those who considered Ali superior to others and was among his special companions<ref>Al-Amin, ''Ayan al-Shia'', vol. 7, p. 88.</ref>.

== Sermon of Ghadir ==
Zayd is among the narrators of the [[Hadith of Ghadir]] from the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), and many narrators among reliable sources of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] including: [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] in Musnad, [[Al-Nasa'i]] in ''[[Al-Sunan al-Kubra (book)|Al-Sunan al-Kubra]]'' and ''[[Khasa'is Amir al-Mu'minin (book)|Khasa'is Amir al-Mu'minin]]'', Al-Hakim in ''[[Al-Mustadrak (book)|Al-Mustadrak]]'' have narrated this hadith from him with various chains of transmission<ref>Refer to: Al-Amini, ''Al-Ghadir'', vol. 1, pp. 77-92.</ref>.

== Objection to Ibn Ziyad ==
[[Allameh Majlesi]] writes: It is narrated from [[Sa'd ibn Mu'adh]] and [[Amr ibn Sahl]] that we were present in the court of [[Ibn Ziyad]] and observed that Ubaydallah was striking the eyes and lips of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) with his cane and insulting His Holiness; Zayd ibn Arqam was present; upon seeing this scene, he said: O Ibn Ziyad, put down your cane, for I saw [[Muhammad ibn Abdallah (Seal of the Prophets)|the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] placing his blessed lips on these lips and mouth (and kissing them); then he wept loudly.

Here Ibn Ziyad said: O enemy of God! May God make your eyes weep! If you were not a senile old man who has lost his mind, I would surely strike your neck<ref> Sheikh Mufid has also narrated the conversation between Zayd and Ubaydallah up to this point in ''Al-Irshad'' (pp. 114-115) with slight differences in wording.</ref>!

Zayd said: Then let me tell you another story that is even more important than what I said, and it is that One day I saw the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) seating Hassan (peace be upon him) on his right knee and Hussein (peace be upon him) on his left knee; He placed his blessed hands on their heads and said: «أَللّهُمَّ إِنّی أسْتَوْدِعُکَ إیاهُما وَ صالِحَ الْمُؤمِنینَ»<ref>''Bihar al-Anwar'', Vol. 45, p. 118.</ref>; (O God, I entrust these two and the righteous believers to You.) Now say, what have you done with the Messenger of God's trust<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-Anwar'', Vol. 45, p. 118.</ref>?

According to Tabari's narration, Zayd ibn Arqam rose from Ibn Ziyad's court after this conversation and left<ref>In ''Bihar al-Anwar'' (Vol. 45, p. 117) it is stated: He left there while his voice was raised in weeping.</ref>. When he went out, some people said: Zayd ibn Arqam uttered other words which, if Ubaydallah had heard them, he would surely have killed him. The narrator of this news says: I asked what he said?

They said: When Zayd passed by us, he said: «مَلِکَ عَبْدٌ حُرّاً; A slave has become the master of a free man»; Then he added: «یا مَعْشَرَةَ الْعَرَبِ! اَلْعَبیدُ بَعْدَ الْیوْمِ، قَتَلْتُمُ ابْنَ فاطِمَة وَ أَمَّرْتُمُ ابْنَ مَرْجانَة، فَهُوَ یقْتُلُ خِیارَکُم وَ یسْتَعْبِدُ شِرارَکُم، فَرَضیتُم بِالذُّلِّ، فَبُعْداً لِمَن رَضِی بِالذُّلِّ»؛ (O people of Arabia! After this day, you are slaves! You killed the son of [[Fatimah bint Muhammad (Zahra)|Fatimah]] and made the [[Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad|son of Marjanah]] ruler. He is the one who kills your best men and enslaves your worst, so away with the mercy of God for whoever is satisfied with humiliation<ref>''Tarikh Tabari'', Vol. 5, p. 456 and ''Bihar al-Anwar'', Vol. 45, p. 116.</ref>.)

== The Head of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) on the Spear ==
Another narration is also reported from Zayd, who says: When the head of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) was passed before me in [[Kufa]] while it was on a spear, I was sitting in a booth. When it reached opposite me, I heard it saying: {{متن قرآن |أَم حَسِبْتَّ أَنَّ أَصْحَابَ الْکَهْفِ وَالرَّقِیمِ کَانُوا مِنْ آیاتِنَا عَجَبًا |سوره = کهف |آیه = ۹ }} (Translation: Did you think that the [[Companions of the Cave]] and [[Companions of the Raqim]][sleepers of the inscribed tablet] were among Our signs a wonder?) So by God [[oath]], the hair on my body stood up and I shouted: O son of the Messenger of God! By God, I swear! Your head is more wondrous and more wondrous<ref>Al-Mufid, ''Al-Irshad'', p. 117.</ref>.

== Hadiths and Works ==
Zayd ibn Arqam is among the narrators who have mentioned [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali (peace be upon him)]] as the first to embrace Islam and considered him superior to others<ref>''Sharh Nahj al-Balagha'', Ibn Abi al-Hadid: Vol. 4, p. 119.</ref>. In addition to the [[Hadith of Ghadir]]<ref>''Al-Ghadir'': Vol. 1, p. 29.</ref>, he is among the narrators of the [[Hadith of Kisa]]<ref>''Sharh Nahj al-Balagha'', Ibn Abi al-Hadid: Vol. 3, p. 207.</ref> as well. [[Nawawi]] writes: Zayd has narrated seventy hadiths from the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), some of which are about the virtues of Ali (peace be upon him)<ref>''Tahdhib al-Asma wa al-Lughat'': Vol. 1, p. 199.</ref>. Ahmad ibn Hanbal has reported his narrations, most of which are about the virtues of the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)]]<ref>''Musnad Ibn Hanbal'': Vol. 7, p. 74.</ref>.

== Death ==
The year of Zayd's death is disputed. [[Ibn Sa'd]] in ''Al-Tabaqat'', Hakim in ''Al-Mustadrak'', also in ''Al-Isabah'' and ''Usd al-Ghabah'' have said he died in [[Kufa]] in 68 AH. Some have considered his death in Kufa during the reign of [[Mukhtar]] in the year 66 [[Hijri]] and some 65 AH as the year of his death<ref>Al-Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'ah'', Vol. 7, p. 87.</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}

== Sources ==
# [http://www.asrislam.com/fa/news/2620/%D8%B2%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8E%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%B9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF Adapted from the website Zayd ibn Arqam Ansari Khazraji, Companion present in the court of Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad http://www.asrislam.com]
# [http://hadith.net/post/67590/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D9%82-%D9%85/ Adapted from the website Zayd ibn Arqam - Hadith Net http://hadith.net]

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Companions]]
[[Category:Historical Figures]]

Draft:Zayd ibn Thabit

2026-06-28T10:34:14Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Zayd ibn Thabit
| image = Zayd ibn Thabit.jpg
| name = Zayd ibn Thabit
| other_names =
| birth_year =
| birth_date = 11 years before Hijra
| birth_place = [[Medina]]
| death_year = 45 AH
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works =
| occupation = [[Companions of the Prophet|Companion]] of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]], [[Scribes of Revelation|Scribe of Revelation]]
| website =
}}
'''Zayd ibn Thabit ibn Dahhak''' was among the elders of the [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]] and one of the [[Scribes of Revelation|scribes of revelation]] and compilers of the [[Quran|Holy Quran]] during the time of [[Uthman]], and from the great clan of the Khazraj tribe in [[Medina]]. He was born in the city of Medina and grew up in [[Mecca]]. He was a scribe of the [[Quran]] and also a scribe of the correspondence of [[Muhammad|Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]], and he was familiar with Hebrew, Chaldean, and Assyrian languages. After the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), during the [[Saqifah Bani Sa'idah|Event of Saqifah]], he supported the [[Caliphate]] of [[Abu Bakr]] and pledged allegiance to him. During the caliphates of [[Umar]] and [[Uthman]], he held the position of judge and was their deputy in Medina during the [[Caliph]]'s travels.

== Biography ==
Zayd ibn Thabit ibn al-Dahhak ibn Zayd ibn Ludhan ibn Amr ibn Awf ibn Ghanm ibn Malik ibn al-Najjar al-Ansari al-Khazraji, and his mother's name was "al-Nuwwar" daughter of Malik ibn Sarmah or Malik ibn Muawiyah from the great clan of the Khazraj tribe in [[Medina]]<ref>Ibn Athir, Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Jazari (d. 630); ''Asad al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah'', Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1409/1989, Vol. 2, p. 126 and al-Mizzi; ''Tahdhib al-Kamal'', ed. Dr. Bashar Awad Ma'ruf, Beirut - Lebanon, Mu'assasat al-Risalah, 1409 - 1989 CE, 3rd ed., Vol. 10, p. 25 and al-Dhahabi; ''Siyar A'lam al-Nubala'', ed. Shu'ayb al-Arna'ut, Beirut - Lebanon, Mu'assasat al-Risalah, 1413 - 1993 CE, 9th ed., Vol. 2, p. 426 and al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din; ''Imta' al-Asma bi ma li al-Nabi min al-Ahwal wa al-Amwal wa al-Hafada wa al-Mata'', Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1420, 1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 82.</ref>.

His kunya was Abu Sa'id, Abu Abd al-Rahman, Abu Kharijah<ref>Ibn Athir, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 12.</ref> and some have said his kunya was Abu Thabit<ref>Azizi, Hossein, Rastegar, Parviz, Bayat, Youssef; ''Common Narrators (A Study in Identifying Common Narrators of Shia and Sunni)'', Qom, Bustan Kitab, 1380 SH, 1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 347 and Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar; ''Lughatnama'', Tehran, University of Tehran, Spring 1373 SH, Vol. 8, p. 11520.</ref>. He was born in the eleventh year before the [[Hijra]] in the city of Medina, and grew up in [[Mecca]]. When he was six years old, his father was killed in the "Battle of Bu'ath", a war that occurred before the Prophet's migration to Medina between the Aws tribe and the Khazraj tribe<ref>Ibn Asakir; ''Tarikh Madinat Dimashq'', Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1415 AH, Vol. 19, p. 298 and Ibn Athir, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 126 and al-Dhahabi, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 426 and al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din; op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 426 and al-Dhahabi, ''Tadhkirat al-Huffaz''; Beirut – Lebanon, Dar Ihya' al-Turath al-Arabi, Vol. 1, p. 30 and Common Narrators, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 347.</ref>.

He migrated with the Messenger of God at the age of eleven and learned in religious matters and knowledge<ref>Ibn Asakir, ''Tarikh Madinat Dimashq'', Vol. 19, p. 298 and Ibn Athir, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 126 and al-Dhahabi, ''Siyar A'lam al-Nubala'', Vol. 2, p. 426 and Taqi al-Din al-Maqrizi; ''Imta' al-Asma''..., op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 426 and al-Dhahabi, ''Tadhkirat al-Huffaz'', Vol. 1, p. 30 and Common Narrators, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 347.</ref>. He had 18 sons and 9 daughters, seven of whom were killed in the [[Event of Harra]]<ref>Ibn Asakir, ''Tarikh Madinat Dimashq'', Vol. 19, p. 298 and Ibn Athir, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 126 and al-Dhahabi, ''Siyar A'lam al-Nubala'', Vol. 2, p. 426 and Taqi al-Din al-Maqrizi; ''Imta' al-Asma''..., op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 426 and al-Dhahabi, ''Tadhkirat al-Huffaz'', Vol. 1, p. 30 and Common Narrators, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 347.</ref>.

== Zayd ibn Thabit's Presence in Battles ==
In most historical books, it is stated that due to Zayd's young age, the Prophet did not allow him to participate in the [[Battle of Badr]] and returned him along with other individuals from the four-mile station of Medina "Buyut al-Saqya"<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', ed. Sheikh Muhammad Baqir al-Mahmudi, Beirut – Lebanon, Mu'assasat al-A'lami li al-Matbu'at, 1394 - 1974 CE, 1st ed., Vol. 1, p. 531 and al-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din; ''Imta' al-Asma''..., op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 82 and Ayati, Ibrahim; ''History of the Prophet of Islam'', Tehran, University of Tehran Publications, p. 203.</ref> and according to most sources, the [[Battle of the Trench]] was the first battle in which Zayd ibn Thabit participated<ref>Al-Dhahabi, ''Tadhkirat al-Huffaz'', op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 32.</ref> and it is narrated from Zayd ibn Thabit that: "I was not allowed to be present in the [[Battle of Badr]] and Uhud but I was allowed to be present in the Battle of the Trench and the Prophet dressed me in a Coptic garment<ref>Al-Dhahabi, ''Siyar A'lam al-Nubala'', op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 433.</ref>."

According to the account of ''Al-Maghazi'', when the [[Muslims]] were digging the trench, Zayd ibn Thabit was among those who carried soil. [[Sa'd ibn Mu'adh]], who was sitting with the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), looked at Zayd ibn Thabit and said to the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny): O Messenger of God, I thank God who kept me alive long enough to have [[Faith]] in you; I held this Zayd's father, Thabit ibn Dahhak, who had epilepsy, in my arms on the day of the Battle of Bu'ath. The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) said: He is a very good boy! Coincidentally, Zayd ibn Thabit, who was lying in the trench, fell asleep, and his sleep became so heavy that Ammarah ibn Hazm took his sword, bow, and shield, and he did not wake up. After digging the trench, when the Muslims were leaving it, they did not notice Zayd and left him while he was still sleeping. After Zayd woke up and when this news reached the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), he summoned Zayd and said: O sleeper, did you sleep until your weapons were taken?! Then the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) said: Who knows about this boy's weapons? [[Ammarah ibn Hazm]] said: O Messenger of God, his weapons are with me. The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) ordered Ammarah to return his weapons and also commanded that no one has the right, even as a joke, to take a Muslim's weapons, which causes him fear<ref>Waqidi, Muhammad ibn Umar; ''Al-Maghazi (History of the Prophet's Battles (peace be upon him and his progeny))'', trans. Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran, University Publishing Center, 1369 SH, 2nd ed., p. 336.</ref>.

And it is written that during the [[Battle of Hunayn]], he was assigned by the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) to census the people and count the spoils, and then he distributed them among the people<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad ibn Sa'd Zuhri (d. 230); ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', trans. Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran, Farhang va Andisheh Publications, 1374 SH, Vol. 2, p. 150.</ref>.

After the demise of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), during the caliphate of [[Abu Bakr]] in the event of Yamama, which occurred in the year 11 AH, he was hit by an arrow but survived<ref>Al-Dhahabi, ''Siyar A'lam al-Nubala'', op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 427.</ref>.

== Zayd during the Rashidun Caliphs ==
After the Prophet's death, following the formation of [[Saqifah Bani Sa'idah]], his view was that the Prophet's successor should be chosen from the [[Muhajirun]] and [[Quraysh]]. Justifying his support for the [[Ansar]], he said: "Our Prophet was from the Muhajirun, while we are from the Ansar, so it is better that his successor, like himself, be chosen from the Muhajirun." Then he stretched his hand towards Abu Bakr and said: "Your [[Caliph]] is this one," and he himself pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr. Afterwards, Abu Bakr praised his stance and prayed for him<ref>Ahmad ibn Hanbal, ''Musnad'', Beirut - Lebanon, Dar Sader, Vol 5, p 187; and Al-Hakim al-Naysaburi, ''Al-Mustadrak'', ed. Yusuf Abd al-Rahman al-Mar'ashli, Vol 3, p 76; and Al-Dhahabi, ''Sir A'lam al-Nubala'', op. cit., Vol 2, p 433.</ref>. During Abu Bakr's era, Zayd was his scribe<ref>Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (d. 310); ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', trans. Abu al-Qasim Payandeh, Tehran, Asatir, 5th ed., 1375 SH, Vol 4, p 1569.</ref>. [[Al-Dhahabi]] narrating from Qasim ibn Muhammad says: "[[Umar]] often made Zayd his successor in Medina"<ref>Al-Dhahabi, ''Sir A'lam al-Nubala'', op. cit., Vol 2, p 433.</ref> and Zayd's succession in Medina during his travels is well-known<ref>Ibn Asakir, op. cit., Vol 5, p 451; and Al-Hashimi al-Basri, Muhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Mani' (d. 230); ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', ed. Muhammad Abd al-Qadir Ata, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1st ed., 1410/1990, Vol 2, p 115-116; and Muhammad ibn Khalaf ibn Hayyan, ''Akhbar al-Qudah'', Beirut, Dar al-Hadi-Dar al-Sirah, Vol 1, p 108; and Al-Dhahabi, ''Sir A'lam al-Nubala'', Vol 2, p 433; and Al-Amili, Ja'far Murtada; ''Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A'zam'', Beirut - Lebanon, Dar al-Hadi for Printing, Publishing and Distribution - Dar al-Sirah - Beirut – Lebanon, 1415 - 1995 CE, 4th ed., Vol 6, p 345; and Al-Tabari, op. cit., Vol 5, p 1970-1878-1842.</ref>. During Umar's time, Zayd also held the position of judge, and Umar allocated a specific salary for him<ref>Muhammad ibn Khalaf ibn Hayyan, ''Akhbar al-Qudah'', op. cit., Vol 1, p 108; and Al-Mas'udi, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Husayn (d. 345); ''Al-Tanbih wa al-Ishraf'', trans. Abu al-Qasim Payandeh, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications Company, 2nd ed., 1365, p 270.

[18]. Ibn Athir, op. cit., Vol 2, p 127; and Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., Vol 2, p 275; and Ahmad ibn Abi Ya'qub ibn Wadih al-Ya'qubi (d. after 292), ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'', trans. Muhammad Ibrahim Ayati, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications, 6th ed., 1371 SH, Vol 2, p 62; and Al-Tabari, op. cit., Vol 6, p 2323; and Al-Amili, Ja'far Murtada; ''Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A'zam'', Beirut - Lebanon, Dar al-Hadi for Printing, Publishing and Distribution - Dar al-Sirah - Beirut – Lebanon, 1415 - 1995 CE, 4th ed., Vol 6, p 343.</ref>. Also, during Uthman's time, he was entrusted by him with judicial affairs, the [[Bayt al-Mal]] (Public Treasury), and the Diwan<ref>Ibn Athir, op. cit., Vol 2, p 127.</ref> and was his successor in Medina in his absence<ref>Al-Tabari, op. cit., Vol 6, p 2212.</ref>. Zayd, in the year 34 AH, when protesters intended to kill Uthman, along with [[Abu Usayd al-Sa'idi|Abu Usayd al-Sa'idi]] and [[Ka'b ibn Malik]] and [[Hassan ibn Thabit]] defended Uthman<ref>Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., p 23.</ref>. Regarding Zayd ibn Thabit's pledge of allegiance or lack thereof to [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him)]], there are various accounts. Ibn Sa'd believes that Zayd was among those who pledged allegiance to Ali (peace be upon him)<ref>Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., p 23.</ref> and some, such as Al-Mas'udi, [[Muhammad Baqir Majlisi]] and others have stated in their books that Zayd did not pledge allegiance to Ali (peace be upon him)<ref>Al-Mas'udi, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn (d. 346); ''Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar'', trans. Abu al-Qasim Payandeh, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications, 5th ed., 1374 SH, Vol 1, p 709; and Allamah Majlisi, ''Bihar al-Anwar al-Jami'ah li-Durar Akhbar al-A'imah al-Athar'', Tehran, Islamiyyah, various publication year, multiple reprints, Vol 32, p 8; and Ja'fariyan, Rasul; ''Tarikh-e Siyasi Islam'', Tehran, Dalil Publications, 1st ed., 1380, p 230.</ref>. Abdullah ibn Hasan says: When Uthman was killed, the Ansar, except for a few individuals including Hassan ibn Thabit and Ka'b ibn Malik and Muslimah ibn Mukhallad and Abu Sa'id al-Khudri and Muhammad ibn Maslamah and Nu'man ibn Bashir and Zayd ibn Thabit and Rafi' ibn Khadij and Fadalah ibn Ubayd and Ka'b ibn Ujrah who were Uthmanis, pledged allegiance to Ali (peace be upon him)<ref>Al-Tabari, op. cit., Vol 6, p 2331.</ref>. In general, Zayd was an Uthmani and did not participate in any of the battles of Ali (peace be upon him), although he expressed the virtue and greatness of His Holiness<ref>Ibn Athir, op. cit., Vol 2, p 127.</ref>.

Perhaps those who did not pledge allegiance to Ali (peace be upon him) refers to those who later did not participate in [[Jamal]], [[Siffin]], and [[Nahrawan]], not that they opposed the Caliphate of Ali (peace be upon him)<ref>Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar; op. cit., Vol 8, p 11520</ref>.

== The Scholarly Life of Zayd ibn Thabit ==
Zayd was among the great Companions and a scribe of Revelation<ref>Ibn Asakir, op. cit., Vol 4, p 324; and Ja'fariyan, Rasul; ''Tarikh-e Siyasi Islam'', op. cit., p 230.</ref> and was paramount in judicial affairs, fatwa, recitation, and inheritance laws<ref>Ramyar, Mahmoud; ''Tarikh Qur'an'', Tehran, Amir Kabir, 1380, p 318; and Zakawati Qaragozlu, Alireza; ''Nizam-e Edari-ye Musalmanan dar Sadr-e Islam'', Qom, SAMT, 1384 SH, 1st ed., p 45.</ref>. To the extent that he is considered one of the six Companions of Fatwa<ref>Al-Dhahabi, ''Sir A'lam al-Nubala'', op. cit., Vol 2, p 438.</ref> and among the most knowledgeable individuals of the Ummah in religious inheritance laws<ref>Ibid., p 431; and Al-Zirikli, Khayr al-Din; ''Al-A'lam Qamus Tarajim li-Ashhar al-Rijal wa al-Nisa' min al-Arab wa al-Musta'rabun wa al-Mustashriqun'', Beirut, Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayin, 8th ed., 1989, Vol 3, p 57.</ref> and also one of the four individuals who compiled the Qur'an during the time of the Messenger of God<ref>Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., Vol 2, p 340.</ref>. He is one of the six judges of the Prophet's time<ref>Zakawati Qaragozlu, Alireza; op. cit., p 127.</ref>. Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Asadi from Sufyan, from Khalid Hadda, from Abu Qilabah, from [[Anas ibn Malik]] narrates that he used to say: The Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) said: The most knowledgeable of my Ummah in inheritance matters is Zayd ibn Thabit<ref>Ibn Athir, ''Asad al-Ghabah'', op. cit., Vol 2, p 127; and Al-Dhahabi, ''Sir A'lam al-Nubala'', op. cit., Vol 2, p 432; and Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., p 343; and Abu Umar Yusuf ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Barr (d. 463); ''Al-Isti'ab fi Ma'rifat al-Ashab'', ed. Ali Muhammad al-Bajawi, Beirut, Dar al-Jil, 1st ed., 1412/1992, Vol 2, p 539; and Al-Hakim al-Naysaburi, ''Al-Mustadrak'', Vol 4, p 335.</ref>. Zayd, at the Prophet's request, was assigned to learn the Jewish language and script (Hebrew and Syriac have also been said) and learned it in nine, eleven, or fifteen days<ref>Ibn Athir, op. cit., Vol 2, p 127; and Al-Dhahabi, ''Sir A'lam al-Nubala'', Vol 2, p 428; and Abu Umar, Yusuf ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Barr; op. cit., Vol 2, p 539; and Al-Zirikli, Khayr al-Din; ''Al-A'lam Qamus Tarajim li-Ashhar al-Rijal wa al-Nisa' min al-Arab wa al-Musta'rabun wa al-Mustashriqun'', Beirut, Dar al-Ilm lil-Malayin, 8th ed., 1989, Vol 3, p 57; and Ramyar, op. cit., p 319.</ref>. It is narrated from [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] that: Whoever wishes to ask about inheritance matters must go to Zayd<ref>Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., Vol 2, p 343.</ref>. Also, according to sources, Ibn Abbas, despite his high status in knowledge, would go to Zayd's house to acquire knowledge and would say: "Knowledge must be sought, for knowledge does not come to one." Once [[Abdullah ibn Abbas|Ibn Abbas]] held the stirrup of Zayd's horse for him to mount. Zayd said: O cousin of the Messenger of God, do not do this. Ibn Abbas said: "We have been commanded to behave this way with our scholars." Zayd kissed his hand and said: "We have been commanded to behave this way with the Ahl al-Bayt of our Prophet<ref>Ibid., Vol 2, p 344; and Al-Zirikli, Khayr al-Din; ''Al-A'lam'', Vol 3, p 57.</ref>."

== Zayd's Role in Writing and Collecting the Quran ==
Zayd was among the scribes of Revelation and among the memorizers of the Quran. He himself said: "...I was the neighbor of the Messenger of God and when [[وحی]] was [[نزول قرآن|revealed]] to him, he would send for me and I would write the Revelation...."<ref> Ramyar, Mahmoud; ''History of the Quran'', previously cited, p. 318 and Mahdavi Damghani, Mahmoud; ''Translation of Dala'il al-Nubuwwah'', Tehran, Scientific and Cultural, 1361 SH, First Edition, Vol. 1, p. 157.</ref>. [[بلاذری]] writes: "The first scribe of the Messenger of God was Ubayy ibn Ka'b al-Ansari, and when he was not present, Zayd would write the Revelation for the Messenger of God<ref>Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Jabir; ''Jumal min Ansab al-Ashraf'', edited by Suhayl Zakkar and Riyad Zirkli, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1st Edition, 1417/1996, Vol. 1, p. 531 and Zakkar Edition, Vol. 2, p. 191.</ref>." What biographers believe is that Ali (AS), Zayd ibn Thabit, and [[زید بن ارقم]] wrote the Revelation, and [[حنظلة بن ربیع تیمی]] and [[معاویه|Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan]] wrote his letters to kings and tribal chiefs and some other matters, and the records of [[صدقات]] properties and how to distribute them among individuals<ref>Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Izz al-Din Abu Hamid; ''Glow of History in Commentary on Nahj al-Balagha by Ibn Abi al-Hadid'', translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani, Tehran, Nashr-e Ney, 1375, Second Edition, Vol. 1, p. 171.</ref> and [[ابن اثیر]] believes that Zayd wrote Revelation and non-Revelation for the Prophet<ref> Ibn Athir, ''Usd al-Ghabah'', previously cited, Vol. 2, p. 127.</ref>. It is narrated from Zayd ibn Thabit that he went to [[ابوبکر]] for a matter, while [[عمر]] was also present in that gathering, and Umar says: In the [[جنگ یمامه]] many memorizers of the Quran were killed and I fear that the rest may also be killed in other wars and the verses of the Quran may be lost, in my opinion the Quran should be collected right now, and Zayd says to Umar: How do I do a task that the Messenger of God did not do? But after that session Zayd began collecting the Quran.

According to Zayd, collecting the Quran was a hard task, because he had to collect all copies such that according to him [[سوره توبه]] from (Indeed, there has come to you a Messenger) until the end of it, I found only with Abi Khuzaymah al-Ansari and no one else had it except him. This Mushaf that Zayd compiled was with him until Abu Bakr's death and after that it was entrusted to Umar and after Umar it was with Hafsa, Umar's daughter, then Uthman sent a message to Hafsa that send the scrolls to me so I may copy from them, after that Uthman burned other copies and this incident happened in the year thirty Hijri. In the narration of [[اهل‌بیت|Ahl al-Bayt]] it is that Uthman compared all Mushafs with the Mushaf of [[فاطمه بنت محمد (زهرا)|Fatimah (Peace Be Upon Her)]] which was arranged by order of the Prophet and in the handwriting of [[علی بن ابی‌طالب|Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS)]]. [[علامه حلی]] in the rulings of recitation says that this Mushaf that Uthman wrote and sent to the regions is the same Mushaf of Ali that the Companions agree upon. Some Islamic researchers and Orientalists have written that the best Quran is the same Mushaf that Ali ibn Abi Talib collected, because in it [[آیات مکی]] are separated from [[آیات مدنی]] and the Quran is also arranged according to the chronology of the revelation of each verse and this is the best method of compiling the Quran and in Uthman's Quran the order was not observed<ref>Sayyid Radi, ''Translation of Nahj al-Balagha (Sepehr)'', translated by Ahmad Sepehr Khorasani, Tehran, Ashrafi Publications, Vol. 3, p. 1448.</ref>.

== Zayd's Conduct ==
Zayd was cheerful and smiling among his family, and self-restrained and calm among people<ref>Ibn Athir, ''Usd al-Ghabah'', previously cited, Vol. 2, p. 127 and Al-Asqalani, Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar (d. 852); ''Al-Isabah fi Tamyiz al-Sahabah'', edited by Adel Ahmad Abd al-Mawjud and Ali Muhammad Muawwad, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1st Edition, 1415/1995, Vol. 2, p. 492.</ref>. Due to Zayd's closeness and companionship with the Prophet, Zayd was influenced by the Prophet's behavior and tried to perform the Prophet's actions and deeds. He was very kind to people and treated them with gentleness. He possessed high intelligence and wit. He loved reciting the Quran and his recitation was accompanied by contemplation and thought. He paid attention to holding [[نماز جماعت]] in the [[مسجد]] and advised his children to do so<ref>Suyuti, Jalal al-Din; ''Tanwir al-Hawalik Sharh ala Muwatta Malik'', Beirut, Dar Landuh, n.d., Vol. 22, p. 179.</ref>.

Waqidi says: I heard from Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Ziyad who said, he heard that Zayd ibn Thabit would stay awake on the seventeenth night of [[رمضان]] and in the morning signs of wakefulness were visible on his face and he would say: "On the morning of this day God separated truth from falsehood and honored Islam and revealed the Quran and humiliated the heads of disbelief and the Battle of Badr was on [[روز جمعه]]<ref>Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir; ''History of Tabari'', previously cited, Vol. 3, p. 944.</ref>."

== Death ==
His death is recorded as occurring in one of the years between 45 and 48 AH, and it is also written after the year 50 Hijri; nevertheless, most historians have cited the year of his death as 45 AH and consider this the most accurate opinion<ref>Al-Hakim al-Naysaburi, ''Al-Mustadrak'', op. cit., vol. 3, p. 421 and Al-Dhahabi, ''Siyar A'lam al-Nubala'', op. cit., vol. 2, p. 441 and Ibn Athir, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 127 and Al-Asqalani, Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 492 and Abu Umar; Yusuf ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Barr, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 54 and Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar; op. cit., vol. 8, p. 11520 and Mosahab, Gholamhossein; ''Persian Encyclopedia'', Franklin, 1345, vol. 1, p. 1198 and Khorramshahi, Baha al-Din; ''Encyclopedia of Quran in Quran'', Nahid and Friends, 1377, vol. 1, p. 1161.</ref>. Al-Dhahabi, in his book, stating various opinions regarding the year of Zayd's death, mentions that Al-Waqidi said that Zayd passed away in the year 45 AH, while he was 56 years old<ref>Al-Dhahabi, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 441.</ref>. After his death, [[مروان بن حکم]] led the [[نماز]] over his body<ref>Mosahab, Gholamhossein; op. cit., vol. 1, p. 1198.</ref> and Hassan ibn Thabit composed a poem in his elegy<ref>Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar; op. cit., vol. 8, p. 11520 and Khorramshahi, Baha al-Din; op. cit., vol. 1, p. 1161.</ref> and [[ابوهریره]] said regarding his death: Today the scholar of this Ummah passed away, and it is hoped that God will make [[ابن عباس]] his successor<ref>Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 344 and Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar; op. cit., vol. 8, p. 11520.</ref>. It is narrated from [[قتاده]]: When Zayd passed away and they were placing him in the [[قبر]], Ibn Abbas said: Yes, knowledge disappears thus, and today much knowledge was buried<ref>Ibn Sa'd, op. cit., vol. 2, p. 344.</ref> and Hudhaifa bin Khalifa narrates from Awf that when they were placing Zayd inside the grave, Ibn Abbas was pouring soil over him with his own hands and saying: 'And knowledge disappears thus, a man who knows something that others do not know, when he dies, he takes his knowledge with him.' Muhammad ibn Umar al-Waqidi from Abu Bakr ibn Abdullah ibn Abi Sabra, from Musa ibn Maysara, from Salim ibn Abdullah narrates that he used to say: On the day of Zayd ibn Thabit's death, I was with Ibn Umar and I said: Today the scholar of the people passed away. Ibn Umar said: May God have mercy on him, Zayd ibn Thabit was among the most selected scholars during the entire caliphate of Umar. Umar would send scholars to cities and forbid them from issuing fatwas based on their own opinion, but Zayd ibn Thabit was in Medina and issued [[فتوی]]s for the people of Medina and those who came to that city<ref>Ibid., vol. 2, p. 344</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}

== Sources ==

[http://pajoohe.ir/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA__a-43085.aspx Adapted from the website Zayd ibn Thabit, Pajooheh Encyclopedia, Baqir al-Ulum Research Center http://pajoohe.ir]

[[رده:شخصیت‌ها]]
[[رده:شخصیت‌های تاریخی]]
[[رده:صحابه]]

Draft:Zuhayr ibn Qayn

2026-06-28T10:14:49Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| Title = Zuhayr ibn Qayn
| Image = Zuhayr ibn Qayn.jpg
| Name = Zuhayr ibn Qayn Bajali
| Other Names =
| Birth Year =
| Birth Date =
| Birth Place = [[Iraq]]
| Death Year =
| Death Date = 61 AH
| Death Place = [[Karbala]]
| Teachers =
| Students =
| Religion = [[Islam]]
| Sect = Uthmani sect
| Works =
| Activities = Commander of the right wing of the army of [[Hussein ibn Ali (Sayyid al-Shuhada)|Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)]] on the day of [[Ashura]]
| Website =
}}

'''Zuhayr ibn Qayn Bajali''' was one of the great and loyal companions of [[Hussein ibn Ali (Sayyid al-Shuhada)|Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)]] and he was considered one of the noble and brave men of the city of [[Kufa]] and his tribe, and due to his presence in many battles and conquests, he had attained a high status. He was called Zuhayr ibn Qayn ibn Qays Anmari Bajali<ref>''Abṣār al-ʿAyn'', p. 161.</ref>.

He was of the Uthmani sect, but after meeting Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) a few days before the [[Ashura|Event of Karbala]], he joined him and was [[martyred]] on the day of [[Ashura]].

== Characteristics of Zuhayr ibn Qayn ==
# Zuhayr's courage and steadfastness compelled him to stand alongside the defenders of Islam. He participated in some Islamic conquests and recorded great honors. [[Allamah Samawi]] writes in this regard: "He had famous positions and witnessed scenes in the battles<ref>Ibid.</ref>" He had famous positions and a witnessed status in battles.
# One of the instances of Zuhayr's participation in conquests was his participation in the [[Battle of Balanjar]], of which a memory is also recounted.
# Another example is his presence in Karbala. He was rightly considered the powerful arm of the Imam. His bravery and valor were such that Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) on the [[Ashura|day of Ashura]], while organizing his army which consisted of more than seventy people, appointed him to the right wing; placed [[Habib ibn Mazahir|Habib ibn Mazahir]] in the left wing, positioned himself in the heart of the army, and entrusted the flag to his brother [[Abbas ibn Ali|Hazrat Abbas]]<ref>Ibid., p. 165.</ref>.
# Another characteristic of Zuhayr is his eloquence, which was renowned among specific and general people, friends and foes. He was so masterful in speech that sometimes he was asked to appear in gatherings and speak in defense of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him).
# The third characteristic of Zuhayr, which is in fact his most important characteristic, is his love for his Imam of the time, Hussein ibn Ali (peace be upon him).
# Zuhayr displayed this characteristic well in speech and action, on the way and in Karbala at various times. His speech on the night of Ashura and his action on the day of Ashura are the best testimony to the correctness of this statement.

On the night of Ashura, when Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) gave him permission to leave, he stated: "لا و الله لا یکون ذلک ابدا ا اترک ابن رسول الله(صلی الله علیه) اسیرا فی ید الاعداء و انجو انا؟! لا ارانی الله ذلک‌الیوم<ref>''Muʿjam Rijāl al-Ḥadīth'', vol. 7, p. 297.</ref>." No, by God [[Oath|sworn]], never will such a thing be. Shall I leave the son of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him) a prisoner in the hands of enemies and save myself?! May God not show me that day.
When Zuhayr returned from the service of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) on the way from [[Mecca]] to [[Kufa]], he addressed his wife and companions and said:
I have decided to be with Hussein until I sacrifice my life for him and...<ref>''Biḥār al-Anwār'', vol. 44, p. 372.</ref>.

== Joining Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) ==
Zuhayr ibn Qayn left Kufa in the year sixty [[سال قمری|هجری]] towards the obligation of [[حج]], along with his wife and a group of his companions.
He left [[مکه]] after performing the Hajj obligation and headed towards Kufa.
Zuhayr and his companions traveled so fast that they reached the vicinity of the stopping place in the shortest time. They always tried to disembark a little farther from the temporary location of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him).
The Imam and his companions disembarked at a place called Zarud<ref>It is a station between Tha'labiyah and Khuzaymiyah for one going towards Kufa. (''Mu'jam al-Buldan'', Vol. 3, p. 139).</ref> and pitched their tents. Zuhayr's caravan arrived, but since they did not find a suitable place farther than the Imam's tents, they pitched their tents in the same vicinity. [[شیخ عباس قمی]] writes: A group from the tribes of Fazara and Bajila have narrated thus: We were accompanying Zuhayr ibn Qayn al-Bajali during the return from Mecca. At the stations where we reached Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), we would keep away from him; because we did not like traveling with him. Consequently, whenever the Imam moved, Zuhayr would stay, and whenever he stopped, Zuhayr would set out. At one of the stations, he disembarked on one side and we were forced to disembark on the other side. When we were engaged in eating, suddenly a messenger came from Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and after expressing greetings to Zuhayr, said:
Aba Abdullah (peace be upon him) summons you.

From extreme astonishment, we dropped the morsels we had in our hands and remained silent and motionless for a moment, as if a bird had sat on our heads.
Zuhayr's wife, who was named Dalham, said to Zuhayr: Glory be to God, the son of [[محمد بن عبد‌الله (خاتم الانبیا)|پیامبر (صلی الله علیه و آله و سلم)]] summons you and you hesitate to go... Arise and hasten to him, see what he says.

Zuhayr arose and went to serve the Imam, and not much time passed before he returned, happy and cheerful, with a glowing face, to his wife and companions. Immediately, he ordered his tent to be struck and pitched near the pavilions of the Imam. Then he said to his wife: You are released from the bond of my marriage; join your family; because I do not want any harm to reach you from my side<ref>''Muntaha al-Amal'', Vol. 1, p. 325.</ref>.

[[شیخ مفید]] adds: Then he said to his companions: Whoever among you wishes to be with me, so much the better; otherwise, this is our last meeting.
Then he said: I will inform you of a truth. I do not forget, when we participated in the [[غزوه بحر]]<ref>In ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol. 3, p. 302, the word Bahr is mentioned as Balanjar.
Balanjar is a city in the land of the Khazars that was conquered in the year 33 under the command of Salman ibn Rabi'ah al-Bahili. (''Mu'jam al-Buldan'', Vol. 1, p. 489) However, Ibn Hajar in ''Al-Isabah'' considers Balanjar to be in the land of Iraq. (''Al-Isabah'', Vol. 2, p. 274.)9.</ref>; [[خدا|خداوند]] granted us victory and we obtained spoils. [[سلمان فارسی]], was with us, when he saw everyone happy about this incident, he said: Are you happy about this victory that God granted you and the spoils you obtained?! We said: Yes.
[[سلمان]] said: If you encounter the Master of the Youth of the Family of Muhammad, be happier for supporting him than what you have achieved today. And now I bid you farewell<ref>''Irshad al-Mufid'', p. 204.</ref>. Yes, he bid farewell to his family and companions to go after the lost one he had been seeking for years.
He left everything and everyone and went to become Husseini and sacrifice his life for Hussein and his school and belief.

== The Role of Zuhayr in the Event of Karbala ==
Zuhayr divorced his wife, separated from his companions, joined the Husayni camp, and took his place among the devoted and self-sacrificing soldiers of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). Along the journey, on various occasions, he would stand up and express approval of the Imam's words. Some of the instances in which Zuhayr displayed his sincere devotion are as follows:

'''Support for the Imam at Dhu Hasam'''
After the Imam's encounter with the army of [[حر بن یزید ریاحی|Hur]] at a place called Dhu Hasam<ref>With a damma on Ha and fatha on Sin, it is the name of a mountain.</ref>. The Imam (peace be upon him) spoke to the gathered assembly. Then Zuhayr stood up and said to the Imam's companions: Will you speak, or shall I begin?
They said: Yes, you speak.
Zuhayr, after praising and glorifying God, addressed the Imam and said: O son of the Messenger of God, we have heard your words... By God [[قسم|oath]], if the world were to remain for us and we were to stay in it, and leaving this world meant aiding you, we would still choose your companionship. The Imam (peace be upon him), while praising his high spirit, prayed for him<ref>''Absar al-Ayn'', p. 162.</ref>.

'''Proposal of Battle Along the Way'''
The Husayni caravan was moving parallel to Hur's army when suddenly a horseman appeared from the distance. He was a messenger from [[ابن زیاد|Ibn Ziyad]] and had brought a letter from him for [[حر بن یزید ریاحی|Hur]]. In that letter, Ibn Ziyad had written: Upon receipt of this letter, pressure Hussein ibn Ali and make him disembark in a barren desert without water or vegetation.
Hur read the text of the letter to the Imam and informed His Holiness of his mission. The Imam said: Then let us disembark in the desert of [[نینوا|Nineveh]], or Ghadariyat, or Shafiya.
Hur said: I cannot agree to this proposal of yours; because I am no longer free in decision-making, and this very messenger is Ibn Ziyad's spy...
At this moment, Zuhayr ibn Qain said: For us, fighting this small group is easier than battling the many individuals who are behind them.
By God, it will not be long before many troops arrive to support these people, and we will no longer have the ability to resist them.
The Imam (peace be upon him) responded to Zuhayr's proposal, saying: "Ma kuntu li-abdaahum bi-l-qital." I will never be the initiator of war<ref>''Speeches of Hussein ibn Ali'', p. 117.</ref>.

'''Defense of Imam Hussein During the Mission'''
On the afternoon of [[تاسوعا|Tasu'a]], when [[عمر بن سعد بن‌ ابی‌ وقاص|Umar ibn Sa'd]] ordered his companions to approach the camp of Hussein ibn Ali, His Holiness said to his brother Abbas: My dear Abbas, I am sacrificed for you; O brother, mount [your horse], meet them and ask why they have come?
Abbas, with twenty horsemen, among whom were Zuhayr ibn Qain and [[حبیب بن مظاهر|Habib ibn Muzahir]], went to meet the Yazidis. He said to them: What do you want? They said: An order has come from the Emir: either surrender or we fight.
They said: Wait until we convey what you say to Abi Abdullah (peace be upon him).
The Yazidis said: Meet him and bring news.
Abbas returned to inform Hussein. His companions remained to converse with them. Habib ibn Muzahir said to Zuhayr: If you wish, speak to these people, and if you want, I will speak.
Zuhayr said: You proposed to speak, so you attend to this matter yourself.
Habib said to them: By God, on the Day of Resurrection before God, they are the worst of people, those who go to Him having killed the son of their Prophet, his family, and the worshippers of this city who perform [[نماز شب|night prayers]]... .
Uzra said: Boast as much as you can.
Zuhayr said: O Uzra, God has praised and guided him. O Uzra, fear God, I wish good for you; By God, O Uzra, you are among those who support misguidance over killing the chaste... .
Uzra replied: O Zuhayr, among us you were not from the [[مذهب شیعه|Shiites]] of this family, you were an [[عثمان‌|Uthman]] supporter.
Zuhayr said: From the position I now hold, do you not perceive that I am from the Shiites? By God, I neither wrote a letter to Hussein, nor ever sent a messenger after him, nor promised him aid; I encountered him on the way, remembered the Messenger of God and his position, and realized that he is coming toward the enemy... .
So I resolved to aid him, join his party, and sacrifice my life for him; because you have wasted the right of God and His Messenger<ref> ''Ramuz al-Shahada'', p. 99.</ref>.

'''Reminder to Qamar Banu Hashim'''

After the return of the army of [[Umar ibn Sa'd]] to their camp, this time the voice of [[Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan|Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan]] was heard, who was saying loudly:
Where are the sons of our sister, where is Abbas and his brothers?
Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) said: Answer him, even though he is a sinner.
[[Abbas ibn Ali|Qamar Banu Hashim]] went towards him by the order of Abi Abdillah (peace be upon him) to hear his words. But immediately, while cursing him and the safe-conduct he had offered, he returned. Zuhayr ibn Qayn stood up and addressed Qamar Banu Hashim, saying: Shall I inform you of a narration that I have heard before?!
Abbas said: Yes, relate the narration.
Zuhayr said: When your father intended to marry, he asked his brother [[Aqil]], who knew the genealogies of the Arabs, to choose a wife for him who would bear him brave sons, so that she would give birth to a child who would support his son Husayn in Karbala. Be aware! Your father has saved you for such a day; so never fall short in helping your brother and supporting your sisters.
Qamar Banu Hashim said to Zuhayr: Zuhayr, you encourage me to support on such a day; by God, today I will show you a scene that you have not seen the like of<ref>''Maqtal al-Husayn (peace be upon him)'', p. 209.</ref>.

'''Zuhayr and the Degrees of Love for Leadership'''

On the night of Ashura, when the Imam delivered a sermon and informed his companions of the final situation, one of those who spoke and expressed love and loyalty was Zuhayr ibn Qayn. He, after [[Muslim ibn Awsajah]] expressed loyalty, stood up and said: By God, I wish to be killed and brought back to life and killed again a thousand times; and God the Almighty keep death away from you and the youths and your household through my killing<ref>''Ramuz al-Shahada'', p. 101; ''Irshad al-Mufid'', vol. 2, p. 92.</ref>.

'''Zuhayr's Speeches on the Day of Ashura'''

Kathir ibn Abd Allah al-Sha'bi says: When we attacked Husayn, Zuhayr ibn Qayn came before us mounted on his long-tailed horse, armed, and said: Be alert, I warn you of God's punishment; it is incumbent upon a Muslim to advise his Muslim brother. Until now we were brothers and of the same religion; as long as the sword has not separated us, we are co-religionists and your advice is incumbent upon us. When the matter comes to the sword, the bond of brotherhood is severed; we will be one community and you another community. God tested us and you with the children of His Prophet [[Muhammad ibn Abd Allah (Seal of the Prophets)|Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] to see what we are like.
We call you to support him and withdraw from the rebellious son of the rebellious [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad|Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]], for we have seen nothing but evil from them and will not see; they gouge out your eyes, cut off your hands and feet, hang you on the gallows, cut off ears and noses, and kill your virtuous and scholars such as [[Hujr ibn Adi]] and his companions and [[Hani ibn Urwah|Hani ibn Urwah]] and those like him.
In response, they insulted him, praised Ibn Ziyad, and said: By God, we will not return until we kill your master and his companions or bring them to Amir Ubayd Allah.
Zuhayr said: O servants of God; the son of [[Fatimah bint Muhammad (al-Zahra)|Fatimah]] is more worthy of friendship and support than the son of Sumayyah. If you do not support him, may God protect you;
But do not kill him and leave him to [[Yazid]]; I swear by my life, that Yazid is satisfied with your obedience even without killing Husayn.
Shimr shot an arrow towards him and said: Be silent, you have tired us with your verbosity.
Zuhayr said: O son of a Bedouin, I do not speak with you; indeed you are among the quadrupeds.
By God, I do not think you know two verses of the Quran correctly.
Glad tidings to you of disgrace and painful punishment on the Day of Resurrection.
Shimr said: God will kill you and your master within another hour.
Zuhayr said: Do you frighten me with [[death]]?! By God, death with Husayn is better in my sight than remaining eternal with you in that manner.
Then addressing the people, he said: O servants of God, let not this lowly oppressor and his likes deceive you from your religion; by God, the [[intercession]] of Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) does not reach people who shed the blood of his children and household and those who assist them in this oppression and kill their defenders.
A man called out to him that, Abi Abdillah says: Come, by my life, if the believer of the Family of Pharaoh advised his people and conveyed the call to them, you too have advised these people and conveyed the call to them<ref>''Ramuz al-Shahada'', p. 108.</ref>.

'''Repelling the Savage Attack'''

On the day of Ashura, Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan attacked the tents and the station of the haram of [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)]] and shouted: Bring fire so that I may burn this house with its inhabitants.
The women ran out of the tent while screaming. Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) shouted:
O son of Dhil-Jawshan, you seek fire to burn my Ahl al-Bayt's house with fire; may God burn you with fire.
At this moment, Zuhayr, along with ten of the Imam's companions, attacked Shimr and his men to repel their assault, driving them away from the Husseinid sanctuary. In this conflict, Abu Uzzah al-Dababi, who had attacked alongside Shimr, was killed by Zuhayr ibn Qayn<ref>''Absar al-Ayn'', p. 166; ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol. 3, p. 326.</ref>.

'''Fierce Combat'''

Zuhayr, like other companions of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), staunchly defended his school, creed, and Imam in confrontation with the enemies, and did not hesitate for a moment in supporting his beloved and purpose. Abu Mikhnaf writes: After the martyrdom of Habib, the fire of war flared up again. Zuhayr ibn Qayn entered the field alongside Hur. The two fought a hard battle. Whenever the enemies surrounded one, the other would rush to his aid and save him, until the weapon of martyrdom reached them. Then, when the [[Salat al-Khawf]] was led by Abi Abdullah (peace be upon him), Zuhayr returned to the field and began a fierce battle;
A battle the like of which had not been seen or heard. As he attacked the enemy, he recited the following rajaz:

«انا زهیر و انا ابن القین‏» «اذودکم بالسیف عن حسین‏»
I am Zuhayr and the son of Qayn, and with my sword, I keep you away from Hussein (peace be upon him).
Then he returned to the Imam, and when he stood before the Imam, he said:
فدتک نفسی هادیا مهدیا الیوم القی جدک النبیا و حسنا و المرتضی علیا و ذا الجناحین الشهید حیا
May my soul be sacrificed for you, the guided and guiding. Today I will meet your grandfather the Prophet, also your brother Hasan and your father [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali al-Murtada]], and that living martyr whom God granted two wings, I will meet.
It seems Zuhayr bid farewell to the Imam with these words and set out for the battlefield once again. He continued fighting until Kathir ibn Abdullah al-Sha'bi and Muhajir ibn Aws attacked him and martyred him<ref>''Tarikh al-Tabari'', Vol. 3, p. 328.</ref>.

== The Imam's Presence at Zuhayr's Bedside ==
[[Ibn Shahrashub]] writes: After the [[Martyrdom|martyrdom]] of Zuhayr, Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) came to his bedside and said: «لا یبعدنک یا زهیر و لعن الله‏قاتلیک لعن الذین مسخوا قرده و خنازیر.» O Zuhayr, may God not distance you from His mercy, and may He curse your killers; like the curse that befell those who were transformed into monkeys and pigs<ref>''Manaqib Al Abi Talib'', Vol. 4, p. 103.</ref>.

== See Also ==
* [[Hussein ibn Ali (Sayyid al-Shuhada)|Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)]]
* [[Habib ibn Mazahir|Habib ibn Mazahir]]
* [[Shaykh Abbas Qomi]]
* [[Shaykh Mufid]]

== Notes ==
{{پانویس}}

== Sources ==
* [http://ensani.ir/fa/article/55616/%D8%B2%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA Adapted from the website Zuhayr ibn Qayn al-Bajali Rayat Shuja'at - Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences]

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Shia Personalities]]
[[Category:Martyrs of Karbala]]

Draft:Zayd ibn Harithah

2026-06-27T09:57:44Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Zayd ibn Harithah
| تصویر = Zayd ibn Harithah-1.JPG
| نام = Zayd ibn Harithah ibn Sharahil Kalbi
| نام‌های دیگر = {{فهرست جعبه افقی |Abu Usamah |Zayd al-Hubb }}
| سال تولد =
| تاریخ تولد =
| محل تولد =
| سال درگذشت = 8 AH
| تاریخ درگذشت =
| محل درگذشت = [[Jordan]]
| استادان =
| شاگردان =
| دین = [[Islam]]
| مذهب =
| آثار =
| فعالیت‌ها = {{فهرست جعبه افقی |[[Battle of Badr]] |Commander of [[Battle of Mu'tah]] |[[Companion of the Prophet]] |Freed and adopted son of [[Muhammad|Messenger of God (peace be upon him)]] }}
| وبگاه =
}}

'''ZAYD IBN HARITHAH''' whose full name is '''Zayd ibn Harithah ibn Sharahil Kalbi''' son of Harithah, the slave of [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Lady Khadijah (peace be upon her)]]. He is the adopted son of [[Muhammad|the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] who after [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him)]] (the first believer in [[Muhammad|the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)]]) and Lady Khadijah (peace be upon her), embraced [[faith]] and prayed with him. He is among the first [[Muslim|Muslims]] and the only [[Companion of the Prophet]] whose name is mentioned in the [[Quran]]. He commanded the [[Battle of Mu'tah]] and was [[martyrdom|martyred]] in this battle. His shrine and that of other martyrs of Mu'tah in [[Jordan]] is a [[pilgrimage|pilgrimage site]] for Muslims.

== Zayd ibn Harithah as the Third Muslim ==
Zayd ibn Harithah ibn Sharahil Kalbi, was among the [[Companions of the Prophet]] of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) and the second man who embraced Islam after [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him)]]. He was among the slaves who were freed by [[Muhammad|the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)]]. The Messenger of God loved him very much and had chosen him as his '''adopted son'''. He participated in most of the battles during the time of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny). According to one account, he was present in nine [[expeditions]] and at times, he bore the responsibility of commanding the army of Islam. Due to his great love for the Prophet, he was always by his side and protected the blessed presence of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny). It is reported that during the travel of [[Muhammad|the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] to Ta'if, when the youth and ruffians stoned the Prophet at the instigation of the elders of Ta'if, Zayd defended him. He made himself a shield for the Prophet and the stones hit his body. In this way, he did not allow serious harm to come to the Prophet's body<ref> Muhammad ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', vol. 1, p. 212.</ref>. He is the only Companion of [[Muhammad|the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] whose name is mentioned in the [[Quran|Holy Quran]] and in [[Surah Al-Ahzab]]<ref>Al-Ahzab (33), 37.</ref>.

== Zayd's Captivity and Slavery ==
During the [[Jahiliyyah]], in wars between two countries or two tribes, the victorious tribe, in addition to plundering all acquired property, used all captured individuals under the name of slave. Also, if they deemed it appropriate, they would sell them. Zayd ibn Harithah, in childhood, went with his mother to visit their relatives. At that time, the tribe of "Banu Qayn" who had enmity with Zayd's maternal relatives attacked them. In this incident, Zayd was captured and the plunderers brought him to the Ukaz market for sale. Hakim ibn Hizam, the nephew of Lady Khadijah (peace be upon her) who was returning from the journey of [[Levant|Syria]], bought him for his aunt Khadijah (peace be upon her) and brought him to [[Mecca]]. When Khadijah (peace be upon her) went to see Hakim, he said: "Dear Aunt, I have bought two slaves. Whichever you like, take for yourself". Lady Khadijah (peace be upon her) chose Zayd and brought him home. In that first encounter, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) liked this child. When [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah (peace be upon her)]] understood the matter, she gifted him to the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny).

== The Adopted Son of the Prophet of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) ==
It is said that when Zayd's father learned that members of the Banu Qayn tribe had sold his son to Hakim bin Hizam, he became very sorrowful upon hearing this news and would recite poems due to his separation from him, to the extent that everyone became very sad upon seeing that scene. Until one day he was informed that his son had been sold into slavery in [[Mecca]]. He immediately came to Mecca with his brother and went to the elder of [[Banu Hashim|Banu Hashim]], [[Abu Talib|Hazrat Abu Talib]], and said to him: "My son is with your nephew [[Muhammad ibn Abdullah (Seal of the Prophets)|Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]]. Tell him to either sell him to us or set him free." When the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) heard this message, he said: "Zayd is free to go wherever he wishes."

When Zayd's father went to Hazrat Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny), the Prophet said to him: "Tell him to come; if he chooses you, he is yours without any price, but if he does not wish to leave us, no one has the right to take him by force." Harithah's face lit up upon hearing these words, because he had never seen such generosity from anyone before. He said to the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) with amazement: "You spoke fairly and carried chivalry to the utmost. This condition of yours has no objection."
The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) sent someone for Zayd. When Zayd came, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) said: "O Zayd! Do you know these individuals?" He said: "Yes, this is Harithah, my father, and the other is my uncle."
The Prophet said: "You know me as well. Now, at your own will, you can return to your family and relatives with your father or stay with us."

Zayd said: "I will not separate from Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) and I will not prefer anyone over him." Harithah remained silent for a moment out of amazement. Then he turned to Zayd and said: "Woe to you! Do you prefer slavery and servitude of others over your family and a free life?" Zayd said: "Yes! Due to the good morals and noble behaviors of Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny), I prefer him over everyone, even my father and mother." It is reported that Zayd's father, this time, resorted to threats to perhaps dissuade him from his decision. So he said to him: "Therefore, I will disown you and declare innocence from you. Do you know what this means. So it is better that you cease hostility and come home with me." But Zayd still insisted on his words and said: "I will not separate from Muhammad for a moment." At this time, Harithah said to the attendants and Arab chiefs: "O people of [[Quraysh]], witness that from now on he is not my son." The Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) thereafter took Zayd with him beside the [[Kaaba]] and in the gathering of the elders of Quraysh and other present people, said aloud: "O people! Witness that from now on Zayd is my adopted son." It is said that when Harithah heard this matter, he returned to his homeland<ref> Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, ''al-Isabah fi Tamyiz al-Sahabah'', vol. 1, p. 563; Izz al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Athir, ''Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifah al-Sahabah'', vol. 2, p. 225.</ref>. From then on, Zayd was called the adopted son of Muhammad until the following was [[Revelation of the Quran|revealed]]:
God has not made your adopted sons your real sons. This is a saying that you merely say with your tongues, but God speaks the truth and He is the One who guides to the right path. Call them by the names of their fathers, for this is more just in the sight of God, and if you do not know their fathers, then they are your religious brothers and your freedmen. There is no blame upon you for the mistakes that occur from you (calling them by other names without attention), but you will be held accountable for what you say intentionally, and God is Forgiving and Merciful<ref> Al-Ahzab (33), 50.</ref>.
The Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) after the revelation of these verses said to Zayd: "You are Zayd bin Harithah." From then on, he was called the freedman of the Prophet ('''Mawla Rasul Allah''') and this custom was abolished.

== Zayd Alongside the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) ==
When Zayd entered the house of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), he saw nothing but goodness from him, and for this reason, he became enamored with the ethics and noble behaviors of the Prophet of God (peace be upon him and his progeny). He never felt slavery. Zayd was like one of the members of the Prophet's family, and rather, they respected him more than them. It is narrated from [[Ja'far ibn Muhammad (al-Sadiq)|Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him)]]: "The Prophet of God loved Zayd to the extent that he gave him the nickname '''Zayd al-Hubb'''<ref> Muhaddith Nuri, ''Mustadrak al-Wasa'il'', vol. 3, p. 804.</ref>".
In some histories, it is recorded that the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) loved Zayd like his close relatives. Such that when implementing the issue of the brotherhood pact among Muslims, he made Zayd and his honorable uncle, [[Hamzah|Hamzah Sayyid al-Shuhada]], brothers.

== Islam of Zayd ibn Harithah ==
According to some historical documents, Lady Khadija (peace be upon her) gifted Zayd to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) when he was eight years old. Zayd ibn Harithah was twenty years younger than the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny). Therefore, he entered the household of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) at the age of 28 of the Prophet, that is, three years after his marriage to Khadija (peace be upon her) and twelve years before the [[Prophethood]] of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny). From then on, he always benefited from the teachings of the Prophet. Zayd's personality was shaped under the care of Lady Khadija (peace be upon her) and association with the Commander of the Faithful [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali (peace be upon him)]]. Therefore, when the Prophet was chosen for prophethood, after Lady Khadija (peace be upon her) and Imam Ali (peace be upon him), Zayd was the third individual who believed in [[Islam]]<ref>Izz al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Athir, ''Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah'', vol. 2, p. 226.
7- Al-Ahzab (33), 36.</ref> and stood behind him in [[Prayer]]. From the early days of the invitation to Islam, he stood beside these three individuals and was a companion and helper to the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) in all hardships and difficulties of the early years of the Mission. He never left the Prophet alone against the [[Polytheism|Polytheists]], and the threats of the enemies did not create any doubt in his [[Faith]] and belief. Zayd remained steadfast until the end. He was beaten many times in defense of the sacred person of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) and even his head was broken several times, but he remained firmly beside the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny).

== Marriage of Zayd to Zaynab bint Jahsh ==
When Zayd reached the age of marriage, the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), due to his great affection for him, arranged his marriage to Zaynab bint Jahsh, who was the Prophet's paternal cousin and the daughter of Umaymah bint [[Abd al-Muttalib]]. Zaynab initially thought that the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) was proposing to her for himself. Thus, she became happy, but when she understood that he had proposed to her for Zayd ibn Harithah, she regretted it. She told the Prophet: "This [[Marriage]] is contrary to our family status." Accordingly, she refused to marry Zayd. Her brother "Abdullah" also strongly opposed this action, but it was not long before a verse was revealed that rebuked Zaynab's behavior. God warned that they could not oppose it when God and His Prophet deemed something necessary.
'''{{متن قرآن |وَ ما کانَ لِمُؤمِنٍ وَ لا مؤمنَه اِذا قَضَی اللهُ وَ رَسُولُهُ أمراً أن یَکونَ لَهُمُ الخِیرَهُ مِن أمرِهِم وَ مَن یَعصِ اللهَ وَ رَسولَهُ فَقَد ضَلَّ ضَلالاً مُبیناً |سوره = احزاب |آیه = 36 }}''' ; "No believing man or woman has the right, when God and His Prophet deem something necessary, to have any choice against God's command, and whoever disobeys God and His Messenger has fallen into clear error".
Zaynab and her brother, Abdullah, when they heard this matter, repented of their deed and submitted to God's command. Thus, Zaynab agreed to marry Zayd.
However, Zaynab was incompatible even after the marriage. Zayd reported the matter to the Prophet and asked for permission for [[Divorce]]. The Prophet strove hard to make their relationship intimate so that this marriage would remain stable. Therefore, he persuaded Zayd to continue life, but for the third time Zayd asked the Prophet for permission to divorce Zaynab. Finally, it became clear that there was no moral agreement between the two and they were not compatible. Therefore, [[Gabriel]] descended and first declared the issue of adoption null and void. Then he asked the Prophet not to fear people in executing the divine decree and allow Zayd to divorce Zaynab. After a while, Zaynab, who was among the [[Muhajirun|Muhajir]] women, fell into grief and mourning after the divorce.
It was not long before the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) was commanded by God to marry Zaynab bint Jahsh in order to completely abolish the erroneous Jahiliyyah tradition that did not permit marriage to the wife of an adopted son. The Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) performed this action despite being worried about the criticism of the hypocrites of [[Medina]]. Thus, two rulings of [[Jahiliyyah]] were rejected: first, adoption and [[Inheritance]] of the adopted son from the adoptive father, and second, the impermissibility of marriage to the wife of the adopted son after her divorce from him<ref>Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, ''Al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Quran'', translated by Musavi Hamedani, vol. 16, p. 322.</ref>.

== Wife and Child of Zayd ibn Harithah ==
Zayd subsequently married "Barakah", who was known as "Umm Ayman". Umm Ayman was initially the slave of [[Abdul-Muttalib]]. After some time, by Abdul-Muttalib's order, she cared for him in the house of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny). When the Noble Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) lost his dear mother [[Aminah bint Wahb|Aminah]], Abdul-Muttalib told Umm Ayman: "Take good care of my son Muhammad."
The Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) received much kindness and affection from Umm Ayman. He would constantly say: "After Aminah, Umm Ayman is my mother."
Therefore, after the Bi'thah (prophetic mission), he always remembered Umm Ayman, visited her home, and attended to her livelihood affairs.

The Prophet was always kind to Umm Ayman and respected her. When the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) married [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah al-Kubra (peace be upon her)]], he manumitted her and after some time married her to "Ubaydah". God granted them a son, whom they named "Ayman". Thus, she was called Umm Ayman. However, it was not long before Ubaydah passed away and Umm Ayman became a widow. The Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), who was always concerned for his foster mother, married her to Zayd ibn Harithah. The result of this union was "Usamah ibn Zayd". He was born five years after the Bi'thah, in the land of Mecca, into a pure family. Usamah, like his father, was the center of special interest and attention of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny). One day, the Prophet was returning from the [[Battle of Badr]]. In one of the alleys of Medina, he saw Usamah playing with a group of children. The Prophet embraced and kissed him. Then he said: "Well done to my friend and the son of my friend."
This expression of affection by the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) towards Usamah was renowned among Muslims and was repeated several times on various occasions; so much so that in Medina he became known as "The Friend and Son of the Prophet's Friend"<ref>Sayyid Ali Khan Madani, ''Al-Darajat al-Rafi'ah'', p. 440; Izz al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Athir, ''Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah'', vol. 1, p. 641; Yusuf ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Barr al-Qurtubi al-Maliki, ''Al-Isti'ab fi Asma' al-Ashab'', vol. 1, p. 34.</ref>.

== Battle of Mu'tah ==
The [[Battle of Mu'tah]] took place in [[Jumada al-Ula|Jumada al-Ula]] of the eighth year of the [[Hijrah]]. In this battle, the command of the Islamic army was given to three persons in order: "[[Zayd ibn Harithah]]", [[Ja'far al-Tayyar|Ja'far ibn Abi Talib]], and "[[Abdullah ibn Rawahah]]", such that if any of them were [[martyred]], command would transfer to the next; scholars of the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] school believe that Imam Ja'far was the commander-in-chief and Zayd and Abdullah were his deputies.

When the Islamic fighters arrived at the valley of "Ma'an", they learned that "Heraclius, the commander of the Roman army", along with one hundred thousand Romans and one hundred thousand Arabs, had prepared to fight the Islamic army. The Islamic army, whose fighting forces did not exceed three thousand men, stayed in "Ma'an" for two nights to decide whether to continue advancing and fight the Romans or receive further orders from the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny). In this situation, "Abdullah Rawahah", this selfless and virtuous officer, stood up and with fiery speeches prepared all the forces under command for battle.

After Abdullah Rawahah's speeches, the Islamic army continued its movement. Both armies faced each other at a point named "Sharaf", but due to military considerations, the Islamic army retreated slightly and settled in the land of Mu'tah.
Ja'far ibn Abi Talib (who, according to some Shia scholars, was the army commander) divided the soldiers and appointed commanders for each, and then hand-to-hand attacks began. Ja'far had to hold the flag and direct the fighters' attacks while simultaneously engaging in fighting and defense.

Ja'far ibn Abi Talib made brave attacks and while reciting poetry (rajaz), charged into the heart of the enemy; until the Roman forces surrounded him. First, his right hand was cut off; so that the army flag would not fall to the ground, he took the flag in his left hand. When they cut off his left hand, he pressed the flag to his chest with his arms. Finally, while more than eighty wounds had been inflicted on his body and face, he fell to the ground and attained the great degree of martyrdom.

After him, "Zayd ibn Harithah" took the command flag and fought with great courage and commanded the army until he was martyred<ref>''Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah'', vol. 2, p. 227.</ref>. Then it was the turn of "Abdullah ibn Rawahah"; he raised the flag. He too fought chivalrously until he attained the degree of martyrdom. After the martyrdom of these three, the soldiers chose [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]], who was a brave and warlike individual, as commander. However, the [[Muslim|Muslims]], who were outnumbered by the enemy, were forced to retreat and flee from the peril. The people of Medina, who had become aware of the course of the battle, in welcoming the sorrowful army, called them "traitorous fugitives" and threw dust on their heads.

== Death of Zayd ==
Zayd attained the high rank of martyrdom in [[Jumada al-Awwal]] of the eighth year after the [[Hijra]], while commanding the army of Islam in the [[Battle of Mu'tah]] against the Romans.

== See also ==
* [[Abd al-Muttalib]]
* [[Battle of Mu'tah]]
* [[Quraysh]]
* [[Hamza]]
* [[Bi'tha]]
* [[Marriage]]

== Notes ==
{{پانویس}}

== References ==
* [https://rasekhoon.net/article/show/703374/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%87-1 Familiarity with Zayd ibn Harithah (1) - Rasekhoon], Publication date: 13 Ordibehesht 1393 SH, Access date: 26 Ordibehesht 1401 SH.
* [https://banooyiazjenseab.kowsarblog.ir/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%87 Zayd ibn Harithah Website - Atena], Publication date: n.d., Access date: 26 Ordibehesht 1401 SH.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Companions]]

Draft:Zaitun Rasmin

2026-06-27T08:09:32Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Zaitun Rasmin
| image = Zaitun Rasmin.jpg
| name = Zaitun Rasmin
| other_names = {{Flatlist| Mohammad Zaitun Rasmin| Dr. Zaitun Rasmin}}
| birth_year = 1966 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = {{Flatlist| [[Indonesia]]}}
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works =
| occupations = {{Flatlist| President of Indonesian Islamic Unity| Deputy Secretary-General, Head of Foreign Relations Commission of the Central Council and Deputy Secretary of the Advisory Council of the [[Indonesian Ulema Council]] (MUI)| Vice Chairman of the Indonesian Council of Intellectuals and Young Ulema (MIUMI)| Member of the International Union of Muslim Scholars| President of the Association of Scholars and Preachers of Southeast [[Asia]]| }}
| website =
}}

'''Zaitun Rasmin''' is the President of Indonesian Islamic Unity, Deputy Secretary-General, Head of the Foreign Relations Commission of the Central Council and Deputy Secretary of the Advisory Council of the [[Indonesian Ulema Council]], Vice Chairman of the Indonesian Council of Intellectuals and Young Ulema, Member of the International Union of Muslim Scholars, and President of the Association of Scholars and Preachers of Southeast [[Asia]]. He declared his full support for the [[Islamic unity|unity]] of [[Muslims]] in the face of global injustice, particularly aggression against [[Palestine]] and [[Iran]], at a press conference in Jakarta titled '''"The Necessity of Islamic World Unity to Create a New Peaceful, Just, Prosperous, and Civilized World Order"''', condemning the [[2026 US and Israeli attack on Iran|US and Israeli attack on Iran]]. In his view, Muslim unity is not merely a spiritual call, but a strategic necessity for achieving global [[peace]] and justice, and barbarism and [[colonialism]] by the [[United States|America]] and the [[Israel]] pose a real threat to humanity, and if continued, the world will not be at [[peace]].

== Biography ==
Mohammad Zaitun Rasmin was born in 1996 AD, in Gorontalo, [[Indonesia]]. He completed his university studies at the Institute for Islamic and Arabic Sciences (LIPIA) in Jakarta, the [[Islamic University of Medina]] in [[Saudi Arabia]], and Ibn Khaldun University in Bogor.

== Positions ==
* President of Indonesian Islamic Unity;
* Deputy Chairman of the Foreign Relations Commission of the Central Council of the [[Indonesian Ulema Council]] (MUI) until 2015 AD;
* Deputy Secretary-General of the Central Council of Indonesian Ulema (MUI) from 2015 AD to 2020 AD;
* Vice Chairman of the Indonesian Council of Intellectuals and Young Ulema (MIUMI);
* Member of the International Union of Muslim Scholars;
* President of the Association of Scholars and Preachers of Southeast Asia;
* Deputy Secretary of the Advisory Council of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) from 2020 AD to 2025 AD.

== Honors ==
Due to the prominent role of Dr. Mohammad Zaitun Rasmin in Islamic studies and education, an honorary doctorate was awarded to him by the Egyptian International Electronic University.

== Cultural Activities ==
Dr. Mohammad Zaitun Rasmin acts as a speaker for religious programs on national [[Indonesia]]n television on TV One, ANTV, host of TVRI program (representative of the Indonesian Ulema Council), and Chairman and Director of Ummah TV<ref>[https://darussalam.id/team/muhammad-zaitun-rasmin/ Dr. Mohammad Zaitun Rasmin, Darussalam News Website (darussalam.id)]. </ref>.

== Views ==
=== Condemnation of the US and Israeli Attack on Iran ===
Muhammad Zaitun Rasmin, Chairman of Wahdah Islamiyah, at the press conference '''"The Necessity of Islamic World Unity for Creating a New Peaceful, Just, Prosperous, and Civilized Global Order"''', held by the Center for Dialogue and Cooperation among Civilizations (CDCC) and the Global Center for Moderation of Islam in Jakarta, called for a complete and permanent halt to aggression by the [[Israel|Israel]] and the [[United States|America]], against [[Palestine]] and [[Iran]], and condemned the [[2026 US and Israeli attack on Iran|2026 US and Israeli attack on Iran]]. Professor Rasmin said: This is a moment for the [[Islamic world]] to reflect. The problem may be within us. If possible, we should hold continuous dialogues to strengthen [[Islamic unity|unity]], [[faith]], knowledge, and [[ethics]].

He expressed his full support for this call, which emphasized the importance of Muslim unity in facing global injustice, particularly aggression against Palestine and Iran. Professor Zaitun emphasized to the media after this event: Muslim unity is not merely a spiritual call, but a strategic necessity for achieving global peace and justice. If savagery and [[colonialism]], particularly by Israel which is a real threat to humanity, continues, the world will not be at [[peace]]<ref>[https://suaraislam.id/ketum-wahdah-islamiyah-serukan-penghentian-agresi-secara-total-dan-permanen/ Chairman of Wahdah Islamiyah Calls for Complete and Permanent Halt to Aggression, Suaraislam News Website]. </ref>.

=== Necessity of the Struggle for Palestine ===
Dr. Muhammad Zaitun Rasmin, at the thanksgiving ceremony for the release of Indonesian volunteers of the [[Humanitarian convoys to aid Gaza|Humanitarian Convoys to Aid Gaza]] (Global Sumud Flotilla) who had been detained by Israeli authorities, said: He expressed gratitude for the release of the volunteers and reminded them that the struggle for [[Palestine]] is not yet over. He said: 9 Indonesian volunteers who were imprisoned have now been released. We are very grateful. We are very grateful for the quick action of the Indonesian government in ensuring the freedom of the Global Sumud Flotilla activists. However, he emphasized that support for Palestine should not stop with the release of the volunteers. Professor Zaitun emphasized: Our voice should not be silenced here. Their main mission and the mission of all of us with conscience is to ensure humanitarian aid reaches [[Gaza]] and a free Palestine. Do not stop speaking!<ref>[http://www.zaitunrasmin.com The Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI) Held a Thanksgiving Ceremony for the Release of Indonesian Volunteers from Israeli Detention, Zaitun Rasmin News Website].</ref>.

=== Indonesia's Defense of Palestine ===
Professor Zaitun Rasmin, Chairman of Wahdah Islamiyah and Vice Chairman of the National Movement for the Liberation of Palestine (GNPF), at the press conference '''"Indonesia Defends Palestine"''' in Jakarta, said: It must be remembered that the issue of [[Palestine]] is both a religious and humanitarian issue that must be addressed immediately. Millions of Indonesian Muslims, through several humanitarian organizations, have enthusiastically donated their material aid to the people of Palestine who are suffering from military aggression by the [[Israel|Israel]]. Within just a few days, the amount of aid collected reached tens of billions of rupiah. This aid shows that [[Muslim|Muslims]] of [[Indonesia]] deeply care about the situation of the people of Palestine who are still under occupation.

He added: If the problems of Palestine have become religious, the reason is that the Israeli occupiers who are [[Judaism|Jewish]], openly desecrate Palestine, the holy land of Muslims, and attempt to destroy [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]]. Al-Aqsa Mosque is the first [[Qibla]] of Muslims and also the third holy mosque after [[Al-Masjid al-Haram|Al-Masjid al-Haram]] ([[Mecca]]) and [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] ([[Medina]]).

Dr. Zaitun Rasmin continued to explain that since the Israeli occupation, the Muslim people of Palestine have experienced various injustices, and the concern of Indonesian Muslims is based on religious foundations. They (Indonesian Muslims) are angry that their co-religionists in Palestine are being oppressed. He explained: The issue of Palestine is also a humanitarian issue; because the people of Palestine are still under occupation. Does not the first sentence of the preamble of the 1945 Constitution confirm that [[colonialism]] must be eliminated throughout the world, because it is incompatible with humanity and justice? And indeed, numerous cases of [[human rights]] violations by Israeli occupiers against the people of Palestine have been committed that contradict humanitarian values<ref>[https://hidayatullah.com/berita/nasional/2021/05/28/209076/ustadz-zaitun-rasmin-persoalan-palestina-adalah-masalah-keagamaan-dan-kemanusiaan.html Professor Zaitun Rasmin: The Issue of Palestine is Both a Religious and Humanitarian Issue, Hidayatullah News Website (https://hidayatullah.com)]. </ref>.

== See also ==
* [[2026 US and Israeli attack on Iran]]
* [[Islamic unity]]
* [[Sunni Islam]]
* [[Muslim]]
* [[Indonesia]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://darussalam.id/team/muhammad-zaitun-rasmin/ Dr. Muhammad Zaitun Rasmin, Darussalam News Website (darussalam.id)], Date of publication: Unknown, Date of access: 9 Khordad 1405 SH.

* [https://suaraislam.id/ketum-wahdah-islamiyah-serukan-penghentian-agresi-secara-total-dan-permanen/ Chairman of Wahdah Islamiyah Calls for Complete and Permanent Halt to Aggression, Suaraislam News Website], Date of publication: 13 April 2026 CE, Date of access: 9 Khordad 1405 SH.

* [http://www.zaitunrasmin.com The Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI) Held a Thanksgiving Ceremony for the Release of Indonesian Volunteers from Israeli Detention, Zaitun Rasmin News Website], Date of publication: 26 May 2026 CE, Date of access: 9 Khordad 1405 SH.

* [https://hidayatullah.com/berita/nasional/2021/05/28/209076/ustadz-zaitun-rasmin-persoalan-palestina-adalah-masalah-keagamaan-dan-kemanusiaan.html Professor Zaitun Rasmin: The Issue of Palestine is Both a Religious and Humanitarian Issue, Hidayatullah News Website (https://hidayatullah.com)], Date of publication: 22 May 2021 CE, Date of access: 9 Khordad 1405 SH.

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Indonesia]]

Draft:Ziad Jarrah

2026-06-27T07:20:36Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

[[File:سمیر جراح.jpg|thumb|He was the ringleader of the hijackers who did not reach the Capitol Building or the White House in the September 11 attacks]]

'''Ziad Samir Jarrah''' (born 11 May 1975 in [[Lebanon]] – died 11 September 2001 in New York) was a hijacker.

According to the FBI, Ziad Jarrah was the ringleader of the hijackers of United Airlines Flight 93 (Boeing 757), which did not reach its destination, the Capitol Building or the White House, in the September 11 attacks.

Due to the struggle for control of the aircraft, Jarrah failed to achieve this and was forced to destroy it by crashing it in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. After the crash, all 37 passengers along with 7 crew members were killed.

==Life==
Ziad Samir Jarrah was born in Lebanon. Jarrah's parents were followers of the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] faith. They sent him to a Catholic school in [[Beirut]]. There, he volunteered at a church to help disabled or orphaned children. His family enrolled him in mathematics, physics, and chemistry classes for his academic advancement.

In 1996, Jarrah went to [[Germany]] for studies. Due to his interest in aviation engineering and aircraft design, he studied aerospace engineering in Hamburg.

After returning from [[Afghanistan]], Jarrah went to the [[United States]] for the first time in 2000 and enrolled full-time at a flight school in Venice, Florida <ref>[http://dictionary.sensagent.com/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%20%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD/fa-fa/ Ziad Jarrah]</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Al-Qaeda]]
[[Category:Lebanon]]

Draft:Zaki Bani Irshid

2026-06-27T07:08:02Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Zaki Bani Irshid
| image = Zaki Bani Irshid.jpg
| name = Zaki Bani Irshid
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1957
| birth_date =
| birth_place = {{hlist|[[Jordan]]| Zarqa}}
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works =
| occupations = {{hlist| Politician|Member of [[Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan|Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan]] }}
| website =
}}

'''Zaki Bani Irshid''' is an Islamist leader and Deputy General Guide of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Jordan]], former Secretary-General of the Islamic Resistance Front, and a prominent member of the Hawk Movement within this group. He was sentenced to 18 months in prison due to publishing an article containing attacks and insults against the [[United Arab Emirates]].

== Biography ==
Zaki Saad Bani Irshid was born in 1957 AD, in the city of Zarqa in Jordan. His family is from the Bani Irshid tribe, whose original homeland is in the Koura district of the northern Irbid Governorate.

== Education ==
He studied at the Polytechnic College in [[Amman]] and in 1976 AD, took charge of the Student Council presidency. In 1977 AD, he received a Diploma in Chemical Engineering from this institution.

== Ideological Orientation ==
Bani Irshid joined the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan]] during high school (around 1973) and from 1990 became one of the prominent leaders of this group.

== Duties and Responsibilities ==
He was active in guild activities and in 1992 AD, won the General Assembly of the White Cement Association. In 1995 AD, he took charge of the presidency of the General Assembly of Construction Workers and in the same year became a member of the General Federation of Jordanian Trade Unions.

== Political Activity ==
Bani Irshid's relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood leadership began in 1990, when he was elected as the representative of the Zarqa sector. From 1990 to 1994, he was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood Council. In 2002, he joined the Executive Office of the Islamic Action Front, the political wing of the Muslim Brotherhood and Jordan's largest political party. He was the Secretary-General of this party from 2006 to 2009. In 2008, he entered the Muslim Brotherhood Council and in 2010 its Executive Office. In 2012, he was elected as the Deputy General Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood party and was also one of the main candidates for this position in the 2016 elections.

== Arrest ==
He was arrested by Jordanian security forces on November 20, 2014. His trial began in the State Security Court and in February 2015, he was sentenced to one and a half years in prison on charges of "disturbing Jordan's relations with the United Arab Emirates". This was because he published an article on his Facebook page accusing the UAE of supporting [[terrorism]] and objecting to the classification of the Muslim Brotherhood group as a "terrorist organization". He rejected mediation offers for his release, as he was asked to apologize to the UAE government. Finally, on January 4, 2016, Jordanian authorities released Zaki Bani Irshid.

== Factions and Media ==
In the first decade of the third millennium, Bani Irshid was known as the leader of a faction known in the media as the "Hawk spectrum" and was considered a rival to the "Dove faction" in the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan.

== Nomination and Withdrawal ==
The Muslim Brotherhood Council, the highest authority of this group in Jordan, nominated him for the position of Secretary-General of the Islamic Action Front, but Bani Irshid withdrew from the candidacy to support "group consensus and unity". He made this decision to strengthen the unique model of the Jordanian movement and to present a specific Islamic democratic model that upholds the majority will in decision-making. They will continue to make concessions to maintain unity and respond to all persecutors.

== See also ==
* [[Jordan]]
* [[Muslim Brotherhood]]
* [[United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan]]

== References ==
* [https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2014/12/22/%D8%B2%D9%83%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF. Zaki Bani Irshid, Al Jazeera website], date published: 22 December 2014, date accessed: 30 Farvardin 1404.

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Jordan]]

Draft:Zakaria Muammar

2026-06-27T06:39:20Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Zakaria Muammar
| image = Zakaria Abu Muammar.jpg
| full_name = Zakaria Ahmed Abu Muammar
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1972 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Khan Yunis]] in the south of the [[Gaza Strip]]
| death_year = 2023 AD
| death_date = 10 October
| death_place = [[Gaza]] in the [[Al-Aqsa Flood]] battle
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Ahl al-Sunnah]]
| works =
| occupations = {{hlist| Member of the political leadership of [[Hamas]] in the [[Gaza Strip]]| Head of National Relations of [[Hamas]] in the [[Gaza Strip]]}}
| website =
}}
'''Zakaria Ahmed Abu Muammar''' was a member of the Political Bureau and Head of National Relations of the [[Hamas|Hamas Movement]] in the [[Gaza Strip]], who was [[Martyrdom|martyred]] on 10 October 2023 during the [[Al-Aqsa Flood|Operation Al-Aqsa Flood]]. He believed that the [[Oslo Accords|Oslo Agreement]] was the basis of disasters and a factor in the division of the people of [[Palestine]]. He believed that the [[Fatah|Fatah Movement]], by accepting the [[Oslo Accords]], closed the doors of national participation and monopolized everything.

==Biography==
Zakaria Abu Muammar was born on 22 December 1972 AD, in [[Khan Yunis]] in the south of the [[Gaza Strip]].

==Education==
He obtained a Bachelor's degree in [[Arabic language]] from the Faculty of Education at the Islamic University and pursued the teaching profession, then worked in the private sector.

==Resistance Activities==
Abu Muammar joined the [[Hamas|Hamas Movement]] in 1989 AD and participated in the implementation of its national activities. During his student years, he was one of the active members of the Islamic and Guild Council of the University and held several organizational positions within Hamas.

==Oslo Accords, the Basis of Palestine's Problems==
He believed that the [[Oslo Accords|Oslo Agreement]] was the basis of disasters and a factor in the division of the people of [[Palestine]], and caused a group of Palestinian people to sign an agreement through which they overlooked the historical rights of the Palestinian people and then reaped illusion and mirage.

==Hamas's Logical Stances==
According to him, the [[Fatah|Fatah Movement]], by accepting the [[Oslo Accords]], closed the doors of national participation and monopolized everything, while [[Hamas]] strengthened participation and exchange of views, and its positions were close or similar to the position of other factions. He emphasized that Hamas was able to turn the idea of unity and participation into important projects such as: forming the National Authority for the Marches of Return and Breaking the Siege, supporting Palestinians in the 1948 occupied territories, forming a Joint Operations Room. And Hamas did not make any important decision until after national consensus.

==Resistance, the Solution to the Palestine Crisis==
Abu Muammar believed that resistance against the occupiers in any form and method, especially military resistance, was achievable and the future belongs to resistance. And its Arab and Islamic power and depth strengthens conflicts in its vast regions, and the legitimate presence of resistance leads to larger, stronger, and more empowered equations in achieving the freedom of [[Palestine]]. In his belief, keeping the [[Gaza Strip]] under siege, the occupation of the [[West Bank]], transferring power to a security institution in exchange for money, eliminating the issue of refugees, and expanding crime inside the occupied territories are among the strategies of the [[Zionist regime]]. While the Palestinian people confront this with resistance in the Gaza Strip, revolution in the West Bank, and adherence to national identity and resistance against Judaization and Israelization projects in the lands related to 1948 AD. And the [[Fatah|Palestinian Authority]] has marginalized the role of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestine Liberation Organization]] and considers it part of its own circles, emptying it of its content and purpose, and turning it into a trump card that it uses for its own benefit when necessary. While [[Hamas]] calls for reforming and rebuilding the organization and does not seek alternative projects, as this causes increased division in Palestine, and keeping the doors of the organization closed to Hamas movements and [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]], causes the loss of legitimacy and status of the Palestinian Authority, as a representative of the Palestinian people. In his belief, the policy of reference and principle in the West Bank is to prevent the use of any trump card that hinders Palestinian unity and achieving the goals of the Palestinian people, and except for that, no other project will succeed; because this land cannot have anything but a purely Palestinian entity and there is no sovereignty except for the Palestinian nation. And the current political system of Palestine, which is represented by the Autonomous Government, does not have a balance of decision-making and representation, and the vast majority of the Fatah movement does not trust this interest group, and calls for the necessity of mobilizing the Palestinian people everywhere against the occupiers, adhering to a project called the Resistance Project.

==Undesirable Situation of Arabs==
He believes that the situation of the Arabs is bad, because there are regimes that have allowed themselves to be self-satisfied and normalize their relations with the enemy, and by doing so, they first harm themselves and in the second stage harm their own people, but they trust the Arab people and their free will that rejects this mockery.

==Imprisonment==
He suffered during his struggle. The Israeli occupation regime arrested him twice in the years 1992 AD, and 1994 AD, and the Palestinian Authority security services arrested him five times between the years 1996 AD, and 1999 AD.

==Martyrdom==
Finally, Zakaria Abu Muammar was [[Martyrdom|martyred]] on 10 October 2023 AD, during the [[Al-Aqsa Flood|Operation Al-Aqsa Flood]]<ref>[https://vision-pd.org/%D8%B2%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1/ Zakaria Abu Muammar, Vision Center for Political Development website].</ref>.

==Reactions==
[[Hamas|Hamas Movement]] announced in a statement that it is mourning its martyr leaders in the [[Al-Aqsa Flood operation|Battle of Al-Aqsa Flood]]. The Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas added: To the children of the [[Palestine]] nation, to the masses of the Arab and Islamic nations, and to all free people of the world, we offer condolences for the martyrdom of the great people and the heroic resistance, at the head of whom are their leaders whom God honored with the dignity of martyrdom and who ascended in the epic of [[Al-Aqsa Flood]]. The movement announced the names of the martyr leaders and their leadership positions in this statement:
[[File:Zakaria_Abuammer.jpg|frameless|left|]]
* Martyr leader [[Ismail Haniyeh]] (Abu al-Abd), Head of the Political Bureau of [[Hamas]];
* Martyr leader [[Yahya Sinwar]] (Abu Ibrahim), Head of the Political Bureau of Hamas;
* Martyr leader [[Saleh al-Arouri|Saleh al-Arouri]] (Abu Muhammad), Deputy Head of the Political Bureau of Hamas;
* Martyr leader [[Taysir Ibrahim]] (Abu Muhammad), Head of the Supreme Judicial Council of Hamas;
* Martyr leader [[Usama al-Muzayyin|Usama al-Muzayyin]] (Abu Hammad), Head of the Hamas Movement Shura Council in the [[Gaza Strip]];
* Martyr leader [[Ruhi Mushtaha]] (Abu Jamal), member of the Hamas Political Bureau;
* Martyr leader Sameh Saraj (Abu Fikri), member of the Hamas Political Bureau;
* Martyr leader [[Marwan Abdulkarim Issa|Marwan Issa]] (Abu al-Bara), member of the Hamas Political Bureau;
* Martyr leader Zakaria Muammer (Abu Ahmed), member of the Hamas Political Bureau;
* Martyr leader [[Jamila al-Shanti]] (Umm Abdullah), member of the Hamas Political Bureau;
* Martyr leader Jawad Abu Shammala (Abu Karam), member of the Hamas Political Bureau;
* Martyr leader Sami Ouda (Abu Khalil), Head of the Hamas General Security Service in the Gaza Strip;
* Martyr leader Mohammed Abu Askar (Abu Khaled), member of the Hamas Movement Administrative Office in the Gaza Strip;
* Martyr leader Khaled al-Najjar (Abu Ubada), member of the [[West Bank]] leadership;
* Martyr leader Yassin Rubiee (Abu Shahid), member of the West Bank leadership;
* Martyr leader Fathallah Sharif (Abu al-Amin), member of the Foreign Command and Hamas leader in [[Lebanon]];
The Movement pledged to our people and nation to remain loyal to the resistance and its great leaders until complete freedom, the expulsion of the enemy, and the return of our people, founded upon the blood of our nation's martyrs, and to bear the trust for which they were martyred<ref>[https://hamasinfo.info/2025/01/31/5313/ Hamas mourns its martyr leaders in the Al-Aqsa Flood battle, Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas website]. </ref>.

==See also==
* [[Al-Aqsa Flood operation]]
* [[Jamila al-Shanti]]
* [[Usama al-Muzayyin]]
* [[Saleh al-Arouri]]
* [[Ruhi Mushtaha]]
* [[Taysir Ibrahim]]
* [[Yahya Sinwar]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [https://vision-pd.org/%D8%B2%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1/ Zakaria Abuammer, Vision Center for Political Development website], Date of publication: 31 January 2025 AD, Date of access: 18 Bahman 1403 SH.
* [https://hamasinfo.info/2025/01/31/5313/ Hamas mourns its martyr leaders in the Al-Aqsa Flood battle, Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas website], Date of publication: 31 January 2025 AD, Date of access: 18 Bahman 1403 SH.
{{Palestine}}
[[Category:Palestine]]
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Israeli crimes]]

Draft:Zakaria Soliman Bayoumi

2026-06-27T06:03:24Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Zakaria Soliman Bayoumi
| image = Zakaria Soliman Bayoumi.jpg
| native_name =
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1945 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Egypt]]
| death_year = 2021 AD
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Egypt]]
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam]]
| works = {{Flatlist|''The Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Groups in Egyptian Political Life''|''Modern Egypt Between Ideological and National Belonging''| ...}}
| organizations = {{Flatlist|Cooperation with [[Muslim Brotherhood]]|}}
| website =
}}

'''Zakaria Soliman Bayoumi''' born 12 October 1945 AD, in the Menoufia Governorate, Ashmoun Center, [[Egypt]], and was a member of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].

== Biography ==
He was born on 12 October 1945 AD, in the Menoufia Governorate, Ashmoun Center, Egypt. Despite difficult circumstances, his father was very keen on enrolling him in school until he finally registered him. After completing his primary and secondary education, he went to university and graduated from the Faculty of Arts at Ain Shams University.

== Challenges in the Academic Path ==
He strove for knowledge and scientific research at a time when information and scientific sources related to his field were scarce, to the extent that in the seventies he chose a topic that was within the scope of security topics and about the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. He insisted until the university agreed to his topic, and its title was "[[Muslim Brotherhood]] and Islamic Groups in Egyptian Political Life from 1928 AD to 1948 AD," which was largely beneficial for the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and its history. This drew the attention of the state security to him, and for this reason, they harassed him, but it seemed that this man believed in his research method and indeed completed his thesis, and in November 1978 AD, he discussed its honors. Although he paid a heavy price for defending the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].

== Travel Abroad ==
Great storms from the regime of [[Anwar Sadat]] awaited him until they prevented his appointment, harassed him, and even threatened him with arrest until, on the advice of someone, he left Egypt; otherwise, he would have been arrested, and it was not possible for him to work with an academic degree in [[Egypt]]. For this reason, he traveled to [[Saudi Arabia]] and worked at the Islamic University ''Muhammad bin Saud'' alongside the [[Al-Haramain]], and lived there for years. When the situation calmed down and the [[Egypt]] regime changed and state security forgot about him, he was appointed as a professor of history at the Faculty of Education at Mansoura University and headed the Department of Modern and Contemporary History at the faculty.

== Wife's Illness ==
Dr. Mustafa Rajab says: God Almighty tested him with his wife's illness and her need for treatment; to go, he found no alternative to resignation; but he traveled with his wife for treatment to [[England]]. He was with her in [[Europe]] until God granted her [[healing]] and he returned with her. He resumed his activity at his university again. He stayed at home until the age of fifty-eight until his death and was confined to his library to pay the price for his defense of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. I met him at the Al-Binaa Institute for the Preparation of Scholars in Zahraa Al-Maadi, which was established by the imprisoned professor Dr. Salah Sultan. There, he taught the philosophy of history to the institute's students, and I was the scientific supervisor of the institute, and he was the history scholar and its philosopher, and he was among the supporters of the January 2011 Revolution in [[Egypt]].

== Works ==
Dr. Mustafa Rajab says about his books: that his works are unique in their place and have no equivalent in the Arab historical library, including his works:

# ''The Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Groups in Egyptian Political Life 1928 AD - 1948 AD''.
# ''Modern Egypt Between Ideological and National Belonging''.
# ''Sufism and the Game of Politics in Modern and Contemporary Egypt: A Historical Documentary Study''.
# ''The Muslim Brotherhood Between Nasser and Sadat: From Al-Manshiya to the Platform 1952 AD – 1981 AD''.
# ''Political and Social Trends Between Renewers and Conservatives: A Historical Study in the Thought of Sheikh Muhammad Abduh''.
# ''The Arabs Between Nationalism and Islam: An Islamic Reading in Modern and Contemporary History''.
# ''The Arabs Between Iranian Influence and the American Zionist Plan''.
# ''A New Reading in the History of the Ottomans: The Colonial Masonic Crusader Alliance and Striking the Islamic Trend''.
# ''An Islamic Reading in the History of the Ottoman State: The Jewish Colonial Alliance and the Tearing Apart of the Islamic State''.
# ''The Islamic Trend in the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 AD''.
# ''Peasant Issues in the Egyptian Parliament 1924-1936 AD''.
# ''The Arabs Between Nationalism and Islam: An Islamic Reading in Modern and Contemporary History''.
# ''The National Party and Its Role in Egyptian Politics 1907-1953 AD''.
# ''The Islamic Idea and the National Idea in Modern Egypt''.

== Death ==
He died on Friday, 14 Rajab 1442 AH, corresponding to 6 February 2021 AD.

== References ==
* See: Entry Zakaria Soliman Bayoumi in Ikhwan Wiki; [http://ikhwanwiki.com ikhwanwiki.com].

{{Egypt}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Egypt]]

Draft:Zohran Mamdani

2026-06-27T04:52:19Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| title = Zohran Mamdani
| image = Zohran Mamdani.jpg
| name = Zohran Mamdani
| other_names = Zohran Ghawam Mamdani
| birth_year = 1991 CE
| birth_date = October 18
| birth_place = {{hlist | Kampala Uganda}}
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| works =
| occupations = {{hlist | Representative of District 36 in the State Assembly | First Muslim Mayor of New York City}}
| website =
}}

'''Zohran Mamdani''', Representative of District 36 in the State Assembly and the first [[Muslim]] mayor, belonging to the Khoja community (Khoja), of Indian descent, who won the 2025 CE elections with 52 percent of the vote. Condemnation of [[2025 US attacks on Iran's nuclear sites|US air strikes on Iran's nuclear facilities]], serious opposition to [[Donald Trump]], criticism of [[Zionist regime|Israel]] in the [[2023 Gaza War|Gaza War]], and support for [[Palestine]]; are among his viewpoints.

==Biography==
Zohran Ghawam Mamdani was born on October 18, 1991 CE, in Kampala, the capital of Uganda, to a family of Indian descent. His father, Mahmood Mamdani, was a theorist of the post-colonial movement and a professor at Columbia University, and his mother, Fatima Raja, was a researcher and women's rights activist. Due to the political conditions in Uganda, his family migrated to New York in 1991 CE and settled in the Queens neighborhood, where Zohran first experienced racial discrimination, economic pressure, and immigrant problems.

==Education==
He migrated to New York with his family at the age of 7 and completed his elementary and secondary education at the famous Bronx High School of Science. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from "Bowdoin College" and then a Master of Arts in International Relations from Columbia University, and during his student years, he played an active role in the "Occupy Wall Street" protests and there founded the "Students for [[Palestine]]" association<ref>[https://www.rouydad24.ir/fa/news/419118/%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-%7C%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9-%D9%88-%D8%B3%DB%8C Who is Zohran Mamdani? |Shia Mayor of New York and New Star of the Democratic Party, Rooydad 24]. </ref>.

==Religion and Sect==
Zohran Mamdani belongs to the Khoja community (Khoja), a branch of [[Shia Islam|Shias]] with roots in South Asia (Gujarat and Sindh), which although culturally and historically different from Shias of [[Iran]], nevertheless share common principles of belief. His father was [[Muslim]] and his mother was Hindu, and he was raised in an interfaith family and participates in Islamic and Hindu festivals and holidays. However, he considers himself a [[Shia Islam|Twelver Shia]] and participates in [[Ashura]] ceremonies<ref>[https://tirdadname.ir/zohran-mamadani/ Who is Zohran Mamdani? Biography of the Muslim Mayor of New York]. </ref>.

==Activities==
Mamdani was attracted to social activities from adolescence and alongside his studies, entered the world of music under the stage name "Mr. Cardamom" and in his works criticized capitalism and social injustice, and this path led him to direct connection with groups of immigrant and marginalized youth.
He worked as a consultant for foreclosure prevention and housing and helped low-income homeowners of color in Queens regarding eviction notices and efforts to stay in their homes. In 2017 CE, he joined the Democratic Socialists of [[United States|America]] (DSA) movement. In 2020 CE, he entered the State Assembly as the Representative of District 36 of New York. The main axes of his activities were: affordable housing, free and equitable education, criminal justice and reduction of police violence, increasing the minimum wage; during this period he supported major plans such as: "Green New Deal for New York".

==Victory in New York City Mayoral Election==
Mamdani entered the race as an independent candidate in the November 2025 CE elections, following widespread scandals of the former mayor. His campaign with the slogan "New York for Everyone" focused on three main crises: increasing homelessness, class gap and inequality, and climate change and urban pollution. He won with 52 percent of the vote and earned the title of the first socialist mayor of New York in the recent decade. His programs as mayor include:
* $50 billion investment for construction and renovation of public housing;
* Reducing the police budget and allocating it to social services, health, and education;
* Developing free and green public transportation;
* Combating structural [[Racism]] and supporting immigrants.

==Reactions==
===Donald Trump===
[[Donald Trump]] following the election of Zohran Mamdani as mayor, wrote in a cryptic message on Truth Social: "... and so it begins!" He also wrote in response to the results of the US mayoral and gubernatorial elections: "The fact that Trump's name was not on the ballot and the federal government shutdown were two factors that caused Republicans to lose in tonight's elections".

===Former President of the United States===
Following Zohran Mamdani's victory, [[Barack Obama]], former President of the [[United States of America|United States]] wrote on the X platform: "Congratulations to all Democratic candidates who won tonight. This is a reminder that when we come together behind strong and forward-looking leaders who care about important issues, we can win. We still have much work to do, but the future looks a little brighter".

===Former US President===
Bill Clinton, former US President, wrote on the X platform: "Regarding your election as the next mayor of New York City; I wish you success in your efforts to turn the enthusiasm and passion of your campaign into building a better, fairer, and more affordable New York".

===Former United States Secretary of State===
Hillary Clinton, former Secretary of State of the [[United States of America|United States]] and wife of Bill Clinton, wrote on X: "This year, more people voted in the New York City elections than in the past 50 years. This is a victory for democracy and a testament to Zohran Mamdani's inspiring campaign. Congratulations to the next mayor of the world's largest city".

===Independent Senator from the State of Vermont===
The independent senator from the state of Vermont, who grew up in Brooklyn, expressed joy at Mamdani's victory. Sanders, who had endorsed this democratic socialist in June, wrote on the X platform: "After Mamdani started at one percent in the polls, he has now created one of the biggest political surprises in modern American history". Senator Sanders added: "We can create a government that represents workers, not the one percent. I look forward to working with Zohran as he builds a city that works for everyone".

===Ambassador of the Zionist Regime to the US===
Danny Danon, Ambassador of the [[Zionist regime]] to the [[United States of America|US]], wrote on X: "Mamdani's inflammatory statements will not deter us. The [[Judaism|Jews]] community in New York and across the United States deserves security and respect. We will continue to strengthen our relations with leaders of the Jewish community to ensure their security and well-being".

===Consul General of the Zionist Regime===
The Consul General of the [[Zionist regime]] in New York and former Likud minister described Zohran Mamdani as "a clear and immediate danger to the Jewish community of New York". According to him, Mamdani is considered a "danger" due to his support for pro-[[Palestine]] demonstrations in the city. He claimed that Mamdani allows "pro-[[terrorism]] demonstrators, who are mistakenly labeled here as pro-Palestine", to protest and "riot" in the streets of New York.

===Minister of Diaspora Jewish Affairs outside the Occupied Palestinian Territories===
Also, the Minister of Diaspora Jewish Affairs outside the Occupied Palestinian Territories said: The election of Zohran Mamdani as mayor of New York is a global event, not just an American one. He noted: "[[Zionist regime|Israel]] is not necessarily the main factor for New York Jews voting for Zohran Mamdani"<ref>[http://isna.ir/xdVpBd Reactions to Mamdani's surprising victory in the US elections, ISNA news agency website].</ref>.

==Views==
===Condemnation of United States Airstrikes on Iranian Nuclear Facilities===
[[File:Zohran Mamdani 1.jpg|frameless|right|]]

Mamdani strongly criticized the [[2025 US Attack on Iranian Nuclear Sites|United States airstrikes on Iranian nuclear facilities]], calling it an illegal military action and the initiator of a new chapter of international instability. In his view, the policy of the [[United States|US]] regarding [[Iran]], including the use of force without congressional consultation, is an example of "breach of agreement" and prioritizing military costs over social justice.

===Strong Opposition to Donald Trump===
He has been a staunch opponent of [[Donald Trump]], the President of the [[United States|US]], and has assessed Trump's threats to arrest or deport him as an African-born politician as an "attack on democracy" and a tactic to suppress the voice of the working class. He emphasizes that Trump failed to meet the economic demands of the people during his presidency, such as reducing the cost of living. While Trump has called Mamdani a communist and a disaster, Mamdani has stated that Trump wants to ignite the fire of discord to cover up the failure of his programs in supporting the working class. Trump has introduced Mamdani as a threat to the political and economic ideology of the United States, and in contrast, Mamdani has considered Trump's attempt to ideologize this confrontation as an effort to cover up the failure to address the economic and livelihood problems of the people.

===Controversial Stances on Israel and Palestine===
Mamdani's positions on the [[2023 Gaza War|Gaza War]] and the conflict between [[Palestine]] and [[Israel]] are among the most controversial aspects of his activities. He has always been a staunch supporter of Palestinians and has strongly criticized Israel's policies. He introduced a bill in the New York State Assembly to revoke tax exemptions for institutions that assist Israeli settlements violating human rights laws. Mamdani has repeatedly accused Israel of genocide in [[Gaza]] and following an [[Apartheid]] policy, stating that [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], the Prime Minister of Israel, should be prosecuted. In an interview, he said: "I cannot support the existence of any state that is built on religious inequality or any other criterion. Equality must be implemented in all countries of the world". However, he later said in an interview on "The Late Show" that he believes in the right to existence of Israel as a country and emphasized: "All countries have the right to existence and have a duty to comply with international laws".
He also announced that if elected as mayor, he intends to enforce the International Criminal Court (ICC) warrant against [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and arrest him at the airport<ref>[https://www.tabnak.ir/005cBJ Decoding Zohran Mamdani's File; Who Is He?! , Tabnak Website]. </ref>.

===Zohran Mamdani's Views on the "LGBTQ+" Community===
Zohran Mamdani is considered one of the most explicit and active supporters of the rights of the "LGBTQ+" community among New York politicians. He has always emphasized the necessity of guaranteeing the full rights of this community and promised to turn New York into a "Sanctuary City" if elected mayor. He has also defended allocating budget for providing medical services to transgender individuals, especially in the field of gender-affirming treatments. Mamdani believes that the city hall should be at the forefront of supporting these individuals and no one should face discrimination due to their gender identity or sexual orientation.
He repeatedly attended marches and events related to this target community during his election campaign and spoke about establishing a special office for "LGBTQIA+" affairs in the city hall. His goal from this action is to create a formal institution to pursue the demands of this community in areas such as housing, employment, and health. Mamdani also participated in the New York Pride ceremony and referred to this presence as an opportunity to show real solidarity with this group; a presence that had a wide reflection in the media and added to his position as one of the prominent supporters of this community. Mamdani has now emerged as a different figure, not only in New York but across America; a Muslim, child of immigrants, social activist, and representative of the progressive movement who has unusually managed to enter the field of macro-politics through a popular campaign. He has become a symbol of a new wave of Democrats who challenge the traditional structure of politics in America with the slogan of social justice, reducing the cost of living, and fighting discrimination; regardless of whether he becomes mayor or not, his name is now registered in the political history of America.

==See Also==
* [[Islam]]
* [[Palestine]]
* [[Donald Trump]]
* [[United States]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [https://www.rouydad24.ir/fa/news/419118/%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-%7C%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9-%D9%88-%D8%B3 Who is Zohran Mamdani? |Shiite Mayor of New York and New Star of the Democratic Party, Roydad 24], Publication Date: 14 Aban 1404 SH, Access Date: 15 Aban 1404 SH.

* [http://isna.ir/xdVpBd Reactions to Mamdani's Surprising Victory in the US Elections, ISNA News Agency Website], Publication Date: 14 Aban 1404 SH, Access Date: 15 Aban 1404 SH.

* [https://tirdadname.ir/zohran-mamadani/ Who is Zohran Mamdani? Biography of the Muslim Mayor of New York], Publication Date: 14 Aban 1404 SH, Access Date: 15 Aban 1404 SH.

* [https://www.tabnak.ir/005cBJ Decoding Zohran Mamdani's File; Who Is He?! , Tabnak Website], Publication Date: 14 Aban 1404 SH, Access Date: 15 Aban 1404 SH.

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:United States]]

Draft:Zahra Haddad Adel

2026-06-27T04:36:32Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Zahra Haddad Adel
| تصویر = زهرا حدادعادل.jpg
| نام = Zahra Haddad Adel
| نام‌های دیگر = {{فهرست جعبه افقی| Martyred Lady Zahra Haddad Adel}}
| سال تولد = 1358 SH
| تاریخ تولد =
| محل تولد = {{فهرست جعبه افقی| [[Iran]]| Tehran}}
| سال درگذشت = 1404 SH
| تاریخ درگذشت = 9 Esfand
| محل درگذشت = {{فهرست جعبه افقی| [[Iran]]| Tehran}}
| علت مرگ = {{فهرست جعبه افقی| Martyrdom in US and Israel air attack}}
| دین = [[Islam]]
| مذهب = [[Shia]]
| همسر = {{فهرست جعبه افقی| [[Sayyid Mojtaba Khamenei|Ayatollah Sayyid Mojtaba Khamenei]]}}
| والدین = {{فهرست جعبه افقی| [[Gholamali Haddad Adel]]| Tayebeh Mahrouzadeh}}
| فرزندان = {{فهرست جعبه افقی| Mohammad-Bagher| Mohammad-Amin| Fatemeh}}
| تحصیلات = {{فهرست جعبه افقی| Graduate of Faculty of Communication Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University (Journalism)| Graduate of Broadcasting Faculty| Studied at Farhang School}}
| فعالیت‌ها = {{فهرست جعبه افقی| Cultural and social activities| Media specialist}}
| وبگاه =
}}

'''Zahra Haddad Adel''', the Martyred Lady, was the wife of [[Sayyid Mojtaba Khamenei|Ayatollah Sayyid Mojtaba Khamenei]], the Third Leader of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], and the daughter-in-law of [[Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei]], the Second Leader of Iran. Despite her prominent political and religious lineage and university education in Communication Sciences, she led a quiet life away from media controversies and was [[Martyrdom|martyred]] in [[Tehran]] during the [[2026 US and Israel attack on Iran|US and Israel attack]] on [[Iran]] in the [[Ramadan War]].

== Biography ==
Lady Zahra Haddad Adel was born in 1358 SH in [[Tehran]].

=== Family ===
Her father, Gholamali Haddad Adel, is a prominent Principlist figure, a member of the [[Expediency Discernment Council]], former head of the [[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]], and Speaker of the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly]] during the seventh term. Her mother's name is Tayebeh Mahrouzadeh. She was the daughter of a religious and political family, and her father was considered one of the close advisors to the Martyred Leader of the Revolution.

=== Education ===
She completed her elementary and secondary education at Farhang School. Zahra Haddad Adel held a bachelor's degree in Communication Sciences with a focus on Journalism from the Faculty of Communication Sciences at Allameh Tabataba'i University. She was also a graduate of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting|Broadcasting]] Faculty.

=== Marriage and Children ===
She [[Marriage|married]] [[Sayyid Mojtaba Khamenei|Imam Khamenei]], the second son of the Martyred Leader of the Revolution, in 1378 SH. This union brought the two prominent political and religious families of Iran closer together. The result of this marriage was three children named Mohammad-Bagher, Mohammad-Amin, and Fatemeh.

=== Activities ===
Despite having a special status and access to media facilities, Zahra Haddad Adel appeared less in public and media throughout her life. Her activities were mainly focused on social and cultural fields, and she avoided entering news controversies. Her expertise in media and communications made her a capable individual in managing the family's cultural affairs, but she preferred these activities to be carried out informally and away from controversy and fame.

== Martyrdom ==
Zahra Haddad Adel was [[Martyrdom|martyred]] in Tehran during the extensive and merciless attacks by the [[United States|US]] and [[Israel|Zionist Regime]] on [[Iran]] in Esfand 1404 SH, during the [[Ramadan War]]. In this attack, in addition to her, other members of the Martyred Leader's family also lost their lives, including [[Mesbah-al-Hoda Bagheri-Kani]] (son-in-law) and the Grandchild of the Martyred Leader. Her martyrdom alongside their other loved ones was considered a great loss for the major political and religious families of Iran.

== Reactions ==
=== Family and Close Ones ===
The news of the martyrdom of Lady Haddad Adel and other members of Imam Khamenei's family sparked a wave of grief and sorrow among various strata of the Iranian people and the families of most Martyrs and Veterans. Her husband and children honor her memory in hard war conditions. Gholamali Haddad Adel, on the fortieth day of the martyrdom of this great martyr, composed a poem titled ''''Zahra-ye Man'''' which follows.

{{شعر}}
{{ب|'''Oh dear one, without you my heart is drowned in blood!'''|'''Come back, see what has become of the heart due to separation from you'''}}
{{ب|'''My moonlight! Shine on my dark nights'''|'''The path, without the presence of your moon, has become guideless'''}}
{{ب|'''The patience that was in my heart, has decreased'''|'''The pain that was, without you, has constantly increased'''}}
{{b|'''Wherever there is a poem, it is a song of mourning for you'''|'''Wherever there is a garment, it has become indigo from your grief'''}}
{{ب|'''Sorrow, mountain upon mountain, became crowded in my heart'''|'''Joy has not come in the door, has gone out the door'''}}
{{ب|'''Let me say who I am without you'''|'''A bird that has fallen from the sky to the ground'''}}
{{ب|'''A candle weeping nights in memory of your face'''|'''A wave fallen on its feet, become a prisoner of stillness'''}}
{{ب|'''Heartbroken sitting in a corner like a stranger'''|'''A wise one who without you has become afflicted with madness'''}}
{{ب|'''My Zahra! Martyr blood-sleeping of father!'''|'''Come back, see that without you my heart is drowned in blood''' ...}} {{پایان شعر}}

== See Also ==
* [[2026 US and Israel attack on Iran]]
* [[Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei]]
* [[Sayyid Mojtaba Khamenei]]
* [[Ramadan War]]

== References ==
* [https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/1362193/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B2 About Martyred Lady Zahra Haddad Adel, Wife of the Leader of the Revolution/ Media Specialist but Away from Controversy, Tabnak Website], Date of publication: 19 Esfand 1404 SH, Date of access: 1 Ordibehesht 1405 SH.

* [https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/1802719/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B4 Haddad Adel's Poem for His Martyred Child, Mashregh Website], Date of publication: 20 Farvardin 1404 SH, Date of access: 1 Ordibehesht 1405 SH.

{{جنگ رمضان}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Shia Martyrs]]
[[Category:US Crimes]]
[[Category:Israel Crimes]]

Draft:Zakariya al-Tabbakh

2026-06-27T04:11:09Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| Title =
| Image =
| Name =
| Other Names =
| Birth Year = 1937 AD
| Birth Date =
| Birth Place = [[Egypt]]
| Death Year =
| Death Date =
| Death Place =
| Teachers =
| Students =
| Religion = [[Islam]]
| Sect = [[Sunni Islam]]
| Works =
| Activities = Cooperation with [[Muslim Brotherhood]]
| Website =
}}

'''Zakariya al-Tabbakh''' born 1937 AD, in Alexandria Governorate, is the youngest prisoner in the prisons of [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. He moved to [[Cairo]] and joined Al-Nahda School in the Sekakini neighborhood and says about himself: "I am not from the first generation of [[Muslim Brotherhood]]; because these are a blessed group of benevolent individuals who have much knowledge, religion, and effort in the way of the call, and I am still at the beginning of my path.

== Cooperation with the Brotherhood ==
In 1955 AD, he was a second-year high school student, who was no more than seventeen years old and knew nothing about political parties or the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] except for little of what he had heard from the media. And from that young age, he began his cooperation with the Brotherhood.

== With the Brotherhood During Arrest ==
After a while, the Brotherhood members were transferred to Qena Prison in [[Upper Egypt]], this prison had only one wing consisting of four floors, each divided into 64 cells, located in the dry desert of Qena which has a continental climate, very cold at night and very hot during the day. Transfer to this prison is exile aimed at achieving its goal, which is being away from people, family, and loved ones.

=== Evaluation of That Period ===
Mr. '''Zakariya''' says about his evaluation of that period:
I was the youngest prisoner in the prisons of [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], I had a brother in the army who was connected with ''Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer'', he acted for my release and this was after five years and after my mother's blindness and the answer they gave was: This man is dangerous!!
Imagine that I am 17 years old that I am dangerous to the country's security and after ten full years, at the age of 27 I leave prison without an educational certificate and a profession.

== References ==
* See: Entry Zakariya al-Tabbakh in Ikhwan Wiki; [http://ikhwanwiki.com ikhwanwiki.com.].

{{Egypt}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Egypt]]

Draft:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam

2026-06-27T04:06:21Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
| image = Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.jpg
| full_name = Zubayr ibn al-Awwam al-Qurashi al-Asadi
| kunya = Abu Abdullah
| birth_place = [[Mecca]]
| death_date = 36 AH
| death_place = [[Battle of the Camel]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| activities = {{hlist |Opposition to the [[Saqifah Bani Sa'idah|Saqifah Council]] |Member of the Six-Man Council under the Three Caliphs |Voted for the [[Caliphate]] of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (AS)]] |Role in the killing of [[Uthman]] |Leader of the [[Battle of the Camel]] against [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (AS)]] }}
}}
'''Zubayr ibn al-Awwam al-Qurashi al-Asadi''', son of the paternal aunt of [[Muhammad|the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)]], was one of the [[Companions]] of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) and one of the [[Ten Promised Paradise]] from the perspective of [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]]. He was among the first converts to [[Islam]] and among the [[Muhajirun]] to [[Abyssinia]]. During the [[Saqifah]], he did not accept the ruling of the Saqifah Council and defended the [[Caliph|Caliphate]] of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (AS)]]. Zubayr was a member of the Six-Man Council and voted in favor of Imam Ali (AS). He played an effective role in the revolt against [[Uthman]] and his killing. He defended the Caliphate of Imam Ali (AS), but shortly after, along with [[Talha]], he stood against Imam Ali (AS) and instigated the [[Battle of the Camel]].

== Who is Zubayr ==
Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, with the kunya Abu Abdullah, was the nephew of [[Khadija]]<ref>Al-Maqdisi, ''al-Bida' wa al-Tarikh'', Maktabat al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya, vol. 5, p. 83</ref>. His father, al-Awwam (brother of Khadija), was killed in the [[War of Fijar]]<ref>Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari, ''al-Ma'arif'', 1992 CE, p. 219</ref>. His mother was Safiyya, daughter of [[Abd al-Muttalib]], i.e., the paternal aunt of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] and [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (AS)]]<ref>Al-Maqdisi, ''al-Bida' wa al-Tarikh'', Maktabat al-Thaqafa al-Diniyya, vol. 5, p. 83</ref>. Some consider the Al Zubayr family to be of Egyptian origin and do not accept their attribution to the noble [[Quraysh]] clan; this group relies on a narration according to which Khuyaylid ibn Asad, during a trip to [[Egypt]], brought al-Awwam with him to [[Mecca]], and in fact, al-Awwam was his adopted son<ref>Ibn Abi al-Hadid, ''Sharh Nahj al-Balagha'', 1404 AH, vol. 11, p. 67</ref>. Zubayr married Asma, daughter of [[Abu Bakr]]<ref>Al-Sam'ani, Abd al-Karim ibn Muhammad, ''al-Ansab'', vol. 1, p. 217, edited by Abd al-Rahman ibn Yahya al-Mu'allimi al-Yamani, Hyderabad, Majlis Da'irat al-Ma'arif al-Uthmaniyya, 1st ed., 1382/1962.</ref>.

== Zubayr's Conversion to Islam ==
Historical sources record Zubayr's conversion to Islam after the conversion of [[Abu Bakr|Abu Bakr]]; some have said he was 8 years old at that time<ref>Al-Maqdisi, Abu Nasr ibn Mutahhar ibn Tahir, ''al-Bida' wa al-Tarikh'', vol. 5, p. 83</ref>. However, some other historians considered him a 15-year-old adolescent at that time<ref>Ibn Abd al-Barr, Abu Umar Yusuf ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad (d. 463), ''al-Isti'ab fi Ma'rifat al-Ashab'', vol. 2, p. 510, edited by Ali Muhammad al-Bajawi, Beirut, Dar al-Jil, 1st ed., 1412/1992</ref><ref>Ibn al-Athir, Ali, ''Usd al-Ghaba'', vol. 2, p. 98</ref>. In a report, it is stated that he was the same age as Imam Ali (AS)<ref>Ibn Abd al-Barr, Abu Umar Yusuf ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad (d. 463), ''al-Isti'ab fi Ma'rifat al-Ashab'', vol. 2, p. 511, edited by Ali Muhammad al-Bajawi, Beirut, Dar al-Jil, 1st ed., 1412/1992.</ref>. In this case, he could not have converted to Islam at the age of eight, and the age of 15 seems correct. Zubayr is considered the fifth or sixth convert to Islam<ref>Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi, Muhammad, ''al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', vol. 3, p. 75</ref>.

== Zubayr during the Prophet's Time ==

=== Before the Hijrah ===
There is not much news about Zubayr before the [[Hijrah]] except that he is counted among the [[Muhajirun|Migrants]] to [[Abyssinia]]<ref>''Tarikh Ibn Khaldun'', vol. 2, p. 415</ref>. When Zubayr and other migrants were in Abyssinia, it was rumored that [[Quraysh]] had converted to [[Islam]], so some of the migrants, including [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam|Zubayr]], returned to [[Mecca]]<ref>''Tarikh Ibn Khaldun'', vol. 2, p. 415</ref>.

=== Pact of Brotherhood ===
One of the actions that the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) took after the [[Hijrah]] to [[Medina]] was establishing the [[Pact of Brotherhood]] between [[Muslims]]; at that time, a pact of brotherhood was made between Zubayr and [[Abdullah ibn Masud]]<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', vol. 3, p. 75</ref>. In another narration, the pact of brotherhood between Zubayr and Salama ibn Salama ibn Waqsh is mentioned<ref>''Tarikh Ibn Khaldun'', vol. 2, p. 423</ref>.

== Presence in Battles ==
Zubayr's presence in the [[Battle of Badr]]<ref>Al-Sam'ani, ''al-Ansab'', vol. 1, p. 216; Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', vol. 3, p. 77</ref>, [[Uhud]], and [[Conquest of Mecca]] has been reported<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', vol. 3, p. 77</ref>.

== Killing of Zubayr ==
In the ''[[Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra|Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra]]'' it is stated: After [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali (AS)]] reminded Zubayr of the [[hadith]] of [[Muhammad|the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny)]]; that hadith which the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) had said to Zubayr: "O Zubayr, you will soon fight with Ali (AS), while you are wronging him."
Zubayr left the battlefield and fled towards Medina<ref>Encyclopedia of Amir al-Mu'minin (AS) based on Quran, Hadith and History, Muhammad Muhammadi Rayshahri, Organization for Printing and Publishing Dar al-Hadith, Qom, 1386, vol. 5, p. 167</ref>. After Zubayr's withdrawal, Amr ibn Jurmuz, along with several of his companions, pursued him and surprised and killed him in a place called Wadi al-Siba<ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol. 4, p. 511</ref>. He then went to [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali]] and told the gatekeeper to get permission for the killer of Zubayr to enter. The Imam said: Allow him to enter and give him the glad tidings of the fire of [[Hell]]<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', vol. 3, p. 254</ref>. The Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) had also said about the killer of Zubayr: The place of the killer of Zubayr is the Fire<ref>Ibn Asakir, ''Tarikh Madinat Dimashq'', vol. 18, p. 421</ref>.

The Imam expressed dissatisfaction with the killing of Zubayr, and when he saw his sword, recalling Zubayr's bravery in the early Islamic wars, he said: This sword has removed grief from the face of the Messenger of God many times<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', vol. 3, p. 78</ref>.

== Construction of Mosque and Building over the Grave ==
[[Ibn al-Jawzi|Ibn al-Jawzi al-Hanbali]] writes in his history: "In the year 386 AH, the people of [[Basra]], after certain events, built a [[mosque]], dome, and shrine over Zubayr's grave and endowed many properties to it as [[waqf]]<ref>Ibn al-Jawzi, ''al-Muntazam fi Tarikh al-Muluk wa al-Umam'', vol. 14, p. 383</ref>".

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companions]]
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Historical Figures]]

Draft:Zahir bin Amr Kindi

2026-06-27T04:01:12Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Zahir bin Amr Kindi
| تصویر = Zahir.jpg
| نام = Zahir bin Amr Kindi
| نام‌های دیگر = Zahir bin Amr
| سال تولد =
| تاریخ تولد =
| محل تولد =
| سال درگذشت = 61 AH
| تاریخ درگذشت =
| محل درگذشت = Karbala, Iraq
| استادان =
| شاگردان =
| دین = Islam
| مذهب = Shia
| آثار =
| وبگاه =
}}
'''Zahir bin Amr Kindi''' is one of the martyrs of [[Karbala]]<ref>[https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C Zahir bin Amr Kindi]</ref>. He was among the companions of [[Muhammad|the Prophet]] (peace be upon him and his progeny). He has been reported as the slave of Amr bin Hamq Khuzai, who lived secretly due to the order for their execution by [[Muawiyah]]. He is mentioned in the events of [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]] and [[Khaybar]]. He joined the caravan of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn ibn Ali (peace be upon him)]] in [[Mecca]]. He is mentioned in [[Ziyarat Nahiyah Muqaddasah]] and [[Ziyarat Rajabiyyah]]. His age at the time of martyrdom is stated as 70 years, and he was considered to belong to the Kindah tribe<ref>Binesh and others, Research on the Martyrs of Karbala, 164–165. Sangari, ''Mirror Bearers of the Sun'', Vol 1, p 534</ref> <ref>[https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88#CITEREF%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C1386 Zahir]</ref>.

== Name ==
Some have stated his name as Zahid<ref>Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir, ''Bihar al-Anwar'', Vol 45, p 72</ref> and others as Zahir<ref>Imadzadeh, Hossein, ''What Day is Ashura?'', Vol 1, p 254</ref>. Zahir bin Amr was among the elders of the Kindah tribe and a resident of [[Kufa]]. He was among the Shia elders and a warrior of his time. [[Ibn Athir]]<ref>Usd al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah, Ibn Athir, Izz al-Din Ali bin Ahmad bin Abi al-Karam, edited by Adel Ahmad Refai, Beirut: 1417 AH / 1966 AD. Fi Ma'rifat al-Sahabah, Ibn Athir, Izz al-Din Ali bin Ahmad bin Abi al-Karam, edited by Adel Ahmad Refai, Beirut: 1417 AH / 1966 AD., Vol 2, p 138</ref> and [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]]<ref>Al-Isabah fi Tamyiz al-Sahabah, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Ahmad bin Ali, edited by Ali Muhammad Bajawi, Beirut: Mu'assasat al-Tarikh al-Arabi, 1328 AH., Vol 1, p 523</ref> considered him the son of al-Aswad bin Hajjaj al-Aslami and from the Qahtani Arabs and from the Banu Aslam tribe, but some have distinguished between Zahir bin Amr Kindi and Zahir Aslami.

== Zahir bin Amr or Zahir bin Aswad ==
Zahir bin Amr, was among the friends and companions of Amr bin Hamq Khuzai and among the martyrs of Karbala<ref>Kufi, Fadil, Tasmiyah man Qutila ma'a al-Husayn, Vol 1, p 29</ref><ref>Hamid bin Ahmad, ''Al-Hada'iq al-Wardiyyah'', Vol 1, p 104</ref><ref>Tusi, Muhammad bin Hasan, ''Rijal al-Tusi'', Vol 1, p 101</ref><ref>Ibn Shahr Ashub, Muhammad bin Ali, ''Manaqib Al Abi Talib'', Vol 3, p 240</ref>. In some sources, it is stated that he is the same Zahir -bin Amr or Aswad- Aslami who was present in the Pledge of the Tree and the Battle of Khaybar, and his son "Bahzah" narrated a hadith from the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) through him<ref>Ibn Athir, Abu al-Hasan, ''Usd al-Ghabah'', Vol 2, p 192- 193</ref><ref>Asqalani, Ibn Hajar, ''Al-Isabah fi Tamyiz al-Sahabah'', Vol 2, p 451- 452</ref><ref>Asqalani, Ibn Hajar, ''Tahdhib al-Tahdhib'', Vol 10, p 45</ref><ref>Mamaqani, Abdullah, ''Tanqih al-Maqal'', Vol 28, p 30</ref>. While others have introduced these two personalities - namely Zahir and Zahir Aslami - separately<ref>Mamaqani, Abdullah, ''Tanqih al-Maqal'', Vol 28, p 26</ref><ref>Testari, Muhammad Taqi, ''Qamus al-Rijal'', Vol 4, p 402- 404</ref><ref>Khui, Abu al-Qasim, ''Mu'jam Rijal al-Hadith'', Vol 8, p 221</ref><ref>Ardabili, Muhammad Ali, ''Jami' al-Ruwat'', Vol 1, p 324</ref><ref>Husayni Tafreshi, Mustafa, ''Naqd al-Rijal'', Vol 2, p 251- 252</ref><ref>Qahpai, Inayatullah bin Ali, ''Majma' al-Rijal'', Vol 4, p 403- 404</ref><ref>Amin, Muhsin, ''A'yan al-Shi'ah'', Vol 7, p 41- 42</ref><ref>Tusi, Muhammad bin Hasan, ''Rijal al-Tusi'', Vol 1, p 101</ref><ref>Tusi, Muhammad bin Hasan, ''Rijal al-Tusi'', Vol 1, p 39</ref>.

== Struggle Against Muawiyah's Oppression ==
Zahir was a tested champion, brave and renowned for his love for the Prophet's family (peace be upon him and his progeny)<ref>Mamaqani, Abdullah, ''Tanqih al-Maqal'', Vol 28, p 30</ref><ref>Samawi, Muhammad bin Tahir, ''Absar al-Ayn'', Vol 1, p 173</ref>. After the martyrdom of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (peace be upon him)]], alongside Amr bin Hamq, he rose up against the oppressive government of Muawiyah and his puppet agent, Ziyad. When Muawiyah issued the order for the arrest and killing of Zahir and Amr, both fled the city and took to the mountains and deserts. Until Amr bin Hamq was bitten by a snake in his hiding place and then was arrested by government agents to be martyred, but Zahir remained alive.

== Presence in Karbala ==
Zahir was honored to meet Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) in the 60th year of Hijrah during the season of [[Hajj|Hajj]] and came to Karbala with him and attained the honor of martyrdom in the first attack on the [[Day of Ashura]]<ref>Ibn Asakir, Ali bin Hasan, ''Tarikh Madinat Dimashq'', Vol 45, p 502- 503</ref><ref>Mamaqani, Abdullah, ''Tanqih al-Maqal'', Vol 28, p 30-31</ref><ref>Samawi, Muhammad bin Tahir, ''Absar al-Ayn'', Vol 1, p 173</ref><ref>Ibn Shahr Ashub, Muhammad bin Ali, ''Manaqib Al Abi Talib'', Vol 3, p 260</ref>.

== Status of Zahir ==
In the Ziyarat attributed to Nahiyah Muqaddasah and Ziyarat Rajabiyyah, such greetings have been sent upon him: السَّلامُ عَلی زَاهِرٍ مَولَی‌ عَمْروِ بْنِ الْحمق<ref>Ibn Tawus, Ali bin Musa, ''Al-Iqbal bi-l-A'mal al-Hasanah'', Vol 3, p 79</ref><ref>Ibn Tawus, Ali bin Musa, ''Al-Iqbal bi-l-A'mal al-Hasanah'', Vol 3, p 346</ref>.

== Descendants of Zahir ==
Muhammad bin Sinan, Abu Ja'far Zahiri (d. 220 AH), companion of [[Ali ibn Musa|Imam Reza (peace be upon him)]] and author of the books ''Al-Tara'if'', ''Al-Azillah'', ''Al-Makasib'' and ..., is from the descendants of this "Zahir"<ref>Najashi, Ahmad bin Ali, ''Rijal al-Najashi'', Vol 1, p 328</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Shia Personalities]]
[[Category:Martyrs of Karbala]]

Draft:Reza Khan

2026-06-21T16:01:44Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Reza Khan
| تصویر = RezaKhan2.jpg
| نام = Reza Pahlavi
| نام‌های دیگر = Sardar Sepah
| سال تولد = 1256 SH
| تاریخ تولد =
| محل تولد = {{فهرست جعبه افقی |Alasht |Mazandaran |[[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] }}
| سال درگذشت = 1323 SH
| تاریخ درگذشت =
| محل درگذشت = {{فهرست جعبه افقی |Johannesburg |South Africa }}
| استادان =
| شاگردان =
| دین = [[Islam]]
| مذهب = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| آثار =
| فعالیت‌ها = Founder of the Pahlavi Dynasty
| وبگاه =
}}
'''Reza Pahlavi''' was the first Pahlavi king (from 1304 to 1320) and the founder of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]]. Reza Shah's reign marked the end of the rule of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajars]] and the beginning of the Pahlavi era, which ended with the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Iranian Revolution]] in 1357.
Pahlavi was previously the family name of Mirza Mahmoud Khan, a member of the Post Ministry and telegraphic title of the Imperial Bank, which Reza Khan used due to its similarity and adopted for himself.
He was born in 1256 SH (1295 AH) in the village of "Alasht" in the subdistrict of "Savadkuh" in [[Mazandaran]] province. He was from an obscure Turkic-speaking military family in Mazandaran. His father <big>Dadash Beyg</big> was attributed to the <big>Palani</big> tribe. When he was an infant, he lost his father and came to [[Tehran]] with his mother from Savadkuh.

== Reza Pahlavi at a Glance ==
Reza Shah Pahlavi was the Shah of Iran (from 1304 to 1320) and the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. Reza Shah's reign marked the end of the rule of the Qajars and the beginning of the Pahlavi era, which ended with the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Iranian Revolution]] in 1357<ref>Iranian Society During the Reign of Reza Shah - Ehsan Tabari</ref> .<ref>Rah-e Tudeh — Iranian Society During the Reign of Reza Shah</ref>.

Reza, who was an orphaned child, spent his childhood in poverty. He joined the military from adolescence and went through the ranks of promotion. On the third day of [[Esfand]] 1299, he arranged a coup. As a result of this [[coup]], the [[Cossack]] forces under the command of Reza Khan occupied [[Tehran]].

Reza Khan initially, as Minister of War, eliminated many unrests and banditries. On 3 Aban 1302, Reza Khan was appointed Prime Minister by the order of [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]] and initially made an attempt towards republicanism. But in 1304, he reached kingship. He was finally forced to leave the throne in 1320 under the pressure of [[United Kingdom|England]] and died three years later in Johannesburg (South Africa) of [[death]] natural causes<ref>Najafqoli Pasian and Khosrow Motazed, From Savadkuh to Johannesburg: The Life of Reza Shah Pahlavi, Third Publishing, 786 pages, Third Edition, 1382, ISBN 964-6404-20-0</ref>.

== Titles ==
Reza Shah was called by various titles during his life and even after that for various reasons. In his youth, he was named <big>Reza Savadkuhi</big> after the region he came from. Upon entering the military, due to the use of the Maxim machine gun, he was called <big>Reza Maxim</big> and later <big>Reza Khan</big> and then, with the mention of his military rank, he was known as <big>Reza Khan Mirpanj</big>.

After the coup of 1299 and taking hold of the Ministry of War and command of the armed forces, he was called <big>Sardar Sepah</big>. After reaching kingship and choosing the family name Pahlavi, he was called <big>Reza Shah Pahlavi</big>. Before this, family names were not used in Iran and Reza Shah made the use of family names mandatory for the first time. <ref>Albrecht Schnabel and Amin Saikal (2003), Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges, and Modernization. URL pp91</ref> In 1328, by the approval of the [[National Consultative Assembly|Majles]], the title <big>Reza Shah the Great</big> was given to him<ref>History of Twenty Years of Iran. Hossein Makki. Publisher Name. 1363 Tehran </ref>.

== In the Cossack Brigade ==
At the age of 12 or 14, through Samsam (from the entourage of Ali-Asghar Khan Amin al-Sultan Prime Minister), one of his relatives, he entered the Savadkuh regiment and became a Tabin (soldier). It is narrated from himself that at the time of entry he was so young that others would mount him on a horse.
In 1275 [[Solar Hijri calendar|SH]] after the assassination of [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]], the Savadkuh regiment was called to Tehran to guard the embassy and government centers. During his service in the Cossack House, he was for a time a guard at the [[Germany]] embassy in Tehran. His signature for the daily shift change is still kept at this location.

Then he was appointed as sergeant of the guards of the [[Russia]] Loan Bank in [[Mashhad]] and after a while as Vakil-bashi (Lieutenant to Captain)<ref>Thirty Years with Reza Shah in the Cossack House and Army. Sadeq Adibi. Alborz Publishing. 1385 Tehran ([[Special:BookSources/9644425006|ISBN 964-442-500-6]]) ISBN</ref> of the Sixty Gun Company. In this period, Reza Khan became known as "Reza Maxim" due to the use of one of the few Maxim machine guns of that time<ref>Blood and Oil, Manuchehr Farmanfarmaian. Translator Mehdi Haghighat Khah. Ghoghanoos 1377 Tehran ([[Special:BookSources/9643111490|ISBN 964-311-149-0]])</ref>.

In 1288 SH, along with Bakhtiari riders and [[Armenians]], he was sent to [[Zanjan]] and [[Ardabil Province|Ardabil]] to suppress local riots and uprisings. Then with the rank of Yavari (Colonel) to the command of the rifle group and in 1297 SH to the command of the Atiriad (Brigade) of [[Hamedan]] was appointed.

In this position, he successfully executed a coup against the brigade commander, i.e., Colonel Clergeau, under the command of Starosselski, his deputy. The execution of this coup was coordinated with [[Ahmad Shah|Ahmad Shah]] by Reza Khan and is also known as Reza Khan's First Coup. As a result of this coup, Clergeau returned to Russia and Starosselski became the commander of the Cossack Brigade in Iran<ref>Thirty Years with Reza Shah in the Cossack House and Army. Sadeq Adibi. Alborz Publishing. 1385 Tehran ([[Special:BookSources/9644425006|ISBN 964-442-500-6]]) ISBN</ref>.

With the expulsion of [[Russia]]n officers, the Cossack Brigade was placed under the supervision of an incompetent Iranian officer named Sardar Homayoun and Reza Khan was practically the real commander of the brigade (under General Ironside).

In 1299 SH and a few months before the coup, Reza Khan was sent to [[Gilan]] to participate in suppressing the uprising of [[Mirza Kuchik Khan Jangali]], which led to the retreat of the Cossack forces under the command of Starosselski to the vicinity of [[Qazvin]].

== See Also ==
* [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Iranian Revolution]]
* [[United Kingdom|England]]
* [[Russia]]
* [[Germany]]

== Notes ==
{{پانویس}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Heads of Islamic Countries]]
[[Category:Iran]]

Draft:Reza Rosta Azad

2026-06-21T15:43:42Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| title = Reza Rosta Azad
| image = Reza.png
| name = Reza Rosta Azad
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1340
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tehran]]
| death_year = 1401
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Tehran]]
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam]]
| works =
| activities = {{Flatlist |Professor at the Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology|Founding member of the Global Union of University Thinkers for Approximation [[World Assembly of Muslim Unity]]| }}
| website =
}}
'''Reza Rosta Azad''' born 1340 SH, professor at the Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology and former president of this university, and was one of the founding members of the Global Union of University Thinkers for Approximation [[World Assembly of Muslim Unity]].

== Executive Background ==
He was appointed as the head of this university since Mordad 1389 SH, and late in Esfand of the same year, his presidency decree was confirmed. He was selected for this position by the decree of the then Minister of Science. He was a member of the central council of the Islamic Revolution Benefactors Society.
Dr. Rosta Azad graduated as the top student from Khwarizmi High School, achieved rank 27 in the nationwide Mathematics and Physics entrance exam in 1358 SH, and graduated as the top student in all three levels of Bachelor's (Industrial [[Isfahan]]), Master's (UETU [[Turkey]]), and PhD (Waterloo [[Canada]]).

== Scientific Activities ==
His scientific activities include conducting 39 research projects, publishing 43 articles in reputable domestic and foreign journals, 68 articles in reputable domestic and foreign conferences, and supervising and advising more than 80 Master's and PhD theses. He also has the supervision of Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan's Bachelor's project in his record. Reza Rosta Azad was appointed as the head of Sharif University of Technology by Kamran Daneshjoo, Minister of Science, Research and Technology, on 25 Mordad 1389 SH, and held this position until 16 Shahrivar 1393.

== Death ==
He suffered a stroke in the winter of 1396. After several weeks of hospitalization, his condition improved and he returned to the university in early 1397. He finally passed away at noon on Tuesday, 19 Mehr 1401 SH, after enduring a period of illness.

== See Also ==
* [[World Assembly of Muslim Unity]]
* [[Canada]]
* [[Turkey]]

== References ==
* See: Mehr News Agency.
* See: ISNA.

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Members of Approximation Unions]]
[[Category:Iran]]

Draft:Reza Awada

2026-06-21T15:28:21Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| title = Reza Awada
| image = رضا عواضة.webp
| name = Reza Awada
| other_names = Reza Abbas Awada
| birth_year =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Village of Borj Al-Shamali in Tyre District [[Lebanon]]
| death_year = 1403 SH
| death_date = 28 Mehr
| death_place = Jounieh city due to drone attack by the [[Zionist regime]]
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| works =
| occupations = {{Flatlist|Cybersecurity elites of [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]]|Senior military intelligence officers of Hezbollah|}}
| website =
}}
'''Reza Abbas Awada''' was among the cybersecurity elites of [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]], a senior military intelligence officer of Hezbollah, and a prominent expert in the field of computer networks. He was one of the best instructors in the world in the field of Linux. He, along with his wife, [[Masoumeh Kerbasi]], was martyred on October 20, 2024 AD, equivalent to 28 Mehr 1403 SH, in a drone attack by the [[Zionist regime]] in the city of Jounieh.

==Biography==
Reza Abbas Awada was born in the village of Borj Al-Shamali in the Tyre District of [[Lebanon]].

==Education==
Martyr Awada held a PhD in Computer Engineering with a specialization in Computer Architecture from the [[University of Tehran]] and was a prominent expert in the field of computer networks. He was one of the best instructors in the world in the field of Linux. In 2010 AD, he obtained his master's degree from the American University of Science and Technology in Beirut and worked for 3 years as a key force in the National Router project at the [[University of Tehran]] for 3 years, developing a significant part of this project and registering an invention in line with this project<ref>[https://www.alalam.ir/news/7019763/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%9F Who is the martyr Reza Awada targeted with his Iranian wife in Jounieh?, Al-Alam Channel].</ref>.

==Presence in Hezbollah Lebanon==
Reza Awada was among the cybersecurity elites of [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]], and according to Zaid Benyamin, a journalist for Al-Arab television network, he was a senior military intelligence officer of Hezbollah Lebanon<ref>[https://www.vdl.me/news/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A/ Who is Reza Abbas Awada "the targeted in Jounieh" with his Iranian wife? Sawt Lebanon].</ref>.

==Martyrdom==
Reza Awada, along with his wife, [[Masoumeh Kerbasi]], and his children, was martyred on Wednesday, October 16, 2024 AD, equivalent to 28 Mehr 1403 SH, in a drone attack by the Zionist regime in the city of Jounieh. He and his wife were moving in a personal vehicle when the Zionist regime's drone fired a missile at it, but it hit the corner of the car and did not injure the occupants. Awada stopped the vehicle and parked on the side of the highway, then got out and took his wife's hand to take shelter on the side. Occupants of other vehicles also got out, but it seemed the drone's targets were specified. The second missile was also fired, and Reza Awada, along with his Iranian wife, Masoumeh Kerbasi, were martyred<ref>[http://www.irna.ir/xjRTBQ Who is the martyr Masoumeh Kerbasi?, IRNA].</ref>.

==Meeting of the Martyr's Family with the Supreme Leader==
On Tuesday noon, 2nd of Aban, the family of Reza Awada and his wife [[Masoumeh Kerbasi|Martyr Masoumeh Kerbasi]] met with [[Ali Khamenei|Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution]].
'''"My mother was a computer engineer and my father had a PhD in this field. Moreover, my father and mother had a special affection for each other, Sir! Even at the moment of martyrdom, their hands were in each other's hands!"'''

Mahdi, seventeen years old, says this while standing at the closest distance to the Leader. Mehdi, fourteen years old, and Zahra, ten years old, and Mohammad, eight years old, are standing beside him. Fatimeh, three years old, is in Mehdi's arms. All of them are children of [[Masoumeh Kerbasi|Martyr Masoumeh Kerbasi]] and Martyr Reza Awada who were martyred a few days ago by a drone of the [[Zionist regime|Israeli regime]]. Mahdi explains the details to His Eminence: The [[Zionist regime|Israeli]] drone identified them in the Jounieh region and fired three rockets at their car which did not hit. My father parked the car. They got out of the car. They also got my mother out of the car holding her hand, but the drone followed them and praise be to God, thank God, they martyred them!" Of course, he means that we are not ungrateful to God for their martyrdom and we are grateful.
Perhaps many of his peers cannot understand the deep concepts he says: '''{{Quran verse|text=لا یُکَلِّفُ اللهُ نَفساً اِلّا وُسعَها|surah =Al-Baqarah|verse =286}}'''; Dear Sir! Surely if [[God]] did not see this capability in us, He would not have afflicted us with this great test.
[[File:دیدار خانواده شهید با رهبر.jpg|frameless|left|]]
The Leader confirms and adds that He also gives reward. Mahdi, instead of a chequered scarf and ring, asks the Leader to pray for all the fighters of [[Lebanon]].

... The Leader asks about the father of Martyr Reza Awada. His mother says in Persian: He is a heart surgeon and his presence was greatly needed in Lebanon in these war conditions, but he did not come.
His mother studied medicine in [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] 47 years ago and is now a professor of [[Persian language|Persian]] at a university in [[Lebanon]]. She says nothing more. But I know her heart. Before the meeting, when I asked her if she had ever seen the Leader up close or not, she said: "It has been one of my wishes, but more than me, Reza and Masoumeh wanted to see him. Now I keep saying I wish they were here themselves". She pauses and says:‌ "Of course, they are!"...<ref>[https://khl.ink/f/58050 Meeting of the families of martyrs Masoumeh Kerbasi and Reza Awada with the Supreme Leader, Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei].</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Zionist regime]]
* [[Masoumeh Kerbasi]]
* [[Hezbollah Lebanon]]
* [[Lebanon]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://www.alalam.ir/news/7019763/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84 Who is the martyr Reza Awada targeted with his Iranian wife in Jounieh?, Al-Alam Channel], Publication date: 20 October 2024 AD, Access date: 4 Aban 1403 SH.
* [https://www.vdl.me/news/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A Who is Reza Abbas Awada "the targeted in Jounieh" with his Iranian wife? Voice of Lebanon], Publication date: 19 October 2024 AD, Access date: 4 Aban 1403 SH.
* [http://www.irna.ir/xjRTBQ Who is martyr Masoumeh Kerbasi?, IRNA], Publication date: 29 Mehr 1403 SH, Access date: 4 Aban 1403 SH.
* [https://khl.ink/f/58050 Meeting of the families of martyrs Masoumeh Kerbasi and Reza Awada with the Supreme Leader, Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei], Publication date: 3 Aban 1403 SH, Access date: 4 Aban 1403 SH

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Incidents of the 15th Solar Hijri century]]
[[Category:Palestine]]
[[Category:Israeli crimes]]

Draft:Heads of the Judiciary of Afghanistan

2026-06-20T10:12:24Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

[[File:قوه.png|alt=|thumb|]]

'''Heads of the Judiciary''' (Chief Justice) of [[Afghanistan]] stand at the head of the judiciary of that country<ref>[https://supremecourt.gov.af/dr Judiciary]</ref>. This position is currently held by Sayed Yousuf Halim<ref>[https://supremecourt.gov.af/dr/system/404?destination=/en&_exception_statuscode=404 Supreme Court]</ref>.

==List of Heads of the Judiciary 2001–Present==
Fazel Hadi Shinwari (2001–2006), was a member of the Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan.
Abdul Salam Azimi (2006–2014), was a former professor at the University of Arizona in the [[United States]].
Sayed Yousuf Halim (2014–Present), Deputy Minister of Justice of Afghanistan, Deputy Minister of Finance of Afghanistan, Head of the General Legal Administration of the Ministry of Justice.

==List of Heads of the Judiciary before 2001==
Abdul Salam (during the [[Taliban]] era)
Abdul Karim Shadan (Pre-Taliban)<ref>[https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 Previous Heads]</ref>.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Afghanistan]]

Draft:Ruhi Mushtahi

2026-06-20T10:06:56Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Ruhi Jamal Mushtahi
| image = Ruhi Mushtahi.jpeg
| other_names = Abu Jamal
| birth_year = 1959
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Shuja'iyya neighborhood in northern Gaza Strip
| death_year = 2024
| death_date = August
| death_place = [[Gaza Strip]]
| teachers =
| students =
| religion =
| sect =
| works =
| known_for = {{Flatlist| Head of the Civil Administration in [[Gaza]]| Official in charge of [[Palestinian]] prisoners affairs| Founder of Hamas General Security Agency}}
| website =
}}
'''Ruhi Mushtahi''', known by the kunya '''"Abu Jamal"''', was a close associate of [[Yahya Sinwar]] and a prominent commander in [[Hamas]] and the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]]. He served as the Head of the Civil Administration in [[Gaza]], the official in charge of [[Palestinian]] prisoners affairs, and the founder of the Hamas General Security Agency. He was killed alongside Sami Oudeh in an airstrike by [[Israel|i]] fighter jets on a building in [[Gaza]] in August.

==Biography==
Ruhi Mushtahi was born in 1959, in the Shuja'iyya neighborhood in northern [[Gaza Strip]].

==Militant Activities==
* Co-founder of the security apparatus for detecting and pursuing [[Israel|i]] spies known as "Majd" alongside [[Yahya Sinwar]] and Khaled al-Indi by order of [[Hamas]] founder [[Ahmed Yassin]], in 1986;
* Arrested in 1988 and imprisoned for 23 years in [[Israel|i]] prisons;
* Pursuing spies of the occupiers in [[Israel|i]] prisons;
* Accused of killing two intelligence officers inside an Israeli prison and interrogating prisoners accused of collaborating with Shin Bet to provide information about prisoners inside Israeli prisons alongside Yahya Sinwar;
* Released from [[Israel|i]] prisons in the Wafa al-Ahrar loyalty deal, the prisoner exchange between [[Hamas]] and [[Israel]] in 2011, freeing 1027 Palestinian prisoners in exchange for the return of [[Gilad Shalit]], an Israeli sergeant captured by Hamas special forces units, alongside Yahya Sinwar;
* Following up on files of martyrs, injured, and prisoners after imprisonment and striving to create a dedicated internal system to manage these files;
* Promotion in rank with Sinwar after the second meeting of the Hamas Political Bureau and forming a group titled "Hardline Faction" aimed at leading and organizing prisoners released in [[Wafa al-Ahrar]], residing inside and outside the [[Gaza Strip]], and controlling and strengthening the political, military, and security aspects of [[Hamas]];
* Attempt to kidnap Israelis for exchange with Palestinian prisoners at the head of the Qassam Brigades in 2015;
* Promotion alongside Yahya Sinwar and Mohammed Deif as leaders of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades in 2015;
* Selected as one of the most prominent Hamas members alongside Yahya Sinwar, head of the Gaza Political Bureau, and performing multiple duties such as: responsibility of the Economic Committee, financial affairs, and about two years of responsibility for the coordination file with Egypt in 2017;
* One of the commanders designing the [[Al-Aqsa Flood]] operation on October 7, 2023;<ref>[https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3274804 "Sinwar's Arm" and Hunter of Israel's Spies.. Who is Ruhi Mushtahi whose assassination Israel announced?, Al-Masry Al-Youm]. </ref>.

==Responsibilities==
* Head of the Civil Administration in [[Gaza]]
* Official in charge of [[Palestinian]] prisoners affairs
* Founder of the Hamas General Security Agency
* One of the commanders of the [[Al-Aqsa Flood]] operation<ref>[https://hawzahnews.com/xdpXk The body of "Ruhi Mushtahi", one of the senior Hamas members, was discovered, Hawzah News Agency website]. </ref>

== Confirmation of Death==
[[Hamas]] announced on Friday, January 24, 2025, corresponding to 23 Rajab 1446 AH and 5 Bahman 1403 SH, the death of two of its righteous and honorable jihadist leaders, the martyr Ruhi Jamal Mushtahi known as "Abu Jamal", a member of the Hamas Political Bureau, and the martyr Sami Mohammed Oudeh known as "Abu Khalil", head of the General Security Service of the Hamas movement, to the people of [[Palestine]], the Arab nation, and the Islamic nation. The movement added in a condolence statement that these two leaders were in [[Gaza]], the land of pride and honor, in the war of dignity and glory in the blessed [[Al-Aqsa Flood]] battle in defense of Palestine, in the most honorable battles of our nation and our struggling people, they joined the defending, resisting, and jihadist martyrs.
The movement explained that the jihadist martyr Ruhi Mushtahi known as "Abu Jamal" dedicated his life to God, the elevation of religion, the freedom of his homeland and its sanctities, and in advancing the degrees of jihad and resistance, he stopped to establish the movement. Then he was in the captivity of God's enemies for a quarter of a century and before embracing freedom in the [[Wafa al-Ahrar]] deal, he was with faith and stronger will and eager to serve his religion and country and resistance.
The movement noted: The jihadist martyr Sami Oudeh "Abu Khalil" spent his life in the way of God and was a solid shield for our people against the occupier's intelligence, overcoming the enemy leaders with his wisdom and cunning and defeating them. In many confrontations, he drove them away like blind people struggling in the battlefield.
The movement added: Our two jihadist leaders have gone to their Lord and joined the long caravan of honorable martyrs led by the founding Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin|Imam Ahmed Yassin]] who revived the spirit of jihad in our nation with his pure blood and embraced our righteous leaders and continued the path of leaders [[Ismail Haniyeh|Martyr Ismail Haniyeh]], [[Yahya Sinwar|Martyr Yahya Sinwar]] and [[Saleh al-Arouri|Martyr Saleh al-Arouri]].
[[Hamas]] renewed its allegiance to the people and the nation and to continue the path of jihad, adhering to national standards and people's rights,
and will not deviate or surrender until this usurping enemy is expelled from the land and holy sites and an independent Palestinian state with its capital [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Jerusalem]] is established<ref>[https://hamasinfo.info/2025/01/24/5141/ Hamas mourns the two jihadist leaders Ruhi Mushtahi and Sami Oudeh, Hamas Islamic Resistance Movement website]. </ref>.

==See Also==
* [[Hamas]]
* [[Palestine]]
* [[Yahya Sinwar]]
* [[Ahmed Yassin]]
* [[Saleh al-Arouri]]
* [[Ismail Haniyeh]]
* [[Israel]]
* [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3274804 Sinwar's "Arm" and Israel's Spy Hunter.. Who Is Ruhi Mushtaha, Whose Assassination Israel Announced?, Al-Masry Al-Youm], Publication date: 3 October 2024 AD, Access date: 6 Bahman 1403 SH.
* [https://hawzahnews.com/xdpXk The Body of "Ruhi Mushtaha", One of Hamas's Senior Members, Discovered, Official Website of Hawzah News Agency], Publication date: 6 Bahman 1403 SH, Access date: 5 Bahman 1403 SH.
* [https://hamasinfo.info/2025/01/24/5141/ Hamas Mourns the Two Mujahid Leaders Ruhi Mushtaha and Sami Odeh, Website of the Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas], Publication date: 24 January 2025 AD, Access date: 6 Bahman 1403 SH.
{{Palestine}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Palestine]]
[[Category:Israeli crimes]]

Draft:Martyred Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Article)

2026-06-20T09:55:42Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

[[File:رهبر شهید جمهوری اسلامی ایران (مقاله).jpg|frameless|left|]]

'''Martyred Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran''' is the title of an article that addresses the messages and reactions of figures from the [[جهان اسلام|Islamic World]] regarding the subject of the [[شهادت|Martyrdom]] of the Guardian of the Muslims of the World, [[سید علی حسینی خامنه‌ای|Imam Khamenei]]. Following this martyrdom and the [[حمله آمریکا و اسرائیل به ایران 2026|Attack by America and Israel on Iran 2026]], the [[ایران|Islamic Republic of Iran]] launched a crushing response through [[عملیات وعده صادق 4|Operation True Promise 4]] against the [[رژیم صهیونیستی|Zionist Regime]] in the occupied territories of [[فلسطین|Palestine]] and American military bases in the region. Reactions included: Sheikh [[خالد ملا|Khalid al-Mulla]], head of the Association of Sunni Scholars of [[عراق|Iraq]], who stated in response to this incident: "When we lose a leader, we must seek his blood, carry his flag, and continue his goals." Or the statement by the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, which explicitly referred to the Martyred Leader of the Revolution as the main supporter of the [[محور مقاومت|Axis of Resistance]], Palestine, and its mujahideen.

== Jihadi Fatwas of Shia and Sunni Scholars of the Islamic World ==
[[حسین نوری همدانی|Grand Ayatollah Nouri Hamedani]]:
It is obligatory upon all to be avengers of the blood of the Martyred Leader.

[[ناصر مکارم شیرازی|Grand Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi]]:
Retaliation against the perpetrators of this crime is the religious duty of all Muslims of the world.

[[عبدالله جوادی آملی|Grand Ayatollah Javadi Amoli]]:
Spill the blood of Zionists and Trump.

Grand Ayatollah Seyfi Mazandarani:
Fatwa on the obligation to kill all American and Zionist forces and the destruction of the embassies and consulates of these criminals worldwide.

Grand Ayatollah Hosseini Gorgani:
Punishment of the main elements of this warfare is obligatory upon all.

Sheikh Nimer Ahmed Zaghmout:
Fatwa on the obligation of Jihad and revenge by the Palestinian Mufti.

Molana Abdul Haq Hashemi (Deputy Amir of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan):
Participation in Jihad alongside Iran is individually obligatory upon the entire Islamic Ummah.

Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Muhammad Sand:
Vengeance for Ayatollah Khamenei will not be realized without constant readiness and continuous surprise of the enemy.

Sayyidi Muhammad ould Jafar (Director of the Islamic Institute al-Naamani, Mauritania):
It is a legal and moral obligation upon the entire Islamic Ummah to conduct Jihad alongside Iran.

Sheikh al-Hadith Mufti Muhammad Dawood, Head of the Union of Scholars of Mahaz Pakistan:
The response to the assassination of Ayatollah Khamenei must be given by the entire Islamic Ummah.

Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Kamal al-Haidari:
The enemy has targeted the identity and civilization of the Islamic Ummah.
Standing against arrogance has a legal obligation.

Molana Abdul Haq Hashemi (Deputy Amir of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan)
Participation in Jihad alongside Iran is individually obligatory upon the entire Islamic Ummah.

Statement by Professors of Outside Jurisprudence and Principles of the Qom Seminary
Regarding the obligation of Jihad with Treacherous America and Bloodthirsty Zionism.

Molawi Habibullah Hisam (Head of the Council of Islamic Brotherhood, Afghanistan):
Defensive Jihad and Jihad of Revenge are obligatory upon all Muslims.

Sheikh Hussein Qasim (Head of the Council of Scholars of Palestine):
Targeting American and Zionist interests in any location is individually obligatory.

Mustafa Abu Ruman (Jordanian Sunni Scholar):
If you do not declare Jihad, humiliation will always be with you.

Sheikh Khalid al-Mulla (Head of the Association of Sunni Scholars of Iraq):
Scholars and Marjas must issue a Fatwa for Jihad.

Sheikh Kifah Batah, Mufti of Russia:
Obligation of Jihad upon all Muslims in defense of Iran and Islam.

Sayyid Adnan al-Junaid (Leader of Sufism in Yemen):
Jihad in the way of God is individually obligatory for all.

Sheikh al-Sharif Walid Hussein Idrisi (Deputy Mufti of Russia):
The time for Jihad has come.

== Assembly of Scholars of Iraq ==
Sheikh Khalid al-Mulla, Head of the Association of Sunni Scholars of Iraq: Today we have lost a leader, but when we lose a leader, we must seek his blood, carry his flag, and continue his goals. We must not become weak, we must not tremble, and we must not surrender in this psychological and media war that is led by Zionists and some of their agents in the region.
Scholars and Marjas must announce Jihad against these arrogant ones with one voice; because they have rebelled and committed oppression. We must show the power of Islam and the steadfastness of Muslims.

== Al-Qassam Brigades ==
وَلاَ تَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِينَقُتِلُواْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللّه أَمْوَاتاً بَلْ أَحْيَاءٌ عِندَ رَبِّهِمْ يُرْزَقُون
"And never think of those who have been killed in the cause of Allah as dead. Rather, they are alive with their Lord, receiving provision."

The Martyred Leader, Ali Khamenei, who was the primary supporter of the Axis of Resistance, Palestine, and its mujahideen, demonstrated how the Islamic Republic over decades has provided its support and backing to our people and the resistance, especially the Al-Qassam Brigades; support that was carried out with his direct decision and under his full supervision. This extensive support and backing of the resistance path was a fundamental and important factor that played a role in the growth and development of resistance tactics and led to a great creativity that was recorded in the "Al-Aqsa Flood" operation and cemented the legendary two-year steadfastness against the most powerful forces of oppression in the region.

The Martyred Leader Khamenei and his companions knew that their courageous positions and firm steadfastness alongside Palestine and its resistance would not be without cost, but despite this, they challenged the Zionists and their backer, America, and displayed their love for Palestine and support for its people and mujahideen with blood, not with words.
And this is Jihad, either leading to victory or to martyrdom.

== Presence of the Shia Leader of Pakistan at the Iranian Embassy ==

[[سید ساجد علی نقوی|Allameh Sayyid Sajid Ali Naqvi]], the leader of Shia Muslims in Pakistan and head of the Tehrik-e-Islami party, today by visiting the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Islamabad met with Reza Amiri Moghaddam, the ambassador of our country, and offered condolences for the martyrdom of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, Ayatollah Shahid Sayyid Ali Khamenei, to the nation and government of Iran.
He also condemned the aggression of the American and Zionist regime against Iran and added that today the Islamic world and oppressed nations feel the absence of a courageous and unique leader.
The Shia Leader of Pakistan earlier, in mourning for the Martyred Leader of the Revolution, announced 40 days of public mourning in this country.

== Widespread reaction of Yemeni officials and institutions ==
The Supreme Political Council of [[Yemen]], the League of Yemeni Scholars, and [[Sayyid Abdul-Malik al-Houthi|Sayyid Abdul-Malik al-Houthi]], the leader of [[Ansar Allah]], in separate statements and speeches, strongly condemned the military aggression of the [[United States|US]] and the [[Zionist regime]] against the Islamic Republic of Iran and declared solidarity with the Iranian nation and government.

=== Supreme Political Council of Yemen ===
The Supreme Political Council of Yemen, in a detailed statement, condemned the criminal and treacherous aggression of the US and Israel against Iran and emphasized that this aggression was carried out with the aim of "breaking the deterrence equation and preparing to target all countries in the region."

The statement stated: "This overt aggression is a major and complete crime, a flagrant violation of the sovereignty of an independent country, and a blatant departure from international laws and treaties, revealing the truth of the United States and the Israeli regime as two aggressive powers that pay no heed to laws and human values."

The Supreme Political Council of Yemen, declaring its complete and steadfast solidarity with the Islamic Republic of Iran, emphasized its legitimate right to defend its sovereignty, security, and decision-making independence.

The council held the United States and the Zionist regime fully responsible for the consequences of this dangerous escalation and its potential impacts on regional security and stability.

Another part of the statement specified: The targeting of Iran is due to its principled stance, Islamic identity, independent choice, and rejection of submission to US and Zionist dominance, as well as its firm stand alongside the just causes of the Ummah, particularly the issue of Palestine, and its explicit support for resistance forces against occupation.

The Supreme Political Council of Yemen considered this aggression an advanced step within the framework of the "American-Israeli project," the aim of which is to subjugate the region and empower the Israeli regime to impose its dominance, and warned: "This aggression is not only against Iran but rather a prelude to a broader plan to reshape the region and disarm it of power elements, by striking one of the most important strategic obstacles against the expansion of the Zionist project."

The Supreme Political Council of Yemen warned the countries of the region: "Do not consider this aggression as a matter distant from themselves," and emphasized: "Targeting Iran aims to break the deterrence equation and prepare to target everyone, and any silence or betting on US support is a losing bet that drags the region into more tension and chaos and gives the Israeli regime more opportunity to implement its plans."

The council called upon the people and free ones of the Ummah, vital forces, scholars, and elites to take a clear and responsible stance against this aggression and requested the Organization of Islamic Cooperation to convene a session to examine this dangerous aggression.

=== League of Yemeni Scholars ===
The League of Yemeni Scholars, also issuing a statement while strongly condemning the arrogant aggression against Iran, supported a general public mobilization across the Arab and Islamic world against the US and Israel.

The statement stated: "The Zionist regime and American and foreign bases in the region are a real danger to the entire region. We emphasize that the religious, Islamic, Sharia, and moral stance is decisive support for the Islamic Republic of Iran."

The League of Yemeni Scholars also praised the vigilance of the Iranian armed forces and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, and the speed of reaction and targeting of American bases in the region.

=== Sayyid Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, Leader of Ansar Allah ===
Sayyid Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, the leader of Ansar Allah and the Yemeni Revolution, at the beginning of the sessions of the holy month of Ramadan, addressed the martyrdom of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution and said: "We express our deepest condolences and heartfelt sympathies on the occasion of the martyrdom of the esteemed scholar, the Supreme Leader and Imam of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the great mujahid, the high-ranking martyr Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei."

He offered condolences to the family of the martyred Revolution Leader, the Muslim people of Iran, official institutions, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, and the entire Islamic Ummah, and emphasized: "The aggression against Iran is carried out with the aim of empowering the Israeli enemy to control the region and eliminate the biggest obstacle to achieving this goal."

The leader of Ansar Allah Yemen added: "The enemy is trying to eliminate and bring to its knees Iran with its Islamic system, jihadi, revolutionary, and freedom-seeking orientation, rejection of Zionist dominance, support for the cause of Palestine, and support for the nations of the region."

Sayyid Abdul-Malik al-Houthi concluded by emphasizing: "The martyrdom of Sayyid Ali Khamenei is a real loss for the [[Islamic World]]."

== Condolence and Sympathy Message from the Leader of Iran's Jews ==

I offer condolences for the martyrdom of the wise Leader, Imam Khamenei (may his soul rest in peace), to his honorable family, the noble people of Iran, and all freedom seekers around the world. Although his loss is a huge and irreparable tragedy for the Iranian nation, the justice-seeking people of Iran will certainly follow his path and guidance and will sacrifice their blood in this way. With steadfastness and brave defense, they will bring all enemies to their knees.

Once again, America and the criminal Zionist regime, through a terrifying and disgraceful attack, have fallen deeper into the swamp of downfall. By violating all international laws, they committed a horrific crime during the negotiations. This behavior has been condemned by all free nations and will undoubtedly receive a decisive and regrettable response from the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

I wish for the victory of the Iranian nation and the establishment of peace and tranquility in the world.

Respectfully,
Rabbi Dr. Yunes Hamami Lalezar
Religious Leader of Iran's Jews

== References ==

{{Iran}}
{{Ramadan War}}

[[Category:Articles]]
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Political Figures]]
[[Category:Iran]]

Draft:Rangin Dadfar Spanta

2026-06-20T09:27:46Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| title = Rangin Dadfar Spanta
| image = Dadfar1.jpg
| name = Rangin Dadfar Spanta
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1953
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Herat, Afghanistan
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion =
| sect =
| works =
| activities = Advisor to the President of Afghanistan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan
| website =
}}
'''Rangin Dadfar Spanta''' (also spelled Spenta) was the former Minister of Foreign Affairs and National Security Advisor of [[Afghanistan]].

== Biography ==
Rangin Dadfar Spanta was born on 15 December 1953 in Krush District, Herat Province, Afghanistan.

== Education in Afghanistan ==
He completed his primary and secondary education in the city of Herat and then entered Kabul University in mid-1970.

== Education in Turkey ==
Spanta holds a university degree in International Relations from [[Turkey]].

== Migration to Germany ==
Following the occupation of his country by the former Soviet Union in 1982, he migrated to [[Germany]].

In Germany, he continued his studies in Political Science and International Relations and from 1992 to 2002, he began teaching as a professor at Aachen University in Germany. He was also responsible for the Institute for Third World Studies at Aachen University in Germany.

Rangin Dadfar Spanta was known as an analyst of Afghan political issues in the Western press, especially BBC Persian Radio, during the years of the [[Taliban]] government in Afghanistan and the years following it, until 2005.

== Return to Afghanistan ==
In 2005, he returned to his country as a visiting professor to teach at Kabul University and then became an international affairs advisor to President [[Hamid Karzai]].

== Ministry ==
Hamid Karzai introduced Spanta to the parliament as Minister of Foreign Affairs in his new cabinet formed in 2006<ref>[http://mfa.gov.af/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs]</ref> and Mr. Spanta was able to become the first Minister of Foreign Affairs of this country to start work with the parliament's vote of confidence by obtaining the vote of confidence of the Afghanistan House of Representatives.

Spanta holds German-Afghan dual citizenship and one of the conditions of the Afghanistan parliament representatives for giving him a vote of confidence was renouncing German citizenship. He accepted this condition, but according to parliament representatives, he has not yet submitted documents of renunciation of his citizenship.

== Impeachment ==
Spanta was impeached by the Afghanistan House of Representatives on 10 May 2007 due to what was called weakness in preventing the expulsion of Afghan migrants from [[Iran]]. 124 representatives voted against him, which was one vote less than the quorum required for withdrawal of confidence. However, some representatives claimed that one ballot paper was positive but was declared invalid. Two days later, the House of Representatives put the ballot box for his impeachment for the second time and gave 141 negative votes. However, Hamid Karzai, the President, considered this decision contrary to the Constitution and the Internal Rules of Procedure of the House of Representatives and officially requested the opinion of the Supreme Court of the Country. After two weeks, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, because firstly, there was no valid reason for the impeachment of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and this impeachment was considered contrary to the country's Constitution, and secondly, the second vote of the House of Representatives for impeachment was illegal and invalid; because in the first instance, the opposing representatives could not reach the quorum for the vote of no confidence. The Internal Rules of Procedure of the House of Representatives prohibits the second vote.

Despite the decision of the Supreme Court, the House of Representatives did not deviate from its position and said that it does not recognize the Minister of Foreign Affairs. However, Spanta practically worked as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan.

The decision of the Supreme Court of Afghanistan caused the enthusiasm of the House of Representatives for impeaching ministers to decrease, and from then on, the House of Representatives has always sought valid reasons before requesting impeachment<ref>[https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7 Spanta]</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{Footnotes}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Afghanistan]]

Draft:Ramzan Kadyrov

2026-06-20T09:20:48Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Ramzan Kadyrov
| image = Ramzan_Kadyrov.jpg
| birth_name = Ramzan Kadyrov
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1963 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = Islam
| sect = Sunni
| works =
| occupation = President of Chechnya
| website =
}}
'''Ramzan Kadyrov''' has been the President of Chechnya since 2007, the most troubled region in the [[Caucasus]] of northern [[Russia]]. He is the son of [[Ahmad Kadyrov]], the former President of Chechnya, who was killed in a bomb explosion. At the time of his father's death, Ramzan Kadyrov was responsible for leading a group of powerful paramilitaries known as "Kadyrovtsy". He ranks fifth on the list of the 100 most prominent Muslims in Russia.

== Kadyrov's Stances Against Arrogance ==
Kadyrov holds harsh stances against the [[United States]].

Kadyrov consistently criticizes the United States, NATO, and some European countries allied with the United States, and he is on the list of Russian citizens sanctioned by the United States, and Instagram and Twitter have closed his user accounts.

== Condemnation of Offensive Caricature Against the Noble Prophet of Islam ==
He strongly condemned the drawing of caricatures of the Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him) in France and Denmark, among others, and also criticized the massacre of Muslims in Myanmar.

== Relations with Arab Countries ==
Kadyrov is also considered an unofficial representative of Russia in the Middle East region due to having good relations with Arab countries.

=Support for Putin=
He is also known for supporting Putin and has said that I am an infantryman for the President of Russia, and Putin has also referred to him as the Son of Russia.

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Heads of Islamic countries]]
[[Category:Chechnya]]

Draft:Radwan Muhammad Radwan

2026-06-20T09:14:43Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Radwan Muhammad Radwan
| image = Radwan Muhammad Radwan.png
| native_name =
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1905 CE
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Egypt]]
| death_year = 1974 CE
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Egypt]]
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam]]
| works =
| known_for = {{Horizontal list|Cooperation with [[Muslim Brotherhood]]}}
| website =
}}
'''Radwan Muhammad Radwan''' played a role in the establishment of the weekly magazine of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt. He conducted research in the fields of [[Hadith]], [[Fiqh]], and [[Kalam]], some of which were published.

== His Cooperation with the Brotherhood ==
Sheikh Radwan became a member of the Guidance Office in 1935 CE, and in 1939 CE, he became a member of the Shura Council. Additionally, on the 1st of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]] 1354 AH - 24 February 1936 CE, he was appointed as Deputy to [[Hassan al-Banna]] in the Muslim Brotherhood. He played a role in the establishment of the Muslim Brotherhood weekly magazine.

== Words of Hassan al-Banna ==
[[Hassan al-Banna]] says about him: The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] realized that the messages of the leaders were not sufficient to disseminate this movement and ensure its news reached the people in the necessary manner overall; therefore, they decided to publish a weekly magazine named the Muslim Brotherhood Newspaper. With this optimistic view that this newspaper would become a window of hope, and when the effort to implement this decision began in [[Cairo]] within the Brotherhood's circle, except for Sheikh '''Radwan Muhammad Radwan''', no competent individual was available. The first issue of the Muslim Brotherhood weekly magazine was published on Thursday, 28 Safar 1352 AH, equivalent to late Ordibehesht 1333 SH. He also participated in the establishment of the Printing and Publishing Company.

== Activities and Works ==
Sheikh Radwan was interested in scientific research and the publication of valuable books. [[Hassan al-Banna]] noticed this matter and assigned him to edit the "Bab al-Ma'thurat" section in the Muslim Brotherhood weekly magazine in the 1930s.

[[Hassan al-Banna]] also tasked him with researching the Treatise on Creed, which he performed in the best manner.

He says in the introduction of the Treatise on Creed:

The Muslim Brotherhood Newspaper has published interesting chapters from the prominent mujahid master [[Hassan al-Banna]].

He has several hadith, fiqh, and creedal research works, including:

* ''Bulugh al-Maram min Adillat al-Ahkam'' by Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Al-Maktaba al-Tijariyya.
* ''Al-Ibtihaj bi Adhkar al-Musafir al-Hajj'' by Al-Hafiz Al-Sakhawi, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi.
* ''Riyad al-Salihin min Kalam Sayyid al-Mursalin'' by Imam Al-Nawawi.
* ''Madarik al-Maram fi Manasik al-Siyam'' by Imam Al-Qastalani.
* ''Futuh al-Buldan'' by Imam Al-Baladhuri, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, Beirut.
* ''Matn al-Arba'in al-Nawawiyyah'' by Imam Al-Nawawi, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, Beirut.
* ''Hujjat al-Mustafa'' by Imam Al-Hafiz Muhibb al-Din al-Tabari, Maktabat al-Thaqafa, Medina, and Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, Beirut.
* ''Al-Ma'thurat'' by Imam Hassan al-Banna.
* ''Risalat al-Aqa'id'' by Imam Al-Banna, Dar al-Da'wa, Alexandria.

== Sources ==
* Cf.: Entry for Radwan Muhammad Radwan in Ikhwan Wiki; [http://ikhwanwiki.com ikhwanwiki.com.].

{{Egypt}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Egypt]]

Draft:Rashida Tlaib

2026-06-20T06:52:19Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| title = Rashida Tlaib
| image = Rashida Tlaib.JPG
| name = Rashida Tlaib
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1976 AD
| birth_date = July 24
| birth_place = {{hlist|Detroit|Michigan}}
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect =
| works =
| occupations = {{hlist|Lawyer|Politician}}
| website = [https://tlaib.house.gov/ Rashida Tlaib's Personal Website]
}}

'''Rashida Tlaib''' is an American Palestinian-born politician and lawyer who serves as the representative for the state of Michigan in the United States Congress from the Democratic Party. She is the first Muslim woman to become a member of the [[United States|American]] Congress and is considered one of the prominent figures of the progressive wing of the Democratic Party<ref>[https://faradeed.ir/fa/news/61493 Rashida Tlaib; The First Muslim Woman in the US Congress, Faradeed Website].</ref>.

== Biography ==
Rashida Tlaib was born on July 24, 1976 AD, into a working-class Palestinian immigrant family in the city of Detroit, Michigan. She is the eldest among fourteen sisters and brothers.
Her father is originally from the village of Beit Hanina in the outskirts of [[Jerusalem]] and her mother is from the village of Beit Ur al-Fauqa near Ramallah in the [[West Bank]]. Her family was from the working-class immigrant class; her father worked on the assembly line at the Ford company. Rashida graduated from high school in 1994 AD, studied at Wayne State University, and received a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science in 1998 AD. Then, in 2004 AD, she received her Juris Doctor degree from Thomas Cooley Law School. Rashida Tlaib married in 1997 AD and has two children. Her family still lives in the West Bank, and after her victory in the Congressional elections, the people of her mother's village (Beit Ur al-Fauqa) held a large celebration. In various interviews, she has repeatedly emphasized her Palestinian and Islamic roots with pride and introduced herself as the "voice of Muslim women and immigrants in American politics".

== Political Activities ==
Tlaib began her political activity at the local level in the state of Michigan and was elected to the State Legislature in 2008 AD. In the 2018 midterm elections, she won the Democratic Party primary competition in Michigan's 13th district with 33.6% of the vote and was elected as a representative to the US House of Representatives. Since the Republican Party did not nominate a candidate in this district, her victory was certain, and on November 6, 2018, she officially became the first Muslim woman in American history to enter Congress.

== Political Views ==
Rashida Tlaib is from the left wing of the Democratic Party and a member of the group known as "The Squad" (consisting of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ilhan Omar, Ayanna Pressley, and Tlaib herself). She has strongly criticized the policies of [[Donald Trump]], especially regarding immigrants and Muslims, describing them as "discriminatory and racist". Tlaib promised in her first speech in Congress to combat unfair policies and racial inequalities in the United States. In the field of foreign policy, Tlaib is a critic of the policies of [[Israel]] and a supporter of the BDS movement (Boycott Israel). She has repeatedly called in Congress for cutting US military aid to [[Israel]] in case of continued violation of [[Human Rights]] in [[Palestine]].
These positions led [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee|AIPAC]] and Zionist lobbying groups to launch campaigns against her in the next elections<ref>[https://www.asriran.com/fa/news/1069442 Asr Iran report on Rashida Tlaib's positions and AIPAC's opposition, Asr Iran Analytical News Website].</ref>.

== Reactions ==
Rashida Tlaib's victory in 2018 AD was met with widespread reception in the [[Islamic World]] and among Arab communities and Muslim immigrants. Palestinian and Arab media called her the "symbol of the success of Muslim women in American politics". In contrast, American conservative media criticized her anti-Zionist positions and her explicit statements criticizing Israel. Her family in the village of Beit Ur al-Fauqa also held a large ceremony of joy and celebration after the election results were announced and referred to her as the "pride of Palestine and the Arab world".

== Honors and Status ==
# The first Muslim and Palestinian-born woman in the history of the United States to enter Congress;
# One of the prominent figures of the progressive wing of the Democratic Party;
# One of the prominent activists in the field of immigrant rights, social justice, and racial equality.

== See Also ==
* [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]]
* [[United States]]
* [[Israel]]
* [[Palestine]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://faradeed.ir/fa/news/61493 Rashida Tlaib; The First Muslim Woman in the US Congress, Faradeed Website], Date of publication: 22 Mordad 1397 SH, Date of access: 18 Aban 144 SH.

* [https://www.asriran.com/fa/news/1069442 Rashida Tlaib's Positions and AIPAC's Opposition, Asr Iran Analytical News Website], Date of publication: 27 Khordad 1404 SH, Date of access: 18 Aban 144 SH.

* [https://tlaib.house.gov Rashida Tlaib's Official Website], Date of publication: N/A, Date of access: 18 Aban 144 SH.

[[Category: People]]
[[Category: America]]

Draft:Rashid Musa

2026-06-20T06:38:15Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Rashid Musa
| image = Rashid_Musa.jpg
| name = Rashid Musa
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1987 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Somalia
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works = Produced documentary on Al Jazeera network about [[Muslims]] society in Sweden
| occupations = Prominent activist of [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brotherhood]] and head of [[Swedish Muslim Youth Organization]]
| website =
}}
'''Rashid Musa''' is a prominent activist of [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brotherhood]] and head of the Muslim Youth Organization in [[Sweden|Sweden]]. He was born in 1987 in [[Somalia]]. His family migrated from Mogadishu to Sweden when he was four years old.

== Birth and Education ==
He was born in 1987 in Somalia. Rashid's family migrated from Mogadishu to [[Sweden]] when he was four years old. During his university studies, he cooperated and was active in several Islamic associations in Sweden, and after obtaining a bachelor's degree in Information and Communication Technology from the Royal Institute of Technology and a diploma in Science Journalism from Umeå University.
Eventually, Rashid worked as a teacher in middle schools and high schools.

== Political Activity ==
Rashid Musa became the official spokesperson for the Islamic Human Rights Committee in Sweden in 2012, some of whose officials were accused of [[religious extremism|extremism]].
Also, in 2014, Rashid became the head of the Muslim Youth Organization linked to [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brotherhood]]. He was also elected to the board of the Islamic Association of [[Europe]], which counts as the youth and student wing of the international Muslim Brotherhood organization.

== Media Activity ==
He also collaborated with the [[Qatar|Qatari]] Al Jazeera network in 2018 to produce documentaries about the Muslim community in Sweden and promoting Muslim Brotherhood structures there, and today is one of the young Islamic figures who plays a significant role in the Swedish media scene.
Rashid Musa comments on various issues and events related to [[Islam]], extremism in Sweden and other European countries from the Muslim Brotherhood perspective.

== References ==
[https://thearabcenter.org/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89/ Taken from website]
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Sweden]]

Draft:Rashid Hammami

2026-06-20T06:27:14Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Rashid Hammami
| تصویر = Rashid Hammami.png
| نام = Rashid Hammami
| نام‌های دیگر = {{فهرست جعبه عمودی |Rachid Al-Hami |Brother Rachid }}
| سال تولد = 1971 AD
| تاریخ تولد =
| محل تولد = [[Morocco]] ([[Morocco|Morocco]])
| سال درگذشت =
| تاریخ درگذشت =
| محل درگذشت =
| استادان =
| شاگردان =
| دین = [[Christianity]]
| مذهب = [[Christian]]
| آثار = : {{فهرست جعبه افقی |''[[ISIS]] and [[Islam]] (From the Perspective of a Former [[Muslim]])'' |''Book (The Future of Islam)'' |''The Hidden Pillars of Islam'' }}
| فعالیت‌ها = {{فهرست جعبه افقی |Preacher |Writer |Journalist |Media Activist |TV Presenter }}
| وبگاه =
}}
'''Rashid Hammami or Brother Rachid''' is a [[Moroccan]] journalist<ref>(Morocco is a country located in the northwest of the African continent and close to the European continent. The official religion of Morocco, which has a long history, is Islam).</ref>. He was born in 1971 AD in Sidi Bennour, [[Morocco]]; Rachid converted to [[Christianity]] in his early youth after being influenced by (Monte Carlo) radio, and due to leaving the noble religion of [[Islam]], he became an [[Apostasy|apostate]]. He fled from [[Morocco|the country of Morocco]] to avoid his family's anger and settled in [[Cyprus]].
Rachid became famous for presenting television programs on the "Al-Hayat" channel in Cyprus in defense of Christianity and attacking Islam, and at the same time faced severe criticism from Muslims, especially Moroccans.

== Overview ==
Rashid Hammami (English: Brother Rachid), is a Moroccan journalist. (His father was a [[Imam|mosque Imam]] and [[Quran]] teacher who passed away in 2016 AD).
Rashid Hammami, nicknamed "Brother Rachid", is one of the most famous and prominent Moroccan figures in recent times who became famous thanks to the program "A Bold Question", a program on the [[Christian]] Life channel in which he compared and criticized [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. Rachid is famous for his personal channel on the YouTube platform, which he uses as a microphone to broadcast voices in all Arab countries, as he executes his programs with bold questions and topics.
Rachid converted to [[Christianity]] in his early youth, and after his father did not accept the idea of changing [[religion]], with the help of [[Church]] elders, he left [[Morocco]] for [[Cyprus]].

* Rachid was born in Morocco in a conservative [[Muslim]] family and grew up in Doukkala.
* He memorized one-sixth of the [[Quran]] at the age of six.
* He studied Economics and Computer Science at Hassan II University of Casablanca.
* In 1990, at the age of nineteen, after examining the differences between these two [[religions]] with the intention of defending [[Islam]], he converted from Islam to Christianity.
* When his parents learned of his conversion to Christianity, they kicked him out of their home and he went to live with a religious preacher, but eventually had to flee Morocco.
* After learning that more than 80 million Arabs do not correctly understand the Classical Arabic dialect in which the [[Quran]] is written, he translated the Quran into local Arabic dialects and believed that if more [[Muslim|Muslims]] understood the words of the Quran, they would leave the [[religion]] of [[Islam]].
Rashid Hammami's name has recently been published on social networks and search engines, although Rachid is of Moroccan origin, but his name and what he publishes has crossed the borders of Morocco and reached the entire [[Arab world]], provoking anger and wonder.

== Wife and Children ==
His wife is also a Moroccan Christian and they have three children who all live in Cyprus.
Many figures and media activists talked about Rashid Hammami's biography and Rachid's wife, and one of the things that was discussed and searched about was her identity, which many enthusiasts of the world of fame tried to obtain information about him, but all efforts failed, because she is not famous in the media, although in some cases appeared with him, the only thing reported about her was that she gave birth to three children from him.
Rashid Hammami named his children [[Christian]] and taught them the teachings of the [[Christianity]] religion instead of [[Islam]].

== Religion ==
Rachid is from a conservative Moroccan Muslim family and grew up in Doukkala and his father was a mosque Imam and Quran teacher. He memorized one-sixth of the Quran at the age of six.
Rachid studied Economics and Informatics at Hassan II University of Casablanca. In 1990, when Rachid was thirsty for familiarity with knowledge and beliefs due to puberty, after examining the differences between [[religion|religions]] in order to defend Islam, he converted from Islam to Christianity and left the noble religion of Islam and became an [[Apostasy|apostate]].
When his father and mother realized that he had become [[Christianity]], they kicked him out of his house and he went to live with a Christian preacher, but eventually he had to flee to the country of Cyprus. He believes that more than 30 million [[Morocco|Moroccans]] (and even [[Algeria|Algerians]]) Arabic speakers who do not understand the Quran in which it is written, started translating the Quran into the Moroccan dialect so that Muslims can understand it.
One of his famous advertisements (there are videos on YouTube explaining the Quran) is to leave the Quran and its words and leave the religion.

== Beliefs ==
# Having the right to change [[religion]].
# Having a translated version of the [[Gospel]] into Moroccan dialect or Arabic without fear of arrest.
# Giving a Christian name to children.
# Teaching their children the [[Christianity]] religion instead of [[Islam]] at school.
# The right to freely conduct activities and promote Christianity.

== His views on ISIS ==
Rashid believes that the emergence of [[ISIS]] has created an unprecedented crisis of faith in the [[Islamic world]]. Some have become irreligious.
Currently, there is a huge wave of [[Atheism|atheism]] in the [[Arab world]], and many of them have turned to [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]. Rashid believes that a Christian "awakening" is taking place in the [[Middle East]], where many Muslims, upon discovering what Islam truly is, have either become Christians or become [[God|godless]], and Islam is different from other [[Religion|religions]]; because it does not accept any law alongside the "Law of God".

== Activities ==
# Christian preacher;
# Author;
# Journalist;
# TV host;
# Social media activist, especially YouTube.

== Works ==
Rashid Hammami has written many works that have spread throughout the Arab world, particularly in the country of Morocco.
* The book ''Daesh and Islam'' addresses his perspective as a former Muslim.
* The book ''The Future of Islam, The Hidden Pillars of Islam'' was published in 2009 AD.
* The book ''The Miracle of the Quran, Research and Expression'', which was published in 1388 SH.
* The book ''The Grave in Islam''.
In addition to printed books, he has also published many digital books on the Christian religion.

== See also ==
* [[Morocco]]
* [[Christianity]]
* [[Apostasy|apostate]]
* [[Mosque]]
* [[Church]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://rue20.com/731792.html The Christian media personality "Brother Rashid": I am thinking of visiting Morocco after 18 years of leaving it, but I am wary of arrest or being assaulted] rue20.com, Accessed on 1403/4/30.
* [https://sawalf.net/tag/%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%87%d9%88-%d8%b1%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a/ Who is Rashid Hammami] sawalf.net. Accessed on 1403/4/31.
* [https://mowsoa.com/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9 Encyclopedia of the Middle East] mowsoa.com, Accessed on 1403/4/31.

[[Category: Morocco]]
[[Category: People]]

Draft:Rushdi Hablas

2026-06-20T06:12:10Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Rushdi Hablas
| image = Rushdi Hablas.jpg
| full_name = Rushdi Mustafa Hassan Hablas
| other_names = Rushdi Habla
| birth_year = 1936 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Egypt]]
| death_year = 2020 AD
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Jordan]]
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam]]
| works =
| activities = Cooperation with [[Muslim Brotherhood]]
| website =
}}

'''Rushdi Hablas''', known as "Rushdi Habla", was born on December 28, 1936 AD in Shibin al-Qanater, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt, and was a candidate for the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] for the People's Assembly in the 1986 and 1995 elections. He has been studying since 1952 AD at one of the prestigious [[Islamic]] universities under the leadership of Sheikh ''Muhammad Ali Saleh Khamis'', a preacher at [[Al-Azhar|Al-Azhar]] and one of the founding members of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] group, whose branches have spread to all parts of the world, and in 1978 AD he traveled to [[Saudi Arabia]] for work and returned to [[Egypt]] in 1986 AD and ran for the People's Party.

== Cooperation with the Muslim Brotherhood ==
He describes the story of his joining as follows: "I joined the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] school in 1952 AD through some scenes that were characteristic of the group at that time, the most prominent of which was diving activity, and my acquaintance with this group began in 1948 AD. The blessing of the Hajj when I met Sheikh ''Muhammad Ali Saleh Khamis'' who was a preacher and one of the founding members of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and he introduced me to a group of them and said: These are a group of the Muslim Brotherhood. Among them was ''Abdulwahhab al-Sabti'', I said to myself why can't I be with them?! In 1952 AD I was 16 years old when I joined the Muslim Brotherhood battalion and the leader of the battalion at that time was Sheikh ''Abdulaziz Yunus'' and from the members of the battalion were ''Salah Amin Abu Hamida''. Muhammad Taha Hammoud and Yusuf Abu Zaid".

== Arrest and Imprisonment ==
With the beginning of January 1954, calamities intensified and security services launched a widespread campaign to arrest against the ranks of the Muslim Brotherhood. He says about this arrest: "Despite the beatings and insults, I loved my activity, because I believed this arrest was [[Jihad]] in the way of God and [[Martyrdom]] in the way of [[God]] is our highest wish".
Then he went to military service for 3 years and served the service period from 1957 to 1960 AD. After he was discharged from military service, then in 1961 AD he married his cousin and God granted them six children. Then on August 25, 1965 AD, he was arrested for the second time and sentenced to 10 years in prison. He spent 9 years and two months in prison and was released in 1974 AD.

== Death ==
He passed away after a long life spent in the way of serving his religion and his cause.

== References ==
* See: Entry Rushdi Hablas in Ikhwan Wiki; [http://ikhwanwiki.com ikhwanwiki.com.].

{{Egypt}}
{{Islamic scholars}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Egypt]]

Draft:Rashad Bayumi

2026-06-20T06:03:52Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| title = Rashad Bayumi
| image = Rashad Bayumi.jpg
| name = Rashad Muhammad Ali Bayumi
| other_names = Muhammad Ali Al-Bayumi
| birth_year = 1935 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Egypt]]
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| advisors =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam]]
| works =
| activities = {{Vertical list |Cooperation with [[Muslim Brotherhood]]|Member of the Geologists Syndicate of [[America]]| }}
| website =
}}

'''Rashad Bayumi''' was born in 1935 AD in Sohag, [[Egypt]]. He entered the Faculty of Science at [[Cairo University]], Department of Geology in 1951. He was imprisoned from 1954 to 1971 AD. Then in January 1972 AD, he returned to the faculty and enrolled in the second year, and graduated from the faculty as an assistant lecturer in 1974 AD. He completed his master's thesis in 1977 AD and obtained his PhD in 1980 AD under the joint supervision of [[Cairo University]] and [[University of London]] in [[Canada]]. He spent five years in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and during this period supervised three PhD theses and one master's thesis and published 12 papers on the geology of the UAE.

== Biography ==
'''Rashad Muhammad Ali Al-Bayumi''' was born in the village of Al-Hadidah al-Gharbiyah, part of Sohag. He came from his hometown to [[Cairo]] in 1951 AD and entered the Geology Department of the Faculty of Science at [[Cairo University]] in 1951 AD, and prior to that, he was acquainted with the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. In early 1954 AD, he took charge of supervising the students of the Faculty of Science and after his arrest in 1954 AD, he stopped his studies and then on 5 January 1972 after his release in 1972 he went to the faculty again and enrolled. He graduated in the second year as a teaching assistant at the college in 1974. He held membership in the Geologists Syndicate of [[Egypt]] and was the first representative of the Scientists Syndicate from 1991 AD and was also a member of the Geologists Syndicate of [[America]]. He married the sister of ''Hassan Abdelmonem'', who accompanied him in prison, in the year 1354 AH.

== Education ==
He returned to [[Cairo University]] and supervised 16 PhD theses and 12 master's theses and in 1992 AD he reached the rank of Professor and then in 1995 he was promoted to Full Professor. At the beginning of the 1948 [[Palestine]] War, he cooperated with the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] at the university and was responsible for the Brotherhood in the Faculty of Science. He was elected to the membership of the Guidance Office in 1374 AH until he was arrested in 1375 AH in connection with a military case and was acquitted after four and a half months and then he was arrested in 1381 AH and spent two and a half months in prison. He also participated in many international scientific conferences.

== Cooperation with the Muslim Brotherhood ==
Sohag Governorate was one of the provinces that [[Hassan al-Banna]] traveled to and expanded the Brotherhood's curricula and cultivated legal cadres there.

== Arrest and Imprisonment ==
He was tortured severely and said: "No human can endure it." But despite his young age, he did not retreat and did not submit to the pressures that were demanded of him and refused to write even a word in support of the Revolution and President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]. He took inspiration from those he loved, namely (''Kamal al-Sananniri'', ''Ahmed Shureit'' and ''Mustafa Mashhur'' ), the court sentenced him to ten years in prison. He was released in 1965 AD and stayed outside prison for only 24 days, then returned to prison again and remained there until 1972 AD.

== References ==
* See: Entry Rashad Al-Bayumi in Ikhwan Wiki; [http://ikhwanwiki.com ikhwanwiki.com.].

{{Egypt}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Egypt]]

Draft:Rustam Minnikhanov

2026-06-20T05:53:18Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Rustam Minnikhanov
| image = Rustam Minnikhanov.jpg
| name = Rustam Minnikhanov
| other_names = {{hlist| Rustam Minnikhanov Nurgaliyevich}}
| birth_year = 1957 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| employers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works =
| occupations = {{hlist| 2nd President of [[Tatarstan]] [[Russia]]| Head of the Russia - Islamic World Strategic Vision Group| Head of the Infrastructure for Living Commission of the State Council of the Russian Federation| Head of the Council of the Association of Innovative Regions of Russia| Member of the Supreme Council Bureau of the United Russia party }}
| website =
}}

'''Rustam Minnikhanov''' is the second President of the [[Republic of Tatarstan|Tatarstan]] in [[Russia]], Head of the Russia - [[Islamic World]] Strategic Vision Group, Head of the Infrastructure for Living Commission of the State Council of the Russian Federation, Head of the Council of the Association of Innovative Regions of Russia, and a member of the Supreme Council Bureau of the United Russia party. Regarding the martyrdom of Iranian citizens in the [[2026 US and Israel attack on Iran|US and Israel attack on Iran]], he believes that this attack endangered regional and global security and caused disruption in the supply chain, and unfortunately, some countries instead of condemning this attack, try to justify it.

== Biography ==
Rustam Minnikhanov Nurgaliyevich was born on March 1, 1957 AD, in the Rybno-Slobodsky district.

== Education ==
* Graduated from Kazan Agricultural Institute in Agricultural Mechanization - Mechanical Engineering degree in 1986 AD;
* Graduated from Soviet Trade Correspondence Institute in Commodity Science and Organization of Food Trade - High Qualified Commodity Specialist degree in 2003;
* PhD in Economics.

== Positions ==
* Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Consumers' Association of Sabinsky District;
* Chairman of the Board of the Consumers' Association of Arsk District;
* Head of the Executive Committee of Arsk District;
* First Deputy Head of Arsk District Administration;
* Head of Vysokogorsky District Administration;
* Minister of Finance of the Republic of [[Tatarstan]];
* Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan;
* Acting Head of the Republic of Tatarstan;
* President of the Republic of Tatarstan to present;
* Head of the Strategic Vision Group [[Russia]] - [[Islamic World]];
* Head of the Infrastructure for Living Commission of the State Council of the Russian Federation;
* Head of the Council of the Association of Innovative Regions of Russia;
* Member of the Supreme Council Bureau of the United Russia party<ref>[https://rais.tatarstan.ru/biografiya.htm Rustam Minnikhanov Nurgaliyevich, Tatarstan President Website].</ref>.

== Meeting with Ismail Haniyeh ==
[[File:Rustam Minnikhanov 1.jpg|frameless|right|]]

[[Ismail Haniyeh]], head of the political bureau of [[Hamas|Hamas Movement]], during his trip to [[Russia]] met with Rustam Minnikhanov, President of [[Tatarstan]]. The Hamas delegation led by Haniyeh consisted of Ismail Haniyeh, [[Saleh al-Arouri|Saleh al-Arouri]] his deputy, [[Mousa Abu Marzook|Dr. Mousa Abu Marzook]] and Dr. Maher Salah, two members of the political bureau of this movement. Haniyeh congratulated Minnikhanov on the 1100th anniversary of the acceptance of [[Islam]] in Tatarstan. He also congratulated the granting of the title of Young Capital of [[Muslims]] this year to the city of Kazan in the Republic of Tatarstan and emphasized the necessity of using this title to support [[Palestine]] and [[Jerusalem|Al-Quds]].

The Hamas delegation briefed the Tataristani side on the latest developments in Palestine, especially [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Jerusalem]] and [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]], the aggressions of the [[Zionist regime]] including settlement construction, killing and massacre and arrest of Palestinians and the unjust siege of [[Gaza]], and emphasized the necessity of supporting the Palestinian nation and its Islamic and Christian holy sites and confronting the sinister plans of the Zionist enemy.
The President of Tatarstan also praised the stability and perseverance of the Palestinian nation against the Israeli occupiers and stated that he believes that the nation of [[Palestine]] will achieve its demands.

== Views ==
=== Condolence Message Regarding the Martyrdom of Iranian Citizens ===
Rustam Minnikhanov, President of the Republic of Tatarstan and Head of the "Russia – Islamic World Strategic Vision Group", following recent developments and increase in human casualties in [[Iran]], issued a message addressed to Dr. Pezeshkian, President of our country.
In this message, expressing deep sympathy with the government and nation of Iran, he offered condolences for the death of a large number of Iranian citizens as a result of the [[2026 US and Israel attack on Iran|US and Israel attack]] and described these actions as a blatant violation of fundamental principles and norms of international law.
Minnikhanov, referring to missile attacks and bombings simultaneously with the negotiation process, stated that targeting residential areas and civilians, including children and senior Iranian officials, will exacerbate tensions and instability in the Middle East region.
He also warned about the human and security consequences of the continuation of these conflicts.
At the end, the President of the Republic of Tatarstan called for an immediate cessation of hostilities, condemnation of US and Israel military actions, and the return of all parties to the path of dialogue for a peaceful resolution of the crisis<ref>[https://hawzahnews.com/xfxqJ Condolence message of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan to the nation of Iran, Official Hawza News Agency website]. </ref>.

=== Condemning US and Israel Attacks on Iran ===
At the 20th annual meeting of the "Russia - Islamic World Strategic Vision Group" with the slogan "Trust and Cooperation" in the city of Kazan, capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, Rustam Minnikhanov, President of Tatarstan and Head of the Russia - Islamic World Strategic Vision Assembly, referring to recent US and Zionist regime attacks against the Islamic Republic of Iran, called these actions a clear example of Western unilateral policies, especially America.
He emphasized: War against Iran endangered regional and global security and caused disruption in the supply chain. Unfortunately, some countries instead of condemning this attack, try to justify it<ref>[https://www.farhang.gov.ir/fa/news/833758/%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF-%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%85%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8% Decisive response of the Head of Culture Organization to the UAE representative at Kazan meeting, Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance website].</ref>.

=== Naming of Kazan City ===
Rustam Minnikhanov at the meeting of the Russia and Islamic World Strategic Vision Group in Jeddah suggested that the city of Kazan be recognized as the city of the first ''[[Quran]]'' printed by [[Muslims]] in the [[Islamic World]]. Minnikhanov also said that next year [[Tatarstan]] will celebrate the 100th anniversary of the acceptance of Islam. He, referring to the fact that Russia with the initiative of [[Vladimir Putin]], President of [[Russia]] in 2005 AD, became an observer member in [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], stated: Today we must make the most use of the potential of our relations with the Islamic World. He also, referring to the status of relations between Muslims and other [[Religion|religions]] in Tatarstan, said: The Tatarstan model represents coexistence, cooperation of nations and religions and a civilized approach regarding national security issues and development of the Russian Federation<ref>[https://iqna.ir/00GqmY Kazan became the city of the first printed Quran in the Islamic World, IQNA news agency website].</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[2026 American and Israeli attack on Iran]]
* [[Islamic unity]]
* [[Sunni Muslims]]
* [[Muslim]]
* [[Russia]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Footnotes}}

== References ==
* [https://rais.tatarstan.ru/biografiya.htm Rustam Minnikhanov Nurgalievich, Website of the President of Tatarstan], Date published: 10 April 2006, Date accessed: 24 May 2026.

* [https://hawzahnews.com/xfxqJ Condolence message from the President of the Republic of Tatarstan to the nation of Iran, Official Hawza News Agency website], Date published: 2 March 2026, Date accessed: 24 May 2026.

* [https://www.farhang.gov.ir/fa/news/833758/%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%AF-%DA%86%D9%87-%D9%85%DB%8C-%DA%A9 Decisive response by the Head of the Culture Organization to the UAE representative at the Kazan meeting, Website of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance], Date published: 16 May 2026, Date accessed: 24 May 2026.

* [https://iqna.ir/00GqmY Kazan becomes the city of the first printed ''Quran'' in the Islamic world, IQNA News Agency website], Date published: 25 November 2021, Date accessed: 24 May 2026.

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Russia]]

Draft:Rostam Ghasemi

2026-06-20T05:23:51Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Rostam Ghasemi
| تصویر = قاسمی.jpg
| نام = Rostam Ghasemi
| نام‌های دیگر =
| سال تولد = 1343
| تاریخ تولد =
| محل تولد = Sargah, Fars
| سال درگذشت = 1401 SH
| تاریخ درگذشت =
| محل درگذشت =
| استادان =
| شاگردان =
| دین = [[Islam]]
| مذهب = [[Shia Islam]]
| آثار =
| فعالیت‌ها = {{فهرست جعبه افقی |Commander of Engineering, Khatam al-Anbiya Naval Headquarters|Commander of Engineering, Navy of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]]|Minister of Petroleum in the Tenth Government ... }}
| وبگاه =
}}
'''The late Rostam Ghasemi''' born in 1343 SH, in Sargah County within [[Fars Province]], was the Minister of Petroleum in the Tenth Government and Advisor to the First Vice President in the Eleventh Government, and was a member of the approximation-oriented unions of the [[World Assembly for the Approximation of Islamic Sects]].

== Education ==
He obtained a degree in Civil Engineering from Sharif University of Technology.

== Executive Records ==
# Commander of Engineering, Khatam al-Anbiya Naval Headquarters.
# Commander of Engineering, Navy of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]].
# Commander of Noah Construction Headquarters.
# Commander of Khatam al-Anbiya Construction Headquarters.
# CEO and Chairman of the Board of Oil Force Engineering Company.
# Chairman of the Board of Iran Marine Industrial Company.
# Chairman of the Board of Persian Gulf Shipbuilding Company.
# Minister of Petroleum in the Tenth Government.
# Advisor to the First Vice President in the Eleventh Government.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Members of Approximation-oriented Unions]]
[[Category:Iran]]

Draft:Rahim Aga Khan

2026-06-16T06:54:49Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Rahim Aga Khan
| image = Rahim Aga Khan.webp
| birth_name = Rahim Aga Khan
| other_names = {{Flatlist | Shah Rahim al-Husseini | Aga Khan V}}
| birth_year = 1971 CE
| birth_place = {{Flatlist | [[Switzerland]] Geneva|Aga Khan V}}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Nizari|Nizari Ismailism]]
| known_for = {{Flatlist | Establishment of the Aga Khan Brown Workshop series at the Watson Institute|Head of the "Aga Khan Development Network"|50th Imam of [[Nizari|Nizari Ismailism]]
}}
| website =
}}
'''Rahim Aga Khan''', with titles such as '''"Shah Rahim al-Husseini"''' and '''"Aga Khan V"''', is the 50th Imam of [[Nizari|Nizari Ismailism]] who was chosen for the Imamate of this group after the death of [[Karim Aga Khan]] on 4 February 2025, according to his recommendation and will. The establishment of the Aga Khan Brown Workshop series at the Watson Institute and being head of the "Aga Khan Development Network" are among his economic activities and performing humanitarian affairs in poor and developing countries are among his public welfare activities.

==Background==
Based on historical evidence, after the martyrdom of [[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (peace be upon him)]], the sixth Imam of [[Shia Islam|Shias]], divisions occurred within the Shias. A larger group named Twelver Shia, believed in the Imamate of [[Musa al-Kazim|Imam Musa al-Kazim (peace be upon him)]] the son of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him), and the chain continued until [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]], the Imam whose appearance they await. Some also under the title [[Ismailism]] found belief in the Imamate of Ismail ibn Jafar, the eldest son of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him). Later, another division occurred within Ismailism, and it began with the death of the 18th Ismaili Imam, al-Mustansir Billah the eighth Caliph of the Fatimid Empire stationed in 488 AH.
And his two sons entered into conflict over succession. One of the two sons was Nizar, who was designated by the father as the main heir, the other, his younger brother, Ahmad al-Musta'li, who ascended the throne with the help of Al-Afdal Shahanshah, the vizier and commander of the Egyptian army. Based on this succession dispute, the Ismaili community was divided into two factions [[Nizari]] and [[Musta'li|Musta'li]].

==Etymology of Aga Khan==
The titles Prince and Princess are used by Aga Khan and his children in foreign media due to their lineage. Accordingly, their lineage goes back to [[Qajar dynasty]] and Fath-Ali Shah. This title was recognized by the British government in 1938.

==Biography==
Rahim Aga Khan was born in the year 1971 CE, in Geneva and is the eldest son of [[Karim Aga Khan]]. His first wife was named Salima Aga Khan and after 26 years of shared life in the year 1995 CE, while they had three children named Zahra Aga Khan, Rahim Aga Khan, and Hussein Aga Khan, they separated from each other. In the year 2013 CE, he married Kendra Spears, a former American model, who converted to Islam after marriage and chose the name Salwa and they had two sons, but their marriage ended in separation in the year 2022 CE.

==Education==
He completed his secondary education at Phillips Academy in Massachusetts in the year 1990 CE, and graduated from Brown University United States with a bachelor's degree in Comparative Literature in the year 1995 CE.

==Economic Activities==
In the year 2006 CE, he completed an executive development program in management and administration at IESE Business School, University of Navarra in Barcelona Spain. In 2010, he established the Aga Khan Brown Workshop series at the Watson Institute.
Rahim Aga Khan (Aga Khan V), is head of the "Aga Khan Development Network" and chairs the Environment and Climate Committee and co-chairs the Budget Review Committees (AKDN). Rahim is a member of the board of directors or executive committee of several agencies and structures affiliated with the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development, Aga Khan University, Aga Khan Foundation, Aga Khan Development Network Foundation. He is also a member of the Aga Khan Microfinance Agency and Aga Khan Trust for Culture. He regularly monitors programs and other projects on the "Aga Khan Development Network" website, including dozens of different agencies, and is present for humanitarian activities in poor and developing countries. This network was established by Rahim Aga Khan's father, [[Karim Aga Khan]] and he himself, who recently passed away, was considered the 32nd wealthiest person in England. This institute awards annual prizes in the fields of environment and music and is mainly concerned with health and treatment, housing, education, and rural economic development issues. This organization works in more than 30 countries and has an annual budget of about 1 billion dollars for non-profit development activities. And a network of hospitals named Aga Khan is scattered in places where healthcare for the poorest people including [[Bangladesh|Bangladesh]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Afghanistan]] exists, for which he has spent tens of millions of dollars to develop local economies.

==Method of Selecting Ismaili Leaders==
[[Ismailism]] is one of the sects of [[Shia Islam|Imami]]. Ismailis take their name from Ismail ibn Jafar, the son of Imam al-Sadiq. Unlike Twelver Shias, who accepted [[Musa al-Kazim|Imam Musa al-Kazim (peace be upon him)]] the younger brother of Ismail as Imam, they believed Ismail was the successor of Imam al-Sadiq.
The Ismaili population is estimated at about 15 million people worldwide. Most Ismaili followers reside in [[India]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Pakistan]] and some also live in [[Africa]].
In this sect, every Imam designates his successor before his death. After the death of Aga Khan IV, Rahim was named the fifth Aga Khan and the 50th hereditary Imam of Ismailism according to his father's will<ref>[https://www.rouydad24.ir/fa/news/400771/%D8%B1%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A2%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-%7C-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%DA%A9%D9%87 Ruydad 24 Website, Who is Rahim Aga Khan?]. </ref>.

==Receiving Pakistan's Highest Civilian Award==
Prince Rahim al-Husseini, during his 2024 AD trip to [[Pakistan]], was awarded the country's highest civilian honor, the Nishan-e-Pakistan, by President [[Asif Ali Zardari]]. This award is conferred upon individuals who have rendered distinguished services to Pakistan. The citation for the award states: "Prince Rahim Aga Khan, through his multiple leadership roles in the Aga Khan Development Network, has dedicated over 25 years of his life to improving the quality of life for people in various regions of [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]."

==Views and Opinions==
In a 2007 AD interview with The New York Times, Rahim Aga Khan added: If you travel to developing countries, you see that poverty is a factor for despair and sorrow, and can pave the way for any kind of extremism. By helping the poor through business, we are creating a buffer against extremism<ref>[https://amu.tv/fa/155853/ Amu TV website, Prince Rahim al-Husseini introduced as the fiftieth Imam of the Ismailis]. </ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Asif Ali Zardari]]
* [[Karim Aga Khan]]
* [[Ismailism]]
* [[Aga Khanis]]
* [[Nizari]]

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}

== Sources ==
* [https://www.rouydad24.ir/fa/news/400771/%D8%B1%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A2%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-%7C-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%DA%A9%D9%87- Ruydad 24 website, Who is Rahim Aga Khan?], Date of publication: 17 Bahman 1403 SH, Date of access: 3 Esfand 1403 SH.
* [https://amu.tv/fa/155853/ Amu TV website, Prince Rahim al-Husseini introduced as the fiftieth Imam of the Ismailis], Date of publication: 23 Bahman 1403 SH, Date of access: 3 Esfand 1403 SH.

[[Category:People]]

Draft:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

2026-06-16T06:48:23Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
| image = Erdoğan 11.jpg
| name = Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1954 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Turkey]], [[Istanbul]]
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works =
| occupation = Current President of Turkey
| website =
}}
'''Recep Tayyip Erdoğan''' is the current President of [[Turkey]] and the leader of the country's [[Justice and Development Party]].

== Biography ==
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was born in 1954 AD in a religious family in [[Istanbul]]. He spent his childhood in Rize province located on the coast of the [[Black Sea]], but returned to his birthplace Istanbul at the age of thirteen.

== Education ==
While Erdoğan was a teenager, he attended an Imam Khatib school, which is equivalent to high school and specialized for training [[Imam]]s and preachers, and completed his studies there. He subsequently went to [[Marmara University]] and graduated in Economics and Administrative Sciences. However, since his teenage studies at the Imam Khatib school did not align with this economics field, he had to provide another diploma separate from the seminary school certificate related to the economics field for admission to [[Marmara University]].

== Start of Political Activities ==
In the 1970s, Erdoğan joined the National Salvation Party, which was led by [[Necmettin Erbakan]], and began his political activities. After the military coup in 1980 AD, this party was dissolved along with other parties by order of the army. However, Erdoğan once again began his political activity by joining the Welfare Party. In 1994 AD, Erdoğan volunteered for the position of Mayor of Istanbul on behalf of the Welfare Party and eventually secured the mayorality of this city.

== Erdoğan's Record in Istanbul Municipality ==
During his tenure at the Istanbul Municipality, Erdoğan caused extensive transformations, particularly in the fields of environment and transportation. A few years later, when the Constitutional Court of Turkey ruled to dissolve the [[Welfare Party (Turkey)|Welfare Party]], Erdoğan participated in a protest gathering and recited poems in front of the party's supporters that promoted violence and religious hatred, which was not pleasing to Turkish laws. Therefore, he was sentenced to ten months in prison.

== Ban from Political Activity ==
In 1999 AD, Erdoğan was in prison for about 4 months. This issue led to his removal from the position of Mayor and disqualification from participating in the parliamentary elections of [[Turkey]].

== Resumption of Political Activities ==
After some time away from the world of politics, he re-entered this circle and in 2001 AD established the [[Justice and Development Party]] and after one year achieved a significant victory in the parliamentary elections. Since he had a prior judicial conviction, he could not attain the position of Prime Minister, so [[Abdullah Gül]] became the Prime Minister of Turkey. The following year, due to electoral violations by the Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey, while annulling the previous elections, it held new elections. This was at a time when, with the amendment of the law; party leaders of the objecting party gained the possibility of participating in the elections, and thus after the renewed victory of the Justice and Development Party, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Erdoğan]] reached the Prime Ministership and remained in this position for 11 years.

== Prime Ministership Era ==
During his eleven-year Prime Ministership, especially in the final years, Erdoğan faced many challenges, one of which was the creation of discord between the Justice and Development Party and an individual named [[Fethullah Gülen]].

== Ascension to the Presidency ==
Among the regulations of the Justice and Development Party is limiting presence in power to three terms, and Erdoğan could not hold power for more than three terms, so he aspired to reach the position of Presidency and the Justice and Development Party nominated him for this post. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was the first President who achieved a decisive victory with the direct vote of the people on 10 August 2014. It is worth noting that before that, the Turkish Parliament selected the President. In his electoral competitions, he promised the people that he intended to transform the presidency from a ceremonial position and resolver of disputes among ruling politicians to an effective and key authority. Erdoğan's first 5-year presidential term passed, and he participated again in the 2018 Turkish general elections and this time was elected as the President of the Presidential System of Turkey for another five-year term<ref>Using Wiki Tabnak</ref>.

According to Article 106 of the Constitution of Turkey, if something happens to Erdoğan, Fuat Oktay, Erdoğan's deputy, will assume the responsibilities and powers that Erdoğan had until the Turkish presidential elections are held within 45 days and the new President takes the [[Oath|oath]]. This process is very clear and standard. Analysts of Turkish affairs have long raised the hypothesis that in Turkey after Erdoğan, the Justice and Development Party will suffer internal schism, such that the chance of any of the opposition parties for victory in the general elections will be very high<ref>[https://www.eghtesadnews.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-57/444730-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF-%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%86%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%8C Adapted from Eghtesad News]</ref>.

== Palestine and Israel ==
Erdoğan participated in a conference held in Davos, [[Switzerland]], regarding [[Gaza]]. At that conference, [[Shimon Peres]] spoke of his support in dealing with [[Hamas]] and also gave a speech boasting of his pride in harsh confrontations with [[Palestine|Palestinians]] and their massacre. At this point, Erdoğan became deeply upset and, in opposition to Peres' words, said: "You are older than me, you have a loud voice, and I believe that when you speak loudly, it shows that you are suffering from a kind of guilty psychological feeling. But surely my voice will not rise like this. You are masters in the massacre of innocent people. You have had prime ministers who said that when we enter the lands of [[Palestine]] on tanks, we feel pleasure. But I condemn those who applaud such oppression, because I believe encouraging these killers of children and humans is itself a form of complicity in crimes against humanity, but here we cannot ignore a truth." Before the end of his speech, the moderator tried to calm Erdoğan with hand gestures, but Erdoğan stood up from his seat, left the session, and immediately returned to Turkey, announcing that no decision regarding relations between [[Israel]] and [[Turkey]] would be made.

== Gaza Massacre ==
[[File:Erdoğan-1.jpg|250px|thumb|left]]
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the President of Turkey, finally broke his 22-day silence and announced important matters in support of [[Gaza]] and against [[Israel]] at a large gathering of the Turkish people. He addressed the Western countries, saying: "The Gaza massacre is entirely the work of the West."

He also said: "Israel has been committing war crimes for the past 22 days. We will introduce Israel to the world as a country that has committed war crimes. We are now preparing for this, working on it. The West itself is the biggest responsible party for the massacre in Gaza."

Erdoğan continued, saying: "The West owes you (Israel), but Turkey does not owe you. This is why we speak so freely. Because Turkey does not owe you, Erdoğan speaks this way. Gaza, [[Palestine]], what was it in 1947, what is it today? Israel, how did you get here? How did you enter? You are an occupier, you are a group."

Following these remarks, the Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs, "Eli Cohen", recalled Israeli diplomats from Turkey and wrote on the social network X that this action was taken to re-evaluate relations between Israel and Turkey.

== View towards the West ==
On November 27, 2014, Erdoğan, in a meeting with members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] in [[Istanbul]], referred to the West as strangers whose goal is access to the resources and wealth of [[Muslim|Muslims]], while they have no interest in us, and added that Westerners appear to show themselves as our friends but in reality wish for our [[death]].

== Reconversion of Hagia Sophia to Mosque ==
In July 2020 AD, the Council of State of Turkey annulled the Turkish Cabinet's decision in 1934 to convert [[Hagia Sophia]] into a museum. The reason for this ruling was declared to be the illegality of the 1934 decision under [[Ottoman]] and Turkish laws, due to Hagia Sophia being endowed as a [[mosque]] by its owner, Sultan Mehmed. Then Erdoğan declared Hagia Sophia a mosque again via a decree. This decision was condemned by some organizations and individuals such as [[UNESCO]], the [[World Council of Churches]], and the [[Pope]]<ref>Using Wikipedia
</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Heads of Islamic states]]
[[Category:Turkey]]

Draft:Rabi' bin Hadi al-Madkhali

2026-06-16T06:41:24Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Rabi' bin Hadi al-Madkhali
| image = Rabi' bin Hadi al-Madkhali.webp
| name = Rabi' bin Hadi al-Madkhali
| other_names = {{Plainlist|Rabi' bin Hadi Umayr al-Madkhali|}}
| birth_year = 1932 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = {{Plainlist|[[Saudi Arabia]]|Al-Jaradiyah village|}}
| death_year = 2025 AD
| death_date = Wednesday 9 July
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam]]
| works = {{Plainlist| ''Bayn al-Imamayn Muslim wa al-Daraqutni''| ''Tahqiq Kitab al-Madkhal Ila al-Sahih''| ''Manhaj Ahl al-Sunnah fi Naqd al-Rijal wa al-Kutub wa al-Tawa'if''| ''Al-Ta'assub al-Dhamim wa Atharuhu''| ''Al-Kitab wa al-Sunnah.. Atharuhuma wa Makanatuhuma wa al-Darurah Ilayhima fi Iqamat al-Ta'lim fi Madarisina''|}}
| occupations = {{Plainlist| Lecturer at [[Islamic University of Medina]]| Lecturer at Hadith Faculty| Head of Sunnah Department in Graduate Studies|}}
| website =
}}

'''Rabi' bin Hadi al-Madkhali''', was a [[Saudi Arabia]]n [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Salafi]] [[Muslim]] scholar and founder of a movement titled '''"Madkhali movement"''' which believed in absolute loyalty and complete obedience to the current rulers of Arab countries and defending their positions and policies and suppressing their opponents from Islamic movements. Criticism of Islamist movements due to interference in politics, opposition to [[Arab Spring]] revolutions, opposition to [[Muslim Brotherhood]], support for [[Khalifa Haftar]] are among his intellectual tendencies. Books ''Bayn al-Imamayn Muslim wa al-Daraqutni'', ''Tahqiq Kitab al-Madkhal Ila al-Sahih'', ''Manhaj Ahl al-Sunnah fi Naqd al-Rijal wa al-Kutub wa al-Tawa'if'', ''Al-Ta'assub al-Dhamim wa Atharuhu'' and ''Al-Kitab wa al-Sunnah... Atharuhuma wa Makanatuhuma wa al-Darurah Ilayhima fi Iqamat al-Ta'lim fi Madarisina'', are among his works.

==Biography==
Rabi' bin Hadi bin Muhammad Umayr al-Madkhali was born in 1932 AD, in Al-Jaradiyah village in [[Saudi Arabia]]. He is from the well-known Madkhali tribe in the Jazan region in southern [[Saudi Arabia]].

==Education==
He completed his preliminary education at a scientific institute in 1961 AD, in the city of Samtah, a subsidiary of the Jazan region. He joined the Faculty of Sharia in Riyadh, the capital of [[Saudi Arabia]]. He then went to [[Islamic University of Medina]], where after four years of study there, he graduated in 1964 AD. In 1977 AD, he received his Master's degree in the field of Hadith from King Abdulaziz University by defending his thesis, ''Bayn al-Imamayn Muslim wa al-Daraqutni'', and in 1980 AD, he graduated with a PhD from King Abdulaziz University.

==Positions==
After graduation, al-Madkhali served for a while as a lecturer at [[Islamic University of Medina]] and then as a lecturer at the Hadith Faculty, teaching [[Hadith]] and its various sciences, and took charge of the headship of the Sunnah Department in graduate studies levels.

==Works==
* ''Bayn al-Imamayn, Muslim wa al-Daraqutni'';
* ''Tahqiq Kitab al-Madkhal Ila al-Sahih'';
* ''Manhaj Ahl al-Sunnah fi Naqd al-Rijal wa al-Kutub wa al-Tawa'if'';
* ''Al-Ta'assub al-Dhamim wa Atharuhu'';
* ''Al-Kitab wa al-Sunnah... Atharuhuma wa Makanatuhuma wa al-Darurah Ilayhima fi Iqamat al-Ta'lim fi Madarisina''.

==Intellectual Orientation==
Al-Madkhali is the founder of a trend known as the Madkhali movement. This trend is a [[Salafiyya|Salafi]] movement that emerged in the early 1990s AD in [[Saudi Arabia]] and spread to other countries. The Madkhali ideology is widespread in Salafi circles, and he has followers in Arab countries including [[Algeria]], [[Libya]], [[Yemen]], and [[Saudi Arabia]].
The message and approach of this movement are based on two things: absolute loyalty to the ruling authority and complete obedience to rulers and defense of their positions and policies, whatever they may be, and continuous attack on opponents, especially opponents who are from Islamic movements.

===Criticism of Islamist Movements for Interference in Politics===
The Madkhali movement criticizes Islamist movements for interference in politics. One of the ideas promoted by this movement is that any expression of opinion that differs from the view of the authorities is considered a violation of Islamic laws and incitement to sedition. Based on this belief, this movement allied with coup plotters in [[Libya]] and the [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]], and with Emirati forces against [[Mansour Hadi|Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi]], the President of Yemen.

===Opposition to Arab Spring Revolutions===
Al-Madkhali opposed the [[Islamic Awakening|Arab Spring]] revolutions that occurred in some Arab countries against ruling regimes. In an article he published on his website in February 2011 AD titled "A Word on Events, Demonstrations, and Rebellion Against Rulers", he wrote that [[Islam]] forbids rebellion against the ruler.

===Opposition to the Muslim Brotherhood===
He is also opposed to the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and has explicitly called for fighting them in a fatwa. On 10 July 2016 AD, he wrote on his website: The Muslim Brotherhood is the most dangerous group for Islam since its establishment until now. They are the most lying group after the [[Shia Islam|Shiites]]. They believe in the unity of religions, unity of existence, and [[Secularism]].
In his fatwa, which was criticized by scholars and intellectuals for inciting violence and hatred, he asked Libyan Salafis to support the religion of God and protect it from the Muslim Brotherhood and others.

===Support for Khalifa Haftar===
Following the chaos of the fall of the regime of [[Colonel Muammar Gaddafi]] in 2011 AD in [[Libya]], followers of the so-called Madkhali movement spread across the country and participated in Libyan conflicts by issuing sedition-inciting fatwas, emphasizing support for the retired general, [[Khalifa Haftar]]. In January 2018 AD, the Dar al-Ifta of Libya accused a group ideologically affiliated with Al-Madkhali of destabilizing Libya and sabotaging the revolution, and in a statement announced that Madkhali Salafis, under the pretext of fighting [[Shirk]] and establishing [[Tawhid]], engage in exhumation and destruction of shrines, as if Libya is a polytheistic country whose people worship idols.
Al-Madkhali considers Khalifa Haftar a dominant ruler and a legitimate authority against whom rebellion is forbidden. On 15 February 2018 AD, [[Sadiq al-Ghariani|Sadiq al-Ghariani]], the Grand Mufti of Libya, said in his weekly program titled "Islam and Life", broadcast on the Tanasuh satellite channel, affiliated with the Dar al-Ifta of Libya, that [[Saudi Arabia]] sent [[Salafiyya|Salafis]] to Libya who appointed Haftar as a legitimate authority. In March 2017 AD, al-Ghariani described Al-Madkhali as the commander of a military battalion that issues the order to fight Haftar. However, the leader of the Madkhali movement had accused al-Ghariani on 6 July 2016 AD of membership in the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and following [[Ibrahim Husayn Shadhli|Sayyid Qutb]] as a source of authority.
Also in April 2018 AD, the French newspaper Libération, L'Eberration, in an article titled "Amidst Libya's Chaos, Salafis Gain Power", stated that the Madkhali movement is a staunch opponent of the Muslim Brotherhood and that Madkhalis were revived and supported by Saudi Arabia and the [[United Arab Emirates]] to play this role in Libya<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2018/4/7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6 Al-Madkhali, a Saudi Salafi, attacked the Muslim Brotherhood and opposed the Arab Spring, Al Jazeera Media Network]. </ref>.

==Death==
Finally, Rabee bin Hadi Umayr al-Madkhali died on Wednesday, 9 July 2025 AD, corresponding to 13 Muharram 1447 AH, equivalent to 18 Tir 1404 SH.

==Reactions==
===Omar bin Rabee al-Madkhali===
Omar bin Rabee al-Madkhali, son of Rabee al-Madkhali, announced the death of his father, Sheikh Rabee bin Hadi al-Madkhali, on his personal account on the "X" platform. He was one of the most prominent figures of the so-called "Madkhali Salafism" or "Jam'iyyah" current, who passed away at the age of 92 after years of controversial presence in the religious sphere of [[عربستان سعودی]] and beyond. Rabee al-Madkhali was a close student of Albani and one of the hadith professors at [[دانشگاه اسلامی مدینه]], around whose thoughts a specific intellectual current formed. This current, which strongly emphasizes the necessity of obedience to the ruler, avoidance of partisan or revolutionary politics, and the prohibition of takfir, is considered the opposite of currents such as the Muslim Brotherhood, Qutbists, and Sururi Salafis. Al-Madkhali and his followers accused many of their opponents of being Khawarij, while in contrast, some critics accused him and his current of being "Murji'ah"; meaning neglecting the political and social aspects of religion.
Al-Madkhali was considered one of Albani's senior students, but even his teacher and some top-tier Saudi scholars had condemned his extremism in declaring any inclination towards politics as fisq (immorality). However, the mutual support of Al Saud and some Arab governments for this approach caused this current, although it did not find a broad social base, to gain significant presence and influence especially in institutions such as the University of Medina, which hosts many foreign students. This institutional influence and extensive use of various media has caused the voice of the Madkhali current to be heard at the international level, especially among Salafi youth, more than its social base would warrant.

The prominent and targeted activities of the Madkhalis after October 7, 2023, once again revealed the ideological and propaganda capacities of this current. The Madkhalis, who have always emphasized the rejection of any political or military confrontation with Muslim rulers and also avoidance of entering contemporary conflict arenas, in this period also organizedly and persistently criticized [[حماس]] and the resistance current. They, by repeating rhetoric that clearly drew inspiration from the general lines of Saudi diplomacy and governments supporting normalization of relations with [[تل‌آویو]], called Islamic resistance "illegitimate adventurism", "fasad fil-ard" (corruption on earth), and "neglecting the interests of the Ummah". This movement showed that the Madkhali project, beyond an isolated intellectual or purely academic current, has practically become a strategic reserve for governments that are politically seeking to contain resistant Islamist forces and also seek to legitimize the process of normalization of relations with the [[رژیم صهیونیستی|رژیم اسرائیل]] in the minds of the Muslim public<ref>[http://ble.ir/dolatedin Death of Rabee al-Madkhali; Sheikh of Sheikh of Normalization, Dolat Din Channel, Mersad Think Tank on Bale platform]. </ref>.

===Mohammad Elhamy===
Mohammad Elhamy, a prominent intellectual figure in [[اخوان المسلمین|اخوان المسلمین مصر]], says thus: I could not believe it due to extreme happiness... The head of the ominous sedition has died: Rabee al-Madkhali, the disgrace of the age, the stain of disgrace of this era, and the leader of a deviant sect that was very dangerous and harmful for Muslims... I ask God to punish him as he deserves, and show us a black day for his followers. I ask God to join him to the sultans and kings who led people to servitude other than God! And join them to him sooner rather than later, not far, but near... and heal the hearts of believers from his evil and theirs!<ref>[https://eitaa.com/shouba Mohammad Elhamy, a prominent intellectual figure in the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt, Shouba Channel on Eitaa platform].</ref>.

==See also==
* [[دانشگاه اسلامی مدینه]]
* [[اهل سنت و جماعت]]
* [[عربستان سعودی]]
* [[اخوان المسلمین]]
* [[حماس]]
* [[سلفیه]]

==Footnotes==
{{پانویس}}

==References==
*[https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2018/4/7/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6 Al-Madkhali, a Saudi Salafi who attacked the Muslim Brotherhood and opposed the Arab Spring, Al Jazeera Media Network], Publication date: 11 April 2018 AD, Access date: 20 Tir 1404 SH.
* [http://ble.ir/dolatedin Death of Rabee al-Madkhali; Sheikh of Sheikh of Normalization, Dolat Din Channel, Mersad Think Tank on Bale platform]., Publication date: 19 Tir 1404 SH, Access date: 21 Tir 1404 SH.
* [https://eitaa.com/shouba Mohammad Elhamy, a prominent intellectual figure in the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt, Shouba Channel on Eitaa platform], Publication date: 19 Tir 1404 SH, Access date: 21 Tir 1404 SH.
[[رده:شخصیت‌ها]]

Draft:Rubab

2026-06-16T06:16:06Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox Prophets
| title = Rubab
| image = Rubab.jpg
| caption =
| name = Rubab bint Imru' al-Qays ibn Adi
| birth =
| birth_place =
| death = 62 AH
| title =
| kunya =
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| tribe =
| holy_book =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| age =
| resting_place =
}}
'''Rubab bint Imru' al-Qays ibn Adi''', daughter of Imru' al-Qays al-Kalbi, mother of [[Ali ibn Hussein (Ali al-Asghar)|Lord Ali al-Asghar (peace be upon him)]], was one of the noble, famous, and influential women of [[Karbala]] and one of the most beloved and closest wives of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) and among the renowned, virtuous, and loyal women of her era. This noble lady had special knowledge and affection for Aba Abdillah (peace be upon him) and was a loyal and virtuous wife for him.

Lady Rubab's poems and elegies regarding the tragedy of Aba Abdillah (peace be upon him) express the greatness of her character and her knowledge of the Sayyid al-Shuhada. She had realized the greatness of Aba Abdillah's status and accompanied Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) to Karbala to endure all calamities, pain, and suffering.

After returning to [[Medina]], she held mourning gatherings for Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) and as long as she lived, until one year after the event of Karbala, she was always in mourning. She finally bid farewell to the mortal world one year after the martyrdom of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) and joined her Master.

== Lineage of Lady Rubab (peace be upon her) ==
Rubab is the daughter of Imru' al-Qays ibn Adi. Her father was from the Arabs of [[Syria]] and was a [[Christian]] who converted to [[Islam]] during the caliphate of [[Umar]]<ref>''A'yan al-Shi'a'', vol. 6, p. 449</ref>. Rubab's mother is also mentioned by the name Hind al-Hunud, daughter of Rabi' ibn Mas'ud ibn Musad ibn Hisn ibn Ka'b<ref>Amin, 1421: 6/449</ref>. It should be noted that this Imru' al-Qays is <big>not the famous Arab poet</big>. According to [[Nasikh al-Tawarikh (book)|Nasikh al-Tawarikh]], Lady Rubab's lineage is as follows: Rubab, daughter of Imru' al-Qays ibn Adi ibn Jabir ibn Ka'b ibn Ali ibn Bara ibn Tha'laba ibn Imran ibn al-Haf ibn Quda'a<ref>Mahallati, n.d.: vol. 3, 313</ref>.

The late Farhad Mirza narrated in the book ''Qamqam'' that Awf ibn Kharija al-Muzani said: I was with him during the caliphate of [[Umar ibn Khattab]]. At this time, a man came to Umar and wanted to become [[Muslim]]. Umar asked his name and he said: I am a [[Christian]] and my name is Imru' al-Qays al-Kalbi. Umar recognized him and asked the reason for his conversion to [[Islam]]. Imru' al-Qays said: I have come to honor myself with Islam and learn its etiquette. After this statement, he became Muslim and the governance of the Muslim Quda'a who were in [[Syria (region)|Syria]] was given to him. Rubab's mother, Hind al-Hunud, is the daughter of Rabi' ibn Mas'ud ibn Musad ibn Hisn ibn Ka'b. Hind al-Hunud's mother is Maymun, daughter of Amr ibn Tha'laba ibn Husayn ibn Damdam, and Maymun's mother is the daughter of Aws ibn Haritha ibn Lam al-Ta'i<ref>Qadi Nu'man, 1404: 3/ 177-178; Isfahani, 1372: 59; Samawi, 1341: 24; Ha'iri, n.d.: 262; Tusi, 1415: 102; Tabari, n.d.: 4/ 359</ref>. In any case, the family of Lady Rubab (peace be upon her) was among the nobles and greats of the Arabs and had a worthy status and position near the Imam.

In some narrations, the lineage of Lady Rubab (peace be upon her) is mentioned as follows:
Rubab daughter of Imru' al-Qays ibn Adi ibn Aws ibn Jabir ibn Ka'b ibn Alim ibn Hubal ibn Abdullah ibn Kinana ibn Bakr ibn Awf ibn Udhra ibn Zayd Lat ibn Rafida ibn Thawr ibn Kalb<ref>Asqalani, 1415: 1/ 354-355; Amin, 1403: 6, 449</ref>.

== Father of Lady Rubab ==
Imru' al-Qays, the father of Lady Rubab (peace be upon her), is other than Imru' al-Qays ibn Abas al-Kindi, one of the famous poets of the [[Jahiliyyah]], owner of the famous poem from the Mu'allaqat al-Sab'a. He had passed away eighty years before the [[Prophethood]]<ref>Khorasani, n.d.: 243</ref>.

Some have not accepted this narration that Imru' al-Qays is Rubab's father and have said: Rubab, the wife of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him), is the daughter of Anif<ref>Rasuli Mahallati, 1412: 560</ref>. Of course, this opinion is rare and most historians have mentioned the first opinion. Objections have also been raised to this narration, which are mentioned here.

[[Lady Sukayna|Lady Sukayna (peace be upon her)]] was about fifteen or fourteen years old on the day of [[Ashura]] and there is no disagreement on this. If we assume that Imru' al-Qays's governance over the Christians of Syria was at the end of the caliphate of [[Second Caliph|the Second Caliph]] and at that same time Rubab was proposed to Hussein, she still became pregnant with Sukayna 24 years after [[marriage]]; unless there were children before Sukayna who passed away, while there is no name for them in the reports and it must be said there was a very long gap between consummation and pregnancy<ref>Imadzadeh, n.d.: 351</ref>.

In response to this objection, it must be said: Firstly, this matter cannot be raised as an objection; since there have been many women who did not bear children in the first years of marriage and later God granted them children. Secondly, perhaps Lady Rubab (peace be upon her) was at a young age at the time of proposal by Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) and Amir al-Mu'minin (peace be upon him), and after she grew up, consummation and marriage took place. With this answer, no objection remains and the opinion of most books and masters of maqatil remains valid.

== Marriage to Imam Hussein (AS) ==
[[ابن عساکر|Ibn Asakir]] in the book ''[[تاریخ مدینة دمشق|Tarikh Madinat Damascus]]'' has narrated the story of the Imam's marriage to her as follows:

During the time of [[عمر بن خطاب|Umar]], Imru' al-Qais came to the [[مسجد|mosque]] and converted to Islam. When he left the mosque towards his home, [[علی بن ابی‌طالب|Imam Ali (AS)]] also left the mosque with Hasan and Hussein (AS). He said to him: I am Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin of the Prophet (PBUH), and these two are my sons.

We wish to establish a kinship bond with you. He also gave his daughter Muhayah in marriage to Imam Ali (AS); he gave his daughter Salma to Imam Hasan and Rubab (AS) to Imam Hussein (AS)<ref>ابن عساکر، بی تا: 69/ 119؛ ابن کثیر، 1413: 8/ 229؛ بلاذری، 1394: 2/ 416؛ عسقلانی، 1415: 1/ 354-355؛ فرهادمیرزا، 1363: 2/ 653؛ قمی، 1421: 340؛ سماوی، 1341: 24؛ حائری مازندرانی، بی تا: 1/ 417؛ حائری، بی تا: 262-263؛ قمی، بی تا: 1/ 464؛ عمادزاده، بی تا: 418؛ قندوزی، 1385: 2/ 387</ref>.

From the marriage story, it can be understood that Imru' al-Qais's conversion to Islam was based on real knowledge and insight, as he gave three of his daughters to this family with a proposal from Imam Ali (AS). Regarding Rubab (AS), it has also been narrated that she was one of the famous, virtuous, and loyal women of her time<ref>قمی، 1421: 278</ref>.

Therefore, in the same year 14 or 16 AH - which is the date of Imru' al-Qais's conversion to Islam - Rubab (AS) entered into marriage with the Lord of the Martyrs (AS); as is also famous among historians. She is the first woman who entered into the marriage bond with the Lord of the Martyrs (AS)<ref>محلاتی، بی تا: 3/ 315</ref>.

[[شیخ مفید|Shaykh Mufid]], in mentioning the children of Imam Hussein (AS), counts Rubab among the Imam's wives<ref>مفید، 1388: ۲/ ۱۳۵ </ref>. According to a narration, Imru' al-Qais brought his three children into the marriage bond of Amir al-Mu'minin, Imam Hasan, and Imam Hussein (AS) out of excessive love and devotion to Imam Ali (AS)<ref>بلاذری، 1394: ۲/ ۱۹۵</ref>.

== Children of Lady Rubab ==
Rubab had two children from Imam Hussein (AS), one Sukaynah and the other Abdullah. Abdullah (Ali al-Asghar) on the [[عاشورا|Day of Ashura]] while he was nothing more than a child, in the arms of his father reached [[شهید|martyrdom]]<ref> الارشاد، ج۲، ص۱۳۵</ref>.

== Imam Hussein's Affection for Rubab ==
The extent and depth of anyone's status can be understood from the words of the great figures, especially the [[ائمه|Infallible Imams (AS)]. Also, from the expressions that have been conveyed from Sayyid al-Shuhada (AS) regarding her, the peak of the status of this great lady can be discovered.

It is clear to the people of virtue that the love and hate of the Imam does not have a personal or emotional aspect, rather the hate of the Infallible Imam towards a person expresses the peak of that person's wickedness and the Imam's love towards a person expresses the peak of spiritual status and spiritual greatness of that person. Imam Hussein (AS) loved Rubab (AS) very much<ref>ابن کثیر، 1413: ۸/ ۲۲۸</ref>.

The divine saints, according to the extent of the peak of status and position, will face harder trials from the Merciful God. In describing her, perhaps if <big>Second Zaynab of Karbala</big> is said, it would not be an exaggeration; because her performance in the very event of Karbala and especially after that is thought-provoking; for the reason that her expressive performance is a kind of status of Hujjat Allah and mediation in propagating important divine matters; just as for [[زینب کبری|Lady Zaynab (AS)]], [[حضرت مریم(س)|Lady Mary (AS)]] and some other women we attribute the status of Hujjat Allah and these were divine proofs for mediation in some important matters.

== Death of Lady Rubab ==
[[ابن اثیر|Ibn Athir]] writes: Rubab did not live for more than one year after the event of Karbala and in this one year she did not sit under a shade and passed away from the intensity of grief and sorrow<ref>الکامل فی التاریخ، ج۴، ص۸۸</ref>. [[سید محسن امین|Sayyid Muhsin Amin]] mentions the year of Rubab's death as 62 AH (i.e., one year after Ashura)<ref> اعیان‌الشیعة، ج۶، ص۴۴۹</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}

[[رده:شخصیت‌ها]]
[[رده:شخصیت‌های شیعه]]

Draft:Rami Nator

2026-06-16T06:03:26Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| title = Rami Nator
| image = Rami Nator Nasrallah.jpg
| name = Rami Nator
| other_names = Palestinian Driver
| birth_year = 1967 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Qalansuwa town in the Occupied Territories
| death_year = 2024 AD
| death_date = Sunday, October 27
| death_place = Aharon Yariv Street in Ramat HaSharon
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works =
| activities = {{Horizontal list |Martyrdom operation| Killing 6 and injuring 50 soldiers and officers of the [[Zionist regime]]|}}
| website =
}}
'''Rami Nator''', a [[Palestine|Palestinian]] truck driver who, in a martyrdom operation on Sunday, October 27, 2024 AD, equivalent to 6 Aban 1403 SH, after running over and killing 6 and injuring 50 soldiers and officers of the [[Zionist regime|Israeli]] with a truck in front of a bus station on Aharon Yariv Street in Ramat HaSharon in north [[Tel Aviv]], entrance to the Glilot military base of the [[Zionist regime|Israel]] and headquarters of intelligence organizations including [[Mossad]] and Unit 8200, got out of the truck and, holding a knife, attempted to attack the occupiers, but was martyred by [[Zionist regime|Israel]] police gunfire.

==Biography==
Rami Nator was born in 1967 AD, in Qalansuwa town in the Occupied Territories.

==Martyrdom==
Rami Nator, on Sunday, October 27, 2024 AD, equivalent to 6 Aban 1403 SH, after running over and killing 6 and injuring 50 Israeli soldiers and officers by means of a truck at a bus station on Aharon Yariv Street in Ramat HaSharon in north Tel Aviv near the entrance to the Israeli Glilot military base, headquarters of intelligence organizations including Mossad and Unit 8200, got out of the truck and holding a knife attempted to attack with a knife but was martyred by gunfire by Israeli police<ref>[https://www.eremnews.com/news/arab-world/xjgl066 "He had a knife".. Who is the perpetrator of the "Ramming Operation" North of Tel Aviv?, Erem News].</ref>.

==Reactions==
===Hamas Movement===
[[Hamas]] in a statement considered Rami Nator's operation a natural response to the crimes of the [[Zionist regime]] against the people of [[Palestine]] and the continuation of savage massacres of innocent civilians especially in the north of the [[Gaza]] Strip, meaning the place where the most heinous ethnic cleansing and forced displacement operations are carried out by these occupiers. In continuation of the Hamas statement, it is stated that the brave people of Palestine will continue to fight the Zionist killing and terror machine and commit to continuing the path of resistance and salvation until the defeat of the fascist enemy's will and forcing him to pay the price for his crimes. The Islamic Resistance of Palestine at the end thanked the jihad and heroism of its brave fighters and revolutionary youth, such as Rami Nator, everywhere in the occupied land and called for more confrontation and engagement with occupier soldiers and settlers and also raising the voice of the oppressed people of this region in vindicating the right to freedom and right to self-determination by the Palestinians and people of Gaza themselves.

===Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement===
[[Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement]] also in a statement congratulated the heroic Tel Aviv operation which targeted military personnel and officers of the military intelligence unit of the Zionist regime (8200) and stated that this operation was a natural response to the genocide of the [[Zionist regime|Zionist enemy]] against our resistant and steadfast nation, the latest of which is the genocide in the north of the [[Gaza]] Strip. Islamic Jihad added: The steadfastness and will of our nation today is in its best form with the heroic Tel Aviv operation and the continuation of resistance in [[West Bank]], [[Gaza]], south [[Lebanon]], [[Yemen]] and [[Iraq]] is visible and causes pain and suffering to the enemy. This incident confirms that the resistance still holds the initiative and is always ready to inflict painful blows to this usurper regime.

===Zionist Regime Media===
[[File:Rami Nator truck.webp|frameless|left|]]
According to the latest news in the attack on this Israeli headquarters 7 Zionist soldiers were killed 50 others injured of which 10 are reported to be in critical condition. According to the admission of the [[Zionist regime]] media themselves, they have published scenes from this operation which shows that Zionist occupier forces having been run over by a Palestinian youth with a truck near the bus station at the intersection of Glilot military base in north Tel Aviv which is the headquarters of Israeli intelligence services including Mossad and Unit 8200 from the military intelligence section, have surrounded the entire area and transferred the injured for treatment, while a helicopter was flying over them.

===Palestinian Sources===
Palestinian sources also announced that the executor of this resistance and martyrdom operation, was a truck driver named Rami Nator and from Qalansuwa town in the occupied lands of [[Palestine]] who was martyred due to gunfire by occupiers at the operation site<ref>[https://fa.alalam.ir/news/7031978/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87-%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8A%D9%88 Hamas and Islamic Jihad statement in reaction to martyrdom operation in Tel Aviv, Al Alam Network].</ref>.

===Al Mayadeen Network===
Al Mayadeen network quoting Zionist media reported that in the truck ramming operation in north Tel Aviv 6 Zionists were killed and 50 injured some of whom are reported to be in critical condition<ref>[https://www.almayadeen.net/news/politics/%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8 Killing of a soldier and dozens injured in a ramming operation at a bus station near "Glilot" north of "Tel Aviv", Al Mayadeen Network].</ref>.

===Al Jazeera Network===
Al Jazeera also reported that a large number of those present at the bus station were military personnel who intended to go to their military bases. The number of injured so far is announced to be over 50 of which at least 15 are in critical condition. The Hebrew language newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth emphasized that some of the injured are still under the truck and rescue has not been performed and they are in critical condition<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.net/programs/networks/2024/10/27/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%B3-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B2-%D8%AA%D9%84-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA On the doorstep of Mossad.. The biggest ramming operation shakes Tel Aviv and ignites platforms, Al Jazeera].</ref>.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Hamas]]
* [[Palestine]]
* [[West Bank]]
* [[Zionist regime]]

==References==
* [https://www.eremnews.com/news/arab-world/xjgl066 "He Had a Knife".. Who Is the Perpetrator of the "Ramming Operation" North of Tel Aviv?, Irem News], Publication date: 27 October 2024, Access date: 8 Aban 1403 SH.
* [https://fa.alalam.ir/news/7031978/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87-%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C Hamas and Islamic Jihad Statement in Response to the Martyrdom Operation in Tel Aviv, Al-Alam Network], Publication date: 27 October 2024, Access date: 8 Aban 1403 SH.
* [https://www.almayadeen.net/news/politics/%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%87 Killing of a Soldier and Dozens Injured in Ramming Operation at Bus Station Near "Glilot" North of "Tel Aviv", Al-Mayadeen Network], Publication date: 27 October 2024, Access date: 8 Aban 1403 SH.
* [https://www.aljazeera.net/programs/networks/2024/10/27/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%B3-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B2 On the Threshold of Mossad.. The Largest Ramming Operation Shakes Tel Aviv and Ignites Platforms, Al Jazeera], Publication date: 27 October 2024, Access date: 8 Aban 1403 SH.

{{Palestine}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Palestine]]
[[Category:Israeli Crimes]]
[[Category:Incidents of the 15th Solar Hijri Century]]

Draft:Rafeh Salama

2026-06-16T05:56:21Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Rafeh Salama
| image = Rafeh Salama.jpg
| birth_name = Rafeh Salama
| other_names =
| birth_year =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Gaza Strip]]
| death_year = 2024
| death_date = 13 July
| death_place = Southern Gaza Strip
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| works =
| activities = {{Horizontal list| Commander of the Khan Yunis Brigade [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]]| One of the main planners of [[Al-Aqsa Flood]] and multiple operations against the [[Zionist regime]] including operations "Omar Tabash", "Ahmed Abu Tahoun" known as "Sayd al-Afa'i 3", "Al-Jurf al-Samid" and "Al-Asf al-Makul"}}
| website =
}}
'''Rafeh Salama''', Commander of the Khan Yunis Brigade of the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], one of the main planners of [[Al-Aqsa Flood]] who carried out multiple operations against the [[Zionist regime]] including the operations "Omar Tabash" in 2005, the capture of Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]] in 2006, "Ahmed Abu Tahoun" known as "Sayd al-Afa'i 3", in 2007, "Al-Jurf al-Samid" and "Al-Asf al-Makul" in 2014, who on 13 July 2024, in the [[Al-Mawasi massacre]], the attack of the Israeli occupying army on the Al-Mawasi refugee camp, in the southern [[Gaza Strip]] along with [[Mohammed Diab Ibrahim al-Masri|Mohammed Deif]], [[Marwan Abdulkarim Issa|Marwan Issa]], Ghazi Abu Timaah and Raed Thabet, reached [[martyrdom]].

==Biography==
Rafeh Salama was born in the [[Khan Yunis]] camp in the [[Gaza Strip]]. He was raised in a family many of whose members, including his mother in the attack of the occupying army of the [[Zionist regime|Israel]] and his uncle "Jawad Abu Shamala" a member of the political bureau of [[Hamas]] and a close associate of [[Martyr Yahya Sinwar|Yahya Sinwar]] on the first day of the [[Al-Aqsa Flood|Al-Aqsa Flood]] operation, reached [[martyrdom]].

==Militant Activities==
Salama joined the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] in the early 1990s and before assuming command of the Khan Yunis Brigade in 2016, he was appointed commander of the Khan Yunis Battalion under the command of [[Mohammed Sinwar]]<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.net/amp/news/2025/1/30/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%81-%D9%886-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8#amp_tf=%D8%A7%D8%B2%20%251% Al-Deif and 6 of his comrades.. Get to know the martyred Qassam Brigades commanders, Al Jazeera Network website]. </ref>.

==Operation Planning==
He was responsible for designing and executing multiple operations against the [[Zionist regime]] which led to the killing and wounding of dozens of Israeli forces. Including in the operation "Omar Tabash" in 2005, in which a room intended for officers of the Israel Security Agency (Shin Bet) at the Oruchan military site in the center of the [[Gaza Strip]] was exploded.
He participated in the capture of Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]] in 2006, and was present in the operation "Ahmed Abu Tahoun" known as "Sayd al-Afa'i 3", in 2007, which targeted an Israeli special force that had infiltrated east of the city of [[Rafah]]. He was also responsible for Hamas war and defense programs during the operations "Al-Jurf al-Samid" and "Al-Asf al-Makul" in 2014, and one of the main planners of [[Al-Aqsa Flood]]<ref>[https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85 Al-Deif and 6 others.. What do we know about the Qassam commanders whose martyrdom was announced by Abu Ubaida?, Al-Araby Al-Jadeed website].</ref>.

==Assassination Attempts==
Salama was subjected to several assassination attempts by Israel and the occupiers offered $200,000 to anyone who provided information about him.

==Martyrdom==
Finally, Mohammed Salama on 13 July 2024, in the [[Al-Mawasi massacre]], the attack of the Israeli occupying army on the Al-Mawasi refugee camp, in the southern [[Gaza Strip]] along with [[Mohammed Diab Ibrahim al-Masri|Mohammed Deif]], [[Marwan Abdulkarim Issa|Marwan Issa]], Ghazi Abu Timaah and Raed Thabet, reached [[martyrdom]].

==Reactions==
[[File:رافع سلامه درکنار محمد ضیف.jpg|thumb|right|Rafea Salama alongside Mohammed Deif]]
On 30 January 2025, [[Hudhayfah Samir Abdullah al-Kahlout|Abu Ubaydah]], spokesperson for the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], announced the [[martyrdom]] of Rafea Salama. In a recorded speech, he said: We mourn the [[martyrdom]] of the Chief of Staff of the Qassam Brigades, [[Mohammed Diab Ibrahim al-Masri|Mohammed Deif]], along with a group of senior mujahideen of the Qassam Military Council<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2025/1/31/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3 Rafea Salama, a Qassami who led the Khan Yunis Brigade and was assassinated by Israel, Al Jazeera Network website].</ref>.

Mohammed al-Hindi, Deputy Secretary-General of the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad Movement]], stated in remarks: The [[martyrdom]] of the first row of [[Hamas]] leaders does not mean the disappearance of the resistance. Hamas fought until the last day and even after the [[martyrdom]] of its field commanders in [[Gaza]].
He emphasized: The resistance forced the [[Zionist regime|occupying regime]] to negotiate, and the scenes of prisoner releases are a defeat for [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].
Al-Hindi added: The occupying regime creates crises, and Netanyahu's attempt to extort the resistance has ended. The occupying regime is obstructing the path of prisoner releases in order to counter the joy of the people of [[Palestine]].
The Deputy Secretary-General of Islamic Jihad added: There are guidelines to which the occupying regime will adhere before the mediators, and if it does not adhere, the resistance will have its own options.
[[File:7فرماندۀ مقاومت.png|frameless|left|]]
[[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] emphasized in a statement: The survival, growth, continuous empowerment, and vitality of the resistance, and the recording of great events and achievements in the path of liberating [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Noble Jerusalem]], are due to the struggles and historic epic-making of great men who, with their selfless, sacrificial, and legendary presence in the battlefield against the occupiers of the holy land of [[Palestine]], created eternal honors and made themselves a model and torch for the mujahideen of Jerusalem. [[Mohammed Diab Ibrahim al-Masri|Mohammed Deif]] and other martyr commanders of the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades|al-Qassam Brigades]] are shining stars who, in the galaxy of the honorable resistance of [[Palestine]], are the creators of an inspiring and enduring chapter of sacrifice, selflessness, resistance, and relentless struggle against the fake and criminal Zionist regime, especially after the historic operation of [[Al-Aqsa Flood]], and their names still cast fear and terror in the hearts of Zionist criminals and their supporters, and their successors will show that their names are alive and paving the way for the future of the resistance.
In this statement, the IRGC congratulated and offered condolences to the honorable and powerful nation of Palestine, especially the heroic Hamas, on the [[martyrdom]] of [[Mohammed Diab Ibrahim al-Masri]] (Mohammed Deif), the Commander-in-Chief, and other honorable commanders of the al-Qassam Brigades, [[Marwan Abdulkarim Eissa|Marwan Eissa]] (Abu al-Baraa), Ghazi Abu Tamaa (Abu Musa), Rafea Salama (Abu Mohammed), Ahmed al-Ghandour (Abu Anas), [[Ayman Nofal]] (Abu Ahmed), and Raed Thabet in the field of victorious resistance against the aggression and crimes of the soldiers of the [[Zionist regime]] after the epic of [[Al-Aqsa Flood]].
The statement of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps emphasized: Undoubtedly, the announcement of the [[martyrdom]] of Mohammed Deif and other commanders of the al-Qassam Brigades will circulate new blood in the veins of the fighters of the Islamic resistance of Palestine, and by strengthening the will and preparations of the children of the Palestinian nation to continue steadfastness and pursue the ideal of liberating Al-Quds and raising the flag of Palestine across the entire holy land, by God's grace, they will attack like fierce storms upon the fake and vile existence of the satanic and racist Zionist regime and invalidate their shameful life, and in this blessed path, the support and backing of the Islamic Ummah, especially the [[Axis of Resistance]], will continue to powerfully accompany them<ref>[https://fa.alalam.ir/news/7164353/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%8C-%D8%A IRGC: The blood of martyr resistance commanders strengthens the will of the Palestinian nation, Al-Alam Network website]. </ref>.

==See also==
* [[Hudhayfah Samir Abdullah al-Kahlout]]
* [[Mohammed Diab Ibrahim al-Masri]]
* [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]]
* [[Marwan Abdulkarim Eissa]]
* [[Al-Aqsa Flood]]
* [[Yahya Sinwar]]
* [[Hamas]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7 Al-Deif and 6 others.. What do we know about the Qassam commanders whose martyrdom Abu Ubaydah announced?, Al-Araby Al-Jadid website], Publication date: 31 January 2025, Access date: 3 February 2025.
* [https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2025/1/31/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3 Rafea Salama, a Qassami who led the Khan Yunis Brigade and was assassinated by Israel, Al Jazeera Network website], Publication date: 31 January 2025, Access date: 3 February 2025.
* [https://fa.alalam.ir/news/7164353/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%8C-%D8%A IRGC: The blood of martyr resistance commanders strengthens the will of the Palestinian nation, Al-Alam Network website], Publication date: 3 February 2025, Access date: 3 February 2025.

{{Palestine}}

[[Category:Palestine]]
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Israeli crimes]]

Draft:Rafi' ibn Harthama

2026-06-16T05:49:42Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Rafi' ibn Harthama
| image = سکه رافع.jpg
| full_name = Rafi' ibn Harthama al-Yasari
| other_names = Ibn Numard
| birth_year =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Balkh, Afghanistan
| death_year = 283 AH
| death_date =
| death_place = Khwarazm
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = Islam
| sect = Sunni Islam
| works =
| website =
| occupation = Governor of Khorasan
}}
'''Rafi' ibn Harthama''' or Ibn Numard, was one of the generals of the Tahirid dynasty and the governor of [[Khorasan]] on behalf of Muhammad ibn Tahir in the year 271 AH. He gained control over [[Tabaristan]] in the year 277 AH during the era of Al-Muwaffaq of the Abbasids.

==Biography==
Rafi', at the time when Yaqub ibn Layth conquered [[Nishapur]], and during the decline of the Tahirid state, joined his companions, and went with him to Sistan. Then Yaqub dismissed him, and he went to his homeland in the regions of Jay "Tamin" (Tamin is from the villages of Badghis.). Since in the year 268 AH Ahmad ibn Abdullah Khujistani was killed, his companions joined Rafi' ibn Harthama, who was one of the generals of Muhammad ibn Tahir. He was in Herat at that time, and the people appointed him as emir. Abu Talha ibn Shurayk had gone from Gorgan to Nishapur. Rafi' besieged him. Abu Talha ibn Shurayk marched from Nishapur to Merv, and there and in Herat, he delivered the khutbah in the name of Muhammad ibn Tahir. Amr ibn Layth marched an army against him and took Merv from him, and appointed Muhammad ibn Sahl ibn Hashim as governor of that city, and returned, and sent Abu Talha to Ismail ibn Ahmad Samani and asked him for help. Ismail also sent an army to aid him. He also went to Merv with that army and expelled Muhammad ibn Sahl ibn Hashim from there and delivered the khutbah in the name of Amr ibn Layth. This event was in [[Sha'ban]] of the year 271 AH. In these circumstances, Al-Mu'tamid ala Allah dismissed Amr ibn Layth from all provinces of Khorasan, and those provinces were given to Muhammad ibn Tahir by Al-Muwaffaq. Muhammad ibn Tahir was in [[Baghdad]] at this time. Muhammad gave Rafi' ibn Harthama the governorship of Khorasan on his behalf, except [[Transoxiana]], which remained in the domain of Nasr ibn Ahmad Samani. Rafi' sent a messenger to Ismail and asked him for help to repel Abu Talha. Ismail came to his aid with four thousand soldiers. Also, Rafi' called Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Murrudhi to his aid, and all went to battle Abu Talha. Abu Talha was in Merv. This event happened in the year 272 AH, they defeated Abu Talha in Merv. He joined Amr, and Rafi' headed to Khwarazm and collected the tax of that place and returned to Nishapur<ref>Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, ''Tarikh Ibn Khaldun'', Vol. 4, p. 330</ref><ref>Ibn Athir, Ali, ''Al-Kamil'', Vol. 7, pp. 368–369</ref>.

==Rafi's Loyalty to Ahmad Khujistani==
Khujistani gathered twelve thousand cavalry from Herat with the intention of fighting Abu Talha (brother of Ya'mar) and reached three stages away from Nishapur, and sent his brother Abbas with a group. Abu Talha sent [forces] to confront him and killed Abbas and his cavalry were defeated. When Ahmad learned of their flight, he returned to Herat; but he did not know about the killing of his brother. He gave much wealth to find him, and no one could find him. Rafi' ibn Harthama asked for amnesty from Abu Talha, and Abu Talha granted him amnesty, and he became close and respected near him, and [Abu Talha] was assured that he would inform Ahmad Khujistani of the killing of his brother Abbas. Abu Talha sent Rafi to the cities of Bihq and Bast to collect the taxes. Rafi went and seized the leaders of the two cities and intended to join Khujistani<ref>Ibn Athir, Ali, ''Al-Kamil'', Vol. 7, p. 298</ref><ref>Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, ''Tarikh Ibn Khaldun'', Vol. 4, p. 315</ref>. Abu Talha heard news of (the betrayal) and flight of Rafi, mounted and launched a night raid with an agile group, and scattered Hali and his followers, thinking that it was Rafi. When Rafi saw that situation, he fled and was saved<ref>Ibn Athir, Ali, ''Al-Kamil'', Vol. 4, p. 315</ref>.

==Conquest of Gorgan==
In that year, Rafi ibn Harthama marched upon Gorgan and put an end to Muhammad ibn Zayd's governance in that region. Muhammad sought refuge in Astarabad, and Rafi besieged him, maintaining the siege for two years. The price of provisions in that land became expensive, and the situation reached a point where no food remained. The price of one mithqal of salt reached two mithqals of silver. Muhammad ibn Zayd left there secretly at night with a small group and sought refuge in Sari. Rafi sent an army to repel him, a battle occurred, and eventually Muhammad left Sari and Tabaristan<ref>Ibn Athir, Ali, ''al-Kamil'', vol. 7, p. 434</ref><ref>Dhahabi, Shams al-Din, ''Tarikh al-Islam'', vol. 20, p. 230, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1411</ref>.
Rustam ibn Qarin requested amnesty from Rafi, and his son "Qula" became Rafi's son-in-law. While Rafi was in Tabaristan, Ali ibn Layth, the brother of Amr ibn Layth, sought refuge with him, as his brother Amr had detained him in Kerman. He employed a trick to save himself and brought his sons, Ma'd and Layth, with him to Rafi. Rafi sent Muhammad ibn Harun to govern Chalus on his behalf; Ali ibn Kali requested amnesty and joined Muhammad ibn Harun. Suddenly, Muhammad ibn Zayd arrived and besieged them both, blocking the road to Chalus so that news of them would not reach Rafi<ref>Ibn Athir, Ali, ''al-Kamil'', vol. 7, p. 434</ref><ref>Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, ''Tarikh Ibn Khaldun'', vol. 4, p. 345</ref>.
When no news came from the two, he sent a spy to bring news; the spy returned and reported that Muhammad ibn Zayd had besieged them both and they remained in Chalus. This news was very unpleasant for him; he immediately launched a campaign, causing Muhammad ibn Zayd to abandon the siege and seek refuge in Daylam. Rafi also entered the borders of Daylam in pursuit of him. He conquered the entire country of Daylam until he reached the border of Qazvin, and from there returned to the city of [[ری]] and settled there<ref>Ibn Athir, Ali, ''al-Kamil'', vol. 7, p. 434</ref><ref>Dhahabi, Shams al-Din, ''Tarikh al-Islam'', vol. 20, p. 220, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1411</ref>.

==Dismissal from the Governorship of Khurasan==
Al-Mu'tadid dismissed Rafi ibn Harthama from the province and governorship of all Khurasan; the reason was that Rafi ibn Harthama had seized royal estates in Ray. Al-Mu'tadid wrote to him to relinquish those villages, as the villages and towns surrounding Ray belonged to the state; but Rafi did not accept. Rafi's companions advised him to return the state estates so that his situation would not change with a single letter and order, but he still did not accept. Al-Mu'tadid billah became angry with him and wrote to Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Abi Dulaf to go to war with Rafi and drive him out of Ray<ref>Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, ''Tarikh Ibn Khaldun'', vol. 5, p. 328</ref><ref>Ibn Athir, Ali, ''al-Kamil'', vol. 7, p. 457</ref>.He also issued the charter of the governorship of Khurasan in the name of Amr ibn Layth. Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz went to war with Rafi in the year 279 (and defeated him, and Rafi fled to Jurjan. In the year 280, Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz died and Rafi returned to Ray). Ahmad ibn Abd al-Aziz died in the year two hundred and eighty AH, and Rafi returned to the dominion of Ray. Amr sent Ahmad's brothers; namely Amr ibn Abd al-Aziz and Bakr ibn Abd al-Aziz to battle Rafi. A fierce battle occurred, and Amr and Bakr fled with their armies, and a great massacre of their armies took place, and both returned to the city of [[اصفهان]] (the seat of their government). Rafi also resided in the dominion of Ray until the end of the year<ref>Ibn Athir, Ali, ''al-Kamil'', vol. 7, p. 457</ref>. Then he marched upon Isfahan and captured it in the year 281, and returned to Jurjan <ref>Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, ''Tarikh Ibn Khaldun'', vol. 3, p. 469, translation of text, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1408</ref>.

==The Story of Rafi's Murder==
Rafi ibn Harthama encountered Amr ibn Layth in Khorasan, who had established himself there as governor with all his followers. Initially, Rafi sent his brother, Muhammad ibn Harthama, to Muhammad ibn Zayd and sought his assistance. Thus, he reconciled with Muhammad ibn Zayd, and the Khutbah was preached in his name in Tabaristan in the year 282, on the condition that he send four thousand soldiers from Daylam to aid him. Although there was a pact between them, Muhammad ibn Zayd did not come to his aid. When news of the reconciliation and agreement between Muhammad ibn Zayd and Rafi reached Amr ibn Layth, Amr sent a message to Muhammad ibn Zayd that he was a treacherous and deceitful man; if his work became stable, he would betray you. He also reminded him of his past deeds. Muhammad refrained from aiding him with the Daylamite army. When Amr was victorious in the war, as a reward, he ceded Tabaristan to Muhammad ibn Zayd<ref>Ibn Athir, Ali, ''Al-Kamil'', vol. 7, p. 458</ref><ref>Mawali, Muhammad, ''Tarikh-i Sistan'', edited by Malik al-Shu'ara Bahar, p. 251, by Muhammad Ramazani, Tehran, Khalaleh Khavar, 1366 SH</ref>.
Rafi's companions and slaves were scattered from around him. Also, Muhammad ibn Harun severed relations with him and joined Ismail ibn Ahmad Samani, who was in Bukhara. In the year 283, Rafi marched from Tabaristan to Nishapur. Amr ibn Layth fought him, and Rafi was defeated and went to Abivard. Amr took two sons of his brother, al-Mu'addal and Layth, the two sons of Ali ibn Layth. They had remained with Rafi after their father's death. When Rafi entered Abivard, he intended to go to Herat or Merv. Amr became informed and blocked the way for him at Sarakhs. When Rafi learned that Amr had left Nishapur, he marched through difficult paths, bottlenecks, and byways that were not suitable for army movement, and entered the city of Nishapur<ref>Ibn Athir, Ali, ''Al-Kamil'', vol. 7, p. 458</ref><ref>Mawali, Muhammad, ''Tarikh-i Sistan'', edited by Malik al-Shu'ara Bahar, p. 252, by Muhammad Ramazani, Tehran, Khalaleh Khavar, 1366 SH</ref>. Amr ibn Layth besieged him in Nishapur. Rafi exited the city to battle Amr. Some of his commanders sought amnesty from Amr, and Rafi and his companions were defeated. Rafi sought help from Muhammad ibn Zayd (Muhammad ibn Wahb); he also rose to aid him as he had stipulated; but Amr ibn Layth warned Muhammad ibn Zayd against this. He also delayed in the matter until Rafi's companions and slaves were scattered from around him. The number of his slaves was four thousand. Rafi mounted a jamazah and fled to Khwarazm. He carried whatever wealth and supplies he had with a small group and left. When he reached the place «Ribat Jiwah», the Khwarazm Shah Abu Sa'id Durghani sent [someone] to receive him. Abu Sa'id saw that the number of his followers and guards was small, coveted his wealth, and betrayed him. He killed him on the first of Shawwal in the year 283, cut off his head, and sent it to Amr ibn Layth. Amr also sent Rafi's head to Al-Mu'tadid Billah (the Caliph)<ref>Masudi, Ali ibn Husayn, ''Muruj al-Dhahab'', vol. 4, p. 171, Tehran, Ilmi-Farhangi, 1374 SH</ref>. The Caliph also sent him robes of honor and banners, granted him the governorship of Transoxiana, and sent him the charter of governorship of that region. Khorasan entirely came under the governorship of Amr ibn Layth up to the banks of the Oxus River<ref>Ibn Athir, Ali, ''Al-Kamil'', vol. 7, p. 459</ref><ref>Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, ''Tarikh Ibn Khaldun'', vol. 5, p. 328</ref><ref>Mawali, Muhammad, ''Tarikh-i Sistan'', edited by Malik al-Shu'ara Bahar, p. 253, by Muhammad Ramazani, Tehran, Khalaleh Khavar, 1366 SH</ref><ref>Dhahabi, Shams al-Din, ''Tarikh al-Islam'', vol. 21, p. 14, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1411 AH</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{Footnotes}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Historical Figures]]

Draft:Ragheb Harb

2026-06-16T05:37:49Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Ragheb Harb
| image = Ragheb Harb.jpg
| birth_name = Ragheb Harb
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1952 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = In the village of Jabshit
| death_year = 1984 AD
| death_date = On Friday night, February 16
| death_place = On the way from Jabshit Mosque to his home
| teachers = Ayatollah [[Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah|Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]]
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| works =
| activities = {{Horizontal list|Cooperation with [[Amal Movement]]|Attention to the issue of resistance in [[Palestine]] and [[Lebanon]], fight against occupiers of the [[Zionist regime|Israeli]], |Announcing religious rulings regarding the obligation of [[Jihad]] and defense of Islam against the enemy [[Zionist regime|Zionist]]|}}
| website =
}}
'''Ragheb Harb''', cleric, Lebanese politician and one of the founders of the Islamic Resistance who due to his attention to the issue of resistance in [[Palestine]] and [[Lebanon]], fight against occupiers of the [[Zionist regime|Israeli]], addressing the issue of [[Islamic unity]], consultation with [[Sayyed Abbas Musavi]] in teaching Islamic rulings regarding occupiers and [[Islamic unity|unity]] against enemies to [[Muslim|Muslims]], participation with [[Sayyed Musa Sadr|Imam Musa Sadr]] in "[[Amal Movement]]" and "Harakat al-Mahroumin", reform and education of people during sermons, speeches and lessons and in [[Congregational prayer]] in [[Jabal Amel]], holding [[Friday prayer]], announcing religious rulings regarding the obligation of [[Jihad]] and defense of Islam against the enemy [[Zionist regime|Zionist]], was tortured and arrested many times by the then government of [[Lebanon]], which was a supporter of the [[Zionist regime|Israel]], and the [[Zionist regime|Israel]]. He on the midnight of Friday 28 Bahman 1362 SH (February 16, 1984), due to disrupting the sinister plans of Israel with his actions and activities, while after performing prayer and speaking in Jabshit Mosque was going to his home, was martyred by machine gun fire in an ambush by occupier forces of [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Jerusalem]] on his way.

==Biography==
Sheikh Ragheb Harb was born in 1952 AD in the village of Jabshit and in a poor family<ref>[https://dnws.ir/001OkN Images/ Martyr Hojjat al-Islam Sheikh Ragheb Harb, Sacred Defense News Agency].</ref>. His father's house was a place of visit for religious figures including Ayatollah Mohammad Mehdi Shams al-Din and Ayatollah [[Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah|Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]]. He was a devout farmer who paid the [[Zakat]] of his product every year and was known for his religiosity and [[Piety|piety]].

==Education==
Ragheb entered elementary school at the age of seven. And since his mother considered the French language the language of [[Colonialism]] and this belief was also formed in the existence of her son. Therefore, he continued in the village of Jabshit until the elementary level and at the age of ten went to Nabatieh to continue his education.
Ragheb showed great interest in discussion and dialogue at school during his education. He who did not accept the system of [[Lebanon]] from that period and considered the flag of this country a symbol of the dominance of [[France]] and a sign of colonialism, became interested in studying religious sciences at the age of 15.

==Seminary Education==
He, eager for religious education, in the year 1389 AH equivalent to 1348 SH, corresponding to the year 1969 AD, went to [[Beirut]] and went to the seminary "Al-Ma'had Al-Shar'i Al-Islami" in eastern Beirut which Ayatollah [[Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah|Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]] had established after returning from [[Najaf]] and there he taught ''Rasa'il'', ''Makasib'' and ''Kifayah'' and outside principles and [[Fiqh]].
In Beirut, important religious, social and political desires were formed in the spirit of Ragheb Harb and he tried to achieve them in a coordinated manner. He followed the issues of [[Muslim|Muslims]], the thought and flow of [[Palestine]]. Until he found the desire to continue his studies in Najaf Ashraf.
Ragheb in the year 1391 AH (1350 SH, 1971 AD), went to Najaf Ashraf. He did not incline to [[Ijtihad]] and wanted knowledge with action and service to the people and tried to finish his lesson quickly and return to Jabshit. He was in Najaf for three years and in the summer of the year 1392 AH (1351 SH, 1972 AD), in Najaf Ashraf he [[Marriage|married]] his cousin and two great scholars, Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah and Mohammad Mehdi Shams al-Din were present at his marriage ceremony.

==Attention to the Lunar Calendar==
[[Martyr]] Ragheb in [[Najaf]] insisted on using the Hijri calendar, in such a way that even if asked about the Gregorian year, he would answer in Lunar. He paid special attention to [[Ashura|Ashura ceremonies]] and went many times from Najaf to visit Imam Hussein (Peace Be Upon Him) in [[Karbala]] and sometimes walked this long path.

==Return to Lebanon==
He during the three years that he was in [[Najaf|Najaf Ashraf]], learned [[Logic]], grammar, rhetoric and [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence]] and in the summer of 1394 AH, returned to [[Lebanon]], while studying the beginning of Kifayah and the middle of ''Lum'ah''. He rented a house in the "San al-Fil" area of [[Beirut]], but after a while returned to Najaf again, of course, he did not stay there long and spent that period in poverty and hardship.

==Acquaintance with Sayyed Abbas Musavi==
Acquaintance with [[Sayyed Abbas Musavi|Sayyed Abbas Musavi]] was during the days of his residence in [[Najaf|Najaf Ashraf]] and what caused this friendship in Najaf and its increasing strengthening was the intellectual unity of the two persons. The distinction of Ragheb Harb and Sayyed Abbas from other scholars was not only due to their specific understanding or perception of the phenomenon of enemy occupation of the [[Zionist regime|Zionist]] but these two mujahid scholars turned their knowledge and thought into a mobile school and moved among the Muslim Ummah and taught Islamic rulings regarding occupiers and unity against enemies to [[Muslim|Muslims]] and in this path adopted brave and explicit positions, remained steadfast in their beliefs and tried to mobilize youth in the way of values.

==Return to Lebanon==
Sheikh Ragheb Harb returned to [[Lebanon]] in 1394 AH due to pressures from the [[Ba'ath Party |Iraqi Ba'ath Party]] and, while continuing his seminary studies at Burj Hammoud School, held weekly sessions for the education of youth. The following year, he departed for the village of "Al-Sharqiya" and from 1398 AH (1978 SH, 1978 AD), he settled in his birthplace, Jabshit, as the local cleric.
He considered the factors of deviation, corruption, and materialism to be the lack of thinking figures, and the lack of clarity regarding the laws and achievements of [[Islam]]; therefore, he decided to reveal the true nature of Islam, which conforms to the [[Quran|Holy Quran]], and adopt Islamic educational methods. Methods that had proven their ability to build a determined personality opposed to libertinism and nihilism. He wished to guide people through knowledge of Sharia rulings so that they would consider God in all affairs, walk in the path of His pleasure, and keep themselves away from His wrath and anger.

==Meeting with Imam Musa Sadr==
[[Martyr]] Ragheb was thinking of reviving Islam and establishing a party which he had named "Hizb al-Tali'a al-Thawra al-Islamiya". He went to visit [[Sayyid Musa Sadr|Imam Musa Sadr]] along with some of his friends. He himself says regarding this matter: Imam Sadr welcomed us warmly. [[ Mostafa Chamran|Dr. Chamran]] was also with him. When the topic of organizing the Islamic movement arose, Imam Sadr brought out the Covenant Pact and said, "This is the national covenant of the Movement of the Deprived, and you are among the first people to become informed of it."
Sheikh Ragheb Harb, after the text of the covenant was read by Imam Sadr, said: "In this statute, [[Islam]] is not explicitly mentioned!" Imam Sadr replied: "This is a national covenant." Ragheb said: "The Arab people are mentioned." Imam Sadr responded: "We live in an Arab environment, so it was necessary to refer to it."

==Cooperation with the Amal Movement==
With the announcement of "Harakat al-Mahroumin" by Imam Musa Sadr in 1974 SH, Martyr Ragheb Harb began cooperation with it in the Nabatieh region along with his friends and disciples. Hojjat al-Islam Sayyid Abuzar Ameli, from among the comrades and colleagues of Martyr Chamran at the [[Jabal Amel]] Industrial Institute, says regarding this matter: ... We became acquainted with Sheikh Ragheb Harb after the formation of the Amal Movement. Sheikh Ragheb Harb cooperated greatly with us. We went with him many times to the villages of the Nabatieh region to manage the weekly youth sessions of the [[Amal Movement|Amal Movement]]. Sheikh Ragheb Harb had a very beautiful voice. For this reason, in all sessions, he would recite the [[Quran]] himself. This part of the program lasted about half an hour. After that, cultural and political issues were raised<ref>[https://hawzah.net/fa/Mostabser/View/65118/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8 Sheikh Ragheb Harb, Hawza Information Center].</ref>.

==In the Field of Action==
Ragheb's field of action in Nabatieh was part of his Islamic field of action in [[لبنان|Lebanon]]. His Islamic movement influenced many Islamic movements. His most important actions in the field of action were as follows:
# '''Ragheb's first task in [[جبل عامل|Jabal Amel]] was [[امر به معروف و نهی از منکر|enjoining good and forbidding evil]] among the people of the city.''' The work of reforming and educating people during sermons, khutbahs, and lessons, and in [[نماز جماعت|congregational prayers]], was the same work he had performed in Jabshit. For a period, he resided in his wife's family home. Then he lived in his grandfather's house, and later in a waqf residence for a religious scholar. The [[مسجد|mosque]] was his beloved home. He insisted on [[نماز|prayer]] there, finding his roots there. He collected old ''Qurans'' whose pages had deteriorated and entrusted them to bookbinders. Initially, he had difficulty in speaking. He would become dazed and bewildered. Sometimes he read from papers, but eventually, through perseverance and repetition, he became a renowned orator. He had great interest in the [[قرآن|''Holy Quran'']]. At the beginning of the khutbah and lesson, he would recite Quranic verses and express the [[تفسیر|exegesis]] of the verses. He attached great importance to children and youth.
# '''His second task was establishing [[نماز جمعه|Friday prayers]].''' Before that, Friday prayers were only held in Burj al-Barajneh, [[بیروت|Beirut]], led by Dr. Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani. Initially, the proposal for Friday prayers was not welcomed, because some [[مذهب شیعه|Shia]] jurists considered the obligation of Friday prayers valid only during the time of a just ruler (the Infallible Imam or his immediate successor in the Era of Occultation). Sometimes only 5 or 7 people would attend Friday prayers, until gradually the number of worshippers increased. Despite the scarcity of scholars in the region, Friday prayers provided a suitable opportunity for the gathering of [[مؤمن|believers]], apart from its virtue and reward. Friday prayers had many benefits, including believers getting to know each other, cooperation in the social dimension, raising various political issues on the Friday prayer pulpit, and the growth of the community of believers and their education in gatherings. Years later, with the occupation of southern [[لبنان|Lebanon]] by the [[رژیم صهیونیستی|Zionist regime]], Ragheb continued to hold Friday prayers and believed that one of the main messages of Friday prayers is to teach [[مسلمان|Muslims]] not to cooperate with the invading enemy, and that Friday is one of the most important days where, by utilizing its etiquette, society can be built based on correct principles and criteria, and cohesion can be brought to the ranks of Muslims.

==Trip to Iran==
Ragheb Harb traveled to [[جمهوری اسلامی ایران|Iran]] in Khordad 1361 SH to participate in the Conference of Liberation Movements. The programs of this seminar, in which representatives of more than 350 delegations from nearly one hundred Islamic, Asian, and African countries participated, lasted one week. These delegations had traveled to Iran at the invitation of the Liberation Movements Unit of the [[سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی|Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]].
The attack by the [[رژیم صهیونیستی|Zionist regime]] on [[لبنان|Lebanon]] coincided with the holding of the conference. The army of the [[رژیم صهیونیستی|Zionist regime]], with the aim of expelling Palestinian fighters from Lebanon, installing a pro-Israel Christian president, and reducing the military and political power of [[سوریه|Syria]] in Lebanon, launched a widespread invasion of the country from land, air, and sea, and due to the withdrawal of Palestinians and the [[جنبش امل|Amal Movement]], advanced to the gates of [[بیروت|Beirut]]. The Shia-inhabited area of "Dahieh" was the only area in Beirut that the Israeli army could not enter, and this allowed Islamist groups to have a safe place to keep their weapons and forces.
In the [[تهران|Tehran]] conference of 1379 SH, religious and non-religious figures from Lebanon had participated. The most important principled figures present at the conference were Ayatollah [[سید محمد حسین فضل الله|Sayyid Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah]], Sheikh Ragheb Harb, and Sheikh Subhi al-Tufayli. The Lebanese participants requested immediate aid from [[جمهوری اسلامی ایران|Iran]] for the people of [[لبنان|Lebanon]].

==Continuation of Resistance==
Martyr Ragheb Harb returned to southern [[لبنان|Lebanon]] after the conference to become fully informed of the situation. The community of [[مسلمان|Muslims]] and most Muslims were seeking comfort. Ragheb Harb ignited the flame of national resistance of [[لبنان|Lebanon]] for the first time in [[جبل عامل|Jabal Amel]], and resistance grew in all [[مسجد|mosques]] and in religious ceremonies, especially during [[عاشورا|Ashura]]. The first step Ragheb took in Jabshit was declaring religious rulings regarding the obligation of [[جهاد|jihad]] and defense of [[اسلام|Islam]] against the enemy.
With the attack by the [[رژیم صهیونیستی|Zionist regime]] on [[لبنان|Lebanon]] in the year 1361 SH (1982 AD), and the occupation of this country, scholars in southern Lebanon such as [[سید محمد حسین فضل الله|Sayyid Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah]], Sheikh Ragheb Harb, Sheikh Hussein Sarwar, and others did not leave their villages after the occupation. Sheikh Ragheb Harb embarked on a popular intifada.

==Further Familiarity with the Islamic Revolution of Iran==
Ragheb Harb traveled to [[جمهوری اسلامی ایران|Iran]] again in the same year. His goal was to become familiar with the [[انقلاب اسلامی ایران|Islamic Revolution of Iran]]. He entered the city of [[قم|Qom]] and spent several months in this holy city. He participated in the Congress of Friday Prayer Leaders and the Fajr Decade celebrations of the year 1361 SH, and during Quds Week, he traveled to Arab and African countries to propagate the Islamic Revolution.

==Arrest and Torture==
The occupation forces recognized the increasing role of the clergy and their efforts to mobilize the people against the [[Zionist regime|Israel]]. Among the most prominent of these clergymen was Ragheb Harb, who initiated the public mobilization movement in Jibshit against Israel. The occupiers attempted to pressure him. An Israeli officer went to his home to converse with him, but he refrained from shaking hands with the officer. At that time, Ragheb Harb uttered a phrase that later became famous: '''Our positions are our weapons, and shaking hands with the enemy means recognizing him'''.
Jibshit was among the first villages that, guided by his teachings, stood against Israel and boycotted all Israeli goods, and men and women made significant efforts to expel Zionist mercenaries. Israel, realizing that the people's adherence to the Sheikh would be costly for them, and that the Sheikh was a tough and inflexible man whose thoughts would undoubtedly trample the goals of Israel and the [[United States of America|America]] in [[Lebanon]] and the region, attempted to suppress the nascent movement of the Lebanese revolutionaries in such a way that others would be frightened and become isolated and withdraw from the battlefield.
Forces of the [[Zionist regime|Zionists]] on Friday night, 28 Esfand 1361 SH (March 8, 1983), surrounded the home of Sheikh Ragheb Harb, the Imam of Jibshit, with armored vehicles, arrested him, and transferred him to an unknown location.

===Reaction of the People of Lebanon to the Arrest of Sheikh Ragheb Harb===
Following the spread of news regarding the arrest of the Imam of Jibshit, who was also a member of the Sharia Council of the Supreme Islamic Council of Lebanese Shiites, the residents of Jibshit staged a sit-in at the city [[Mosque]] after strikes and demonstrations. Subsequently, the residents of Nabatieh villages went on strike, and institutions, schools, and shops were closed. With the general strike of the people of Nabatieh, Israeli forces in southern Lebanon went on high alert. On 1 Farvardin 1362 SH, Muslims of Nabatieh city, during demonstrations condemning the occupation of southern Lebanon by Zionists and the arrest of Sheikh Ragheb Harb and other people of southern Lebanon, demanded the release of the Imam of Jibshit. On 2 Farvardin 1362 SH (March 11, 1983), scholars of southern Lebanon began their sit-in in protest of Sheikh Ragheb Harb's arrest at the Nabatieh Hussainiya and, through a statement, demanded the release of the Imam of Jibshit city. Following the strikes in Nabatieh and Jibshit, the people of the [[Baalbek]] region also went on strike and closed shops, schools, and government offices. The people of southern [[Lebanon]] cities joined the vast crowd of strikers, and finally, Sheikh Ragheb Harb was released after 17 days of captivity on Sunday evening, 14 Farvardin 1362 SH (March 25, 1983).

==Speech After Release from Prison==
Sheikh Ragheb Harb said after his release from prison: [[Zionist regime|Zionist]] forces blindfolded me and kept me handcuffed for one night in Nabatieh city. They said they wanted to transfer me to Ansar Prison, but they took me to Sidon. Then they took me to Al-Shajarah School, the center of the military governor of the [[Zionist regime|Israel]] in the city of Tyre. I was detained there until the day they released me. The Zionists asked my opinion during interrogation about peace, mutual recognition, and the interest of the [[Zionist regime|Israel]]: '''My response was that every human prioritizes their own interest and that of their homeland'''.
He immediately went to his city after release. Amidst the welcome of thousands of people chanting "Allahu Akbar", he entered Jibshit. He went to the mosque and in a speech said: I am very happy to meet you... The best phrase I can utter here is the word "La ilaha illa Allah" just as [[Muslim|Muslims]] uttered it upon victory and entry into [[Mecca]].
Ragheb Harb said after release: The continuation of the popular [[Amal Movement]] is necessary for the general uprising to bear fruit and for the liberation of [[Lebanon]] from the presence of occupiers. He added: I hope to be able to walk the right path with my mujahid brothers to achieve our goals with all available means. My release was achieved by the grace of God and the effort of the God-fearing people who confronted the Zionists, and reliance on [[God]] and self-reliance is the best means for confronting the enemy and reaching victory. The Zionists wanted me to cooperate with them in exchange for my release, but I rejected this proposal and told them: You must know that without any doubt, I will continue my struggle against you. The Zionists asked me about Imam Khomeini and whether I had met him during my visit to Iran, to which I replied: Yes, praise be to God, I benefited from his guidance. They also asked about the role of Imam Khomeini and the degree of our commitment to his leadership. I said: Imam Khomeini is considered our religious reference, and since he is the Deputy of Imam Mahdi, we are obligated to execute his commands and prohibitions

==Media Interview of Sheikh Ragheb Harb Stating the Goals of Struggle Against Israel==
A reporter for the Milliyet newspaper of [[ترکیه]] noted in an article regarding his visit to Lebanon: The person whose name is heard more than others in southern Lebanon is Sheikh Ragheb Harb. His images cover all the doors and walls of southern [[لبنان]]. From [[جنبش امل|سازمان امل]] to [[حزب الله لبنان|حزب‌الله لبنان]] and even the Islamic Jihad Organization, they consider Sheikh Ragheb Harb as their own. Most [[مذهب شیعه|شیعه]] organizations of Lebanon show great interest in Sheikh Ragheb Harb and consider him the shadow of Imam Khomeini in Lebanon.
Martyr Sheikh Ragheb Harb, in an interview with the aforementioned reporter at his residence located near Nabatieh, stated his struggle goals as follows: Until today, we have resisted with tooth and nail against the [[رژیم صهیونیستی|صهیونیست‌ها]] who, by occupying our lands and regions, are trying to destroy us, and we will continue our resistance until they are eradicated, from the old and young to children and women. We know that the occupiers of [[مسجد الاقصی|قدس]], in case of withdrawal from these lands, will turn these regions into a lake of blood. Their destruction and elimination from the occupied lands of [[فلسطین]] is the duty of all [[مسلمان|مسلمین]] of the world. Until today we have only resisted against the occupying forces of Jerusalem; henceforth we will employ other methods. If you are with us, you will see how to use these methods; our only goal for Lebanese and Palestinian Muslims is the complete liberation of [[بیت‌المقدس]] from the claws of the Zionists.

==Participation in the Conference on Saddam's Crimes==
Martyr Ragheb Harb last traveled to [[جمهوری اسلامی ایران|ایران]] at the end of the year 1362 SH to participate in the Conference on the Crimes of [[صدام حسین|صدام]], which was held by the Supreme Council of [[مذهب شیعه|شیعیان]] of [[عراق]] in [[تهران]], and spoke at this conference, an excerpt of which is as follows: Perhaps some of those who have gathered here have only become briefly familiar with Saddam's crimes through the press, but we ourselves have been victimized by Saddam's crimes. Saddam's crimes are not limited to the people of Iraq and include all [[مسلمان|مسلمین]] of the world, and whenever I think about the city of [[نجف|نجف اشرف]], its historical background comes to my mind. Najaf Ashraf, a city that was the cradle of knowledge and the center of gathering for students of science and standard-bearers of guidance, has been besieged by the forces of [[صدام حسین|صدام]], and a considerable number of scholars of this city were martyred and others are constantly under pursuit. Wherever we are in the world, we always receive news of Saddam's crimes against the Muslim nation of Iraq.

==Martyrdom==
Ragheb Harb, after returning to [[لبنان]], went to the southern region and continued his work. [[رژیم صهیونیستی|اسرائیل]], seeing all its sinister plots foiled, committed a more horrific crime. In the midnight of Friday, 28 Bahman 1362 SH (16 February 1984), while Sheikh Ragheb Harb was going to his home after performing [[نماز]] and giving a speech at the Jibshit Mosque, the occupying forces of [[مسجد الاقصی|قدس]] ambushed him on his way and martyred him with machine gun fire. Two other men who were with him were severely injured. According to reporters, Sheikh Ragheb Harb shouted before death: Allahu Akbar, they killed me.

==Funeral Ceremony==
After this martyrdom incident of Ragheb, the youths of Jibshit carried the Sheikh's corpse on their shoulders and started moving in the streets of the town, when suddenly they faced fire from the security forces of [[رژیم صهیونیستی|اسرائیلى]] and five people were injured. The Phalangists' radio also reported: Israeli forces besieged Jibshit after this incident. Israel thought that by killing Sheikh Ragheb Harb and creating terror and fear among the oppressed people of [[لبنان]], it could prevent the spread of the [[انقلاب اسلامی ایران|انقلاب اسلامى]], but this did not happen.
Martyr Ragheb Harb was buried in his birthplace, Jibshit. 7 children (5 daughters and 2 sons) remain as a legacy from this honorable martyr.

==Reactions==
===Sayyed Abbas Musawi===
Following the martyrdom of Sheikh Raghib Harb, whose slogan was "Taking a stand is [using] weapons, and shaking hands is [making] acquiescence", [[Sayyed Abbas Musawi|Sayyed Abbas Musawi]] moved from the city of Nabi Shith in the eastern Beqaa towards Jabchit in the heart of [[Jabal Amil]] and settled there. He spread his cloak on the ground and donned combat attire. Sayyed Abbas Musawi, years later and on the eighth anniversary of Raghib Harb's martyrdom (27 Bahman 1370 SH), went to Jabchit with his wife and child, accompanied by a group in a vehicle. Upon returning from this trip, forces of the [[Zionist regime|Zionists]] lay in wait for him with electronically guided missiles and, in a savage attack, targeted the vehicle carrying the secretary of [[Hezbollah Lebanon|Hezbollah]] at the Tufahita junction – [[Jabal Amil]], martyring him, several of his companions, as well as his wife and six-year-old child.
Martyr Sayyed Abbas Musawi, during the ceremony commemorating Sheikh Raghib Harb, elaborated in a speech on the dimensions of the injustices inflicted upon the people of southern [[Lebanon]] (Jabal Amil) by the Lebanese government and the [[Zionist regime|Zionist regime]]. This speech was the last sermon of Sayyed Abbas Musawi moments before his martyrdom.
===Imam Khomeini===
His Eminence Imam Khomeini, on 14 Shahrivar 1367 SH, on the occasion of the martyrdom of Allamah Sayyed Arif Hussain Hussaini, leader of the [[Shia Islam|Shias]] of [[Pakistan]], sent a message addressed to the Muslim nation of Pakistan and the Islamic scholars. An excerpt of this blessed message is included as the conclusion of the biography of Martyr Raghib Harb: We have not yet seen a court cleric or a Wahhabi religious figure stand against oppression, polytheism, and disbelief, especially against the invading Soviet Union and the [[United States|American]] world-devourer. Just as we have not seen a pious cleric who loves serving God and His creation have a moment of rest or tranquility to aid the downtrodden of the earth, and who has not fought against [[disbelief]] and [[polytheism]] until reaching the abode of the Beloved; and Arif Hussaini was such. And Islamic nations have certainly understood the reason for this incident: why in [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] the Motahharis and Beheshtis and martyrs of the Mihrab and other dear clerics, and in [[Iraq]] the Sadrs and Hakims, and in [[Lebanon]] the Raghib Harbs and Karims, and in [[Pakistan]] the Arif Hussainis, and in all countries the clerics aware of the pain of pure Muhammadan Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) become the target of conspiracy and assassination.<ref>[https://rasanews.ir/002pF5 A look at the biography of Martyr Sheikh Raghib Harb, Rasa News Agency].</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Sayyed Musa Sadr|Imam Musa Sadr]]
* [[Amal Movement]]
* [[Mostafa Chamran]]
* [[Zionist regime]]
* [[Resistance Front]]

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}

== Sources ==
* [https://dnws.ir/001OkN Images/ Martyr Hojjat al-Islam Sheikh Raghib Harb, Sacred Defense News Agency], Date of publication: 27 Bahman 1397 SH, Date of access: 16 Mehr 1403 SH.
* [https://hawzah.net/fa/Mostabser/View/65118/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8 Sheikh Raghib Harb, Hawzah Information Base], Date of publication: N/A, Date of access: 16 Mehr 1403 SH.
* [https://rasanews.ir/002pF5 A look at the biography of Martyr Sheikh Raghib Harb, Rasa News Agency], Date of publication: 28 Bahman 1399 SH, Date of access: 16 Mehr 1403 SH.
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Shia scholars]]
[[Category:Lebanon]]

Draft:Raden Hashem

2026-06-16T05:12:36Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| title = Raden Hashem
| image =
| name = Raden Hashem
| other_names = Sunan Drajat
| birth_year = 875 AH
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_year = 940 AH
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion =
| sect =
| works =
| occupation = One of the Nine Saints in Java Island, Indonesia
| website =
}}
'''Raden Hashem''' (875–940 AH) known by the pseudonym Sunan Drajat (Indonesian: Sunan Drajat) was a musician, preacher, and social worker and one of the 9 saints who spread Islam in the Malay Archipelago, particularly in Java Island<ref> Salam, Solichin (1989). Nine Walis in the perspective of history. Jakarta: Kuning Mas.</ref>.

== Activities ==
He attended to the social affairs of the Javanese people, such as education, food, and care for orphans and the poor, and established a recently renovated school named the Sunan Drajat Institute of Islamic Studies.<ref>Ammar Zainuddin, Juli Amaliya Nasucha (2018). "The Internalization of Sunan Drajat Social Concept in Multicultural Education Implementation". Al-Tadzkiyyah: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam (in English). Vol. 9 no. 1. Lumpung, Indonesia: Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung. pp. 167–180. ISSN 2528-2476.</ref> He was also skilled in using Gamelan musical instruments and his instruments are kept in the Sunan Drajat Museum near his residence in Drajat Village, Lamongan Regency (Lamongan), East Java<ref>The History of Sunan Drajat: Discovering Network of the Coming of Islam to Indonesian Archipelago. Surabaya, Indonesia: Research Team of the History of Sunan Drajat. 1999.</ref>.

== Lineage ==
Hashem bin Ahmed Rahmatullah Sunan Ampel bin Ibrahim Asmoro bin Jamaluddin al-Husayn bin Ahmed bin Abdullah Azmatkhan bin Abdul Malik bin Alawi Amm al-Faqih al-Muqaddam bin Muhammad Sahib Mirbat bin Ali Khali' Qasam bin Alawi bin Muhammad bin Alawi bin Ubaydullah bin Ahmed al-Muhajir bin Isa bin Muhammad al-Naqib bin Ali al-Uraydi bin [[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] bin [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] bin Ali [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Zayn al-Abidin]] bin [[Husayn ibn Ali|al-Husayn]] bin [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and Imam Ali is the husband of [[Fatimah|Fatimah]], daughter of [[Muhammad|Muhammad]], peace be upon him and his progeny.

He is the twenty-second grandson of the Messenger of God, Muhammad, peace be upon him and his progeny<ref> Al-Mashhur, Abdulrahman bin Muhammad (1404 AH). ''Shams al-Zahirah'' (PDF). Vol. 2. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Alam al-Ma'rifah. p. 529. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2020.</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Islamic scholars}}
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Scholars]]
[[Category:Nine Saints]]
[[Category:Indonesia]]

Draft:Raed Attar

2026-06-16T05:09:49Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Raed Attar
| image = Raed Attar.webp
| birth_name = Raed Subhi Ahmed al-Attar
| alias = Abu Ayman
| birth_year = 1947 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Rafah]]
| death_year = 2014 AD
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Rafah]]
| teachers =
| students =
| religion =
| sect =
| works =
| occupation = Commander of the [[Rafah]] Battalion of the [[Al-Qassam Brigades|Martyr Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] and a member of its Supreme Military Council.
| website =
}}
'''Raed Attar''', nicknamed '''"Abu Ayman"''', was the commander of the [[Rafah]] Battalion of the [[Al-Qassam Brigades|Martyr Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] and a member of its central council, who had a strategic role in the training, planning, and development of the [[Rafah]] Battalion and in designing and executing roadside shooting operations, digging tunnels to explode military sites, and various wars against the [[Israeli occupation regime|occupation regime]]. He was one of the members of the negotiating team of the Wafa al-Ahrar deal in 2011 AD, the plan to exchange 1,027 [[Palestine|Palestinian]] prisoners in return for the return of Gilad Shalit, the sergeant of the [[Zionist regime|Israeli]] regime captured by the special forces units of the [[Hamas]] movement on 25 June 2006 AD. And on 21 August 2014 AD, in an attack by [[Israel]]i fighter jets on a house in the Tel al-Sultan neighborhood in the west of the city of [[Rafah]], he was martyred along with two other [[Al-Qassam Brigades|Qassam]] commanders, [[Mohammed Abu Shamala]] and Mohammed Barhoum.

==Biography==

Raed Subhi Ahmed al-Attar was born in May 1974 AD in the [[Palestine|Palestinian]] refugee camp of Yibna in the [[Rafah]] Governorate in a [[Palestine|Palestinian]] refugee family that had been displaced from the destroyed village of Yibna in the occupied Ramle region.

==Education==

He completed his elementary and secondary periods in the schools of the [[Gaza Strip]] and finished high school in 1992 AD. He was pursued by the [[Israeli occupation regime|Israeli occupation regime]] from 1991 AD, and this prevented him from continuing his education.

==Militant activities==

Attar became a member of the [[Hamas|Hamas Movement]] immediately after its establishment and participated in patriotic activities and the organization of demonstrations and strikes, and cooperated with secret groups of the [[Hamas|Hamas Movement]] that specialized in identifying agents of [[Zionist regime|Israel]]. He also joined the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades|Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] in 1993 CE.

===Cooperation in development, training, and planning===

He played a fundamental role in the development of weapons, training, and planning of operations for the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades|Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] during the Second Intifada, 2000–2005 CE, and after 2000, he had a pivotal role in reorganizing the ranks and developing the strategy of these brigades in the [[Rafah|Rafah Governorate]]. During the Second Intifada, through digging tunnels, he was able to lead a series of specific operations to explode certain positions of [[Israel]].

===Participation in the design and execution of operations===
Attar played a fundamental role in the design and execution of a number of roadside shooting operations against the [[Zionist regime|Occupying forces]], including: the Kisufim and Kfarim operations in 1993 CE, the Khazaa operation in 1994 CE, and also the Peace operation on the Egyptian border in 1994 CE. He also led multiple operations of the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades|Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], which, by using dug tunnels, were able to explode some positions of [[Zionist regime|Israel]] and lead to the injury and killing of a number of [[Israel|Israeli]] forces. Such as:

* An operation at an [[Israel]]i military site named Termid in the south of [[Rafah]] city on 26 September 2001 CE, by digging a tunnel 150 meters long and remotely detonating two 250 kg bombs, in which five soldiers were killed and more than 30 soldiers were wounded.

* An operation at an [[Israel]]i military site named Hardoon, which was equipped with very precise imaging and surveillance mechanisms and advanced machine gun weapons, on 17 December 2003 CE, by digging a tunnel 200 meters long, in which, according to Israel's admission, three soldiers were killed and 11 others were wounded.

* An operation at a position protected by [[Israel]] in the north of [[Khan Yunis]] city on 27 June 2004, by digging a tunnel 500 meters long and detonating 21 explosive barrels weighing three tons of explosives, in which seven soldiers were killed and twenty others were wounded.

* The Barakin al-Ghadab operation in cooperation with the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades|Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] and the Falcons of the [[Fatah Movement|Fatah]], on 2 December 2004 CE, by digging a tunnel 600 meters long in 4 months and detonating a bomb weighing 1300 kg by two mujahideen, one from the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades|al-Qassam Brigades]] and the other from the Falcons of the [[Fatah Movement|Fatah]], who after exiting the tunnel engaged with [[Israel|Israeli]] soldiers for one hour and one of them was martyred, while the other mujahid was able to retreat and obtain a medium weapon of the MAG type, and then the entire site was destroyed, seven soldiers were killed and more than 13 others were wounded.

He, along with his deputy, Mohammed Abu Shamala, supervised the Al-Wahm Al-Mubadad operation, in 2006 CE, in the east of Rafah city, during which Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit was captured. Attar was a member of the negotiation team for the Wafa Al-Ahrar deal (Loyalty to Free Prisoners Contract) in 2011 CE, based on which 1027 [[Palestine|Palestinian]] prisoners in [[Israel|Occupied]] prisons with life imprisonment and heavy sentences were released in exchange for the release of Gilad Shalit, the [[Zionist regime|Israeli]] soldier captured by the [[Hamas|Hamas Movement]]. He also was a commander of the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades|al-Qassam Brigades]] and a member of the General Military Council of these brigades, playing a pivotal role in confronting the aggressions of the occupiers in the Furqan Wars (2008–2009 CE), Hajar al-Sijil (2012 CE), al-Asf al-Ma'kul (2014 CE), and the attack on the Sufa outpost in the east of [[Rafah]]. And among the ambushes that were under his supervision was the Abu al-Rous ambush in the east of Rafah, during which the Israeli officer, Hadar Goldin, went missing.

==Arrests and Assassination Attempts==
[[File:Raed al-Attar 2.jpg|frameless|left|]]
Al-Attar was pursued by the [[Zionist regime|Occupiers]] since 1991 AD and was arrested by this regime for nine months in 1991, seven months in 1995, and five and a half months in 1996. The [[Zionist regime|Occupiers]] attempted to assassinate him three times in 2003 AD through aerial bombing of his vehicle and besieging his house, and in 2004 AD, they destroyed the Yibna camp. Shortly after the capture of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, they attempted to kidnap him, and his house was bombed in the years 2008 AD, 2012 AD, and 2014 AD. Also, after the Oslo Accords, based on which legal weapons in the [[West Bank|West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] were defined as the weapons of the army of the [[Zionist regime|Zionist Occupiers]] and the weapons of the self-governing authority dependent on the [[Zionist regime|Occupiers]], and thus all armed individuals affiliated with the resistance movement who acted against the occupiers were to be arrested by the self-governing authorities, in 1995 he was sentenced to two years in prison by a court affiliated with the self-governing authority on charges of training with illegal weapons, and by the "National Security Court" affiliated with the self-governing authority, on March 10, 1999, he was sentenced to death by firing squad, due to the killing of a police officer of the self-governing authority during the attempt to arrest him. This caused heavy clashes in [[Rafah]] (south of Gaza), such that the self-governing authorities retreated from this decision.

==Martyrdom==

Raed al-Attar was martyred in an attack by fighter jets of the [[Zionist Occupying Regime|Zionist Occupying Regime]] on August 21, 2014 AD, on a house in the Tel al-Sultan neighborhood in the west of the city of [[Rafah]], along with two other [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades|Qassami]] commanders, Muhammad Abu Shammala and Muhammad Barhoum, and five other Palestinian citizens, and more than forty people were injured.

==Reactions==
[[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades|Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], to honor the struggles and fights of this Qassami commander, in 2015 AD unveiled a new missile named al-Attar (A), which was used extensively in the destruction of [[Israel]]i positions during the Sword of Jerusalem battle in 2021 AD, resulting in unprecedented damage to the [[Zionist regime|Zionist regime]] and changing the war equations in line with the goals of the Islamic Resistance, and during this battle, it neutralized the claimed [[Israel]]i Iron Dome, which had created a kind of deterrence for this regime.

[[Hezbollah Lebanon]] issued a statement in response to the martyrdom of three commanders affiliated with the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, stating: Hezbollah offers condolences to the families of the martyrs [[Muhammad Abu Shammala|Muhammad Abu Shammala]], Raed al-Attar, and Muhammad Barhoum, and to [[Hamas]], the Resistance, and the nation of [[Palestine]]. These three commander martyrs sacrificed themselves for the Resistance and the defense of their nation. The statement stated: The [[Martyr|Martyrdom]] of commanders does not create a flaw in the determination and will of the Resistance, rather it makes their determination in Jihad and liberation more resolute. Hezbollah announced that it condemns the crimes of the [[Zionist regime|Zionists]] in Gaza, which continue brutally amidst deadly Arab and international silence. The silence of the global community has created a cover for Zionist terrorism.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]] issued a statement on the occasion of the martyrdom of three commanders of the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] in the [[Gaza]] Strip.

The full text of this statement is as follows:

'''{{متن قرآن|وَلا تَحسَبَنَّ الَّذینَ قُتِلوا فی سَبیلِ اللَّهِ أَمواتًا ۚ بَل أَحیاءٌ عِندَ رَبِّهِم یُرزَقونَ|سوره = Al-Imran|آیه =169}}'''

The [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] offers condolences to the Islamic Ummah, the oppressed nation of [[Palestine]], especially the resistant people of [[Gaza]], comrades, and the honorable families of these dear ones for the martyrdom of three commanders of the martyr Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades by [[Israel|Zionist]] criminals.
The Islamic Republic of Iran, while condemning this criminal act, believes that such terrorist actions make the determination of the resistant and sacrificial people of Palestine and the comrades of these martyrs more resolute in the path of Resistance and Jihad until final victory.
It asks the Great God for the exaltation of the degrees of these martyrs, and patience and continuation of the path of these dear ones for the comrades and survivors.

==See Also==
* [[Axis of Resistance]]
* [[Jerusalem]]
* [[Palestine]]
* [[Rafah]]

==References==

* [https://vision-pd.org/%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b1/ Vision Center for Political Development, Raed al-Attar], Date of publication: August 9, 2021 AD, Date of access: 13 Mordad 1403 SH.

* [https://www.alalam.ir/news/1625001/ Al-Mayadeen Media Network, Independent Arab News Satellite Channel, Who are al-Attar, Abu Shammala, and Barhoum, the Martyr Qassam Leaders?], Date of publication: August 21, 2014 AD, Date of access: 13 Mordad 1403 SH.

* [https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/430721/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85-%DA%A9%D9 Mashregh News, Who was the "Number One Man" of al-Qassam Brigades Operations?], Date of publication: 30 Khordad 1391 SH, Date of access: 13 Mordad 1403 SH.

{{فلسطین}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Palestine]]
[[Category:Israeli Crimes]]

Draft:Ra'is Ali Delvari

2026-06-16T04:59:47Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Ra'is Ali Delvari
| تصویر = Ra'is Ali Delvari.jpg
| نام = Ra'is Ali Delvari
| نام‌های دیگر =
| سال تولد = 1261 SH
| تاریخ تولد =
| محل تولد = [[Iran]] Tangestan
| سال درگذشت = 1294 SH
| تاریخ درگذشت = 12th Shahrivar
| محل درگذشت = Tangak-e Safar
| استادان =
| شاگردان =
| دین = [[Islam]]
| مذهب = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| آثار =
| فعالیت‌ها = Struggle against British colonialism
| وبگاه =
}}

'''Ra'is Ali Delvari''', was one of the prominent figures of resistance and struggle against [[United Kingdom|British]] colonialism in the contemporary history of [[Iran]] and one of the leaders of popular uprisings against British occupying forces in southern Iran during [[World War I]], who attained [[Martyrdom]] in jihad and struggle against [[Colonialism]] on 12 Shahrivar 1294 SH. The day of his martyrdom, 12 Shahrivar, was named '''"[[National Day of Struggle Against Colonialism]]"''' upon approval by the [[Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution]] in 1389 SH.

==Biography==
Ra'is Ali Delvari was born in 1261 SH, in the village of Delvar, part of Tangestan.

==Joining the Constitutional Movement==
With the start of the Constitutional Movement, Ra'is Ali, while not yet 24 years old, became one of the pioneers of constitutionalism in southern [[Iran]] and began close cooperation with revolutionary circles and constitutionalist elements in [[Bushehr Province|Bushehr]], Tangestan, and Dashti.
His youth coincided with the extensive presence of British colonialism in the [[Persian Gulf]]. He played a key role in the Southern Uprising. The uprising of the people of Tangestan under his leadership lasted a total of seven years, and during this period, the brave men of Tangestan pursued two main objectives: protecting Bushehr, Dashtestan, and Tangestan as their region of residence, and preventing the movement of foreign forces into the borders of [[Iran]] and defending the independence of the homeland.

==Constitutionalist Struggles==
Ra'is Ali, along with other constitutionalists, removed [[Bushehr Province|Bushehr]] from the rule of Mohammad Ali Shah's tyranny of the [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] era, and in 1287 SH, at the request of Mulla Ali Tangestani and Sayyid Murtaza Mujtahid Ahrami, who opposed Mohammad Ali Shah's tyranny, he occupied Bushehr and controlled the city for about 9 months.

==World War I==
At the beginning of [[World War I]] in 1914 AD, by violating neutrality by Russian forces from the north and [[United Kingdom|England]] forces from the south, they exposed [[Iran]] to invasion, and British warships anchored opposite Bushehr, and occupying forces gradually intended to occupy Bushehr and surrounding coastal areas on 8 August 1915 AD, equivalent to 17 Mordad 1294 SH. One day after the occupation of Bushehr, fourteen of its residents protested against the occupiers, but, since they were not people of armed combat, they were arrested and exiled to [[India|Hindustan]]. Following Ra'is Ali's inquiry from scholars, the jihad decree of Najaf marjas including [[Mohammad Taqi Shirazi|Mirza al-Shirazi II]] was communicated to him by Sheikh Mohammad Hossein Borazjani along with the Sheikh's own decree. Ra'is Ali, along with his friend Khalu Hossein Bardakhuni Dashti, in early [[Ramadan|month of Ramadan]] 1333 AH, at the mansion of Haj Sayyid Mohammad Reza Kazruni, after discussions with him, declared his readiness to defend Bushehr and prevent the advance of British forces.

===Battle of Delvar===
British forces, simultaneous with the attack on Bushehr, intended to occupy the Delvar region. Delvar was a place where British soldiers had previously infringed upon several times, but had tasted defeat in this region. Ra'is Ali Delvari, Sheikh Hossein Khan Chahkutahi, and Zayer Khedr Khan Ahrami were aware of these events and rose to defend the homeland. The uprising of the brave men of Tangestan against the occupiers began, and the invading British forces, numbering close to five thousand, were trapped in the ambush of Tangestani fighters, and a large number of British forces were killed in this attack. Ra'is Ali's successful guerrilla operations encouraged other Tangestani fighters to join him. Until the summer of 1915 AD, he led successful operations against the British Navy. The British were forced to send auxiliary forces from [[Iraq]] and [[India]] to Bushehr and heavily bombed Delvar.

===Battle of Bushehr===
[[File:Ra'is Ali Delvari 1.jpg|thumb|left|]]
When British officials made a final decision regarding the occupation of Bushehr and advancing towards Shiraz, in order to appease Ra'is Ali, they dispatched two of Heydar Khan Hayat Davoudi's followers to Delvar to secure his agreement to the landing of British forces on the coast of the [[Persian Gulf]] and movement towards Shiraz. Heydar Khan's representatives, during their meeting with Ra'is Ali, noted that if he refrains from uprising against the occupying forces, British officials will pay him forty thousand pounds. Ra'is Ali responded: "How can I remain neutral while the independence of [[Iran]] is in serious danger?" After the return of Heydar Khan's representatives, a threatening letter was written to Ra'is Ali by British officials stating: "If you rise and act against the British government, we will wage war; in this case, we will destroy your houses and cut down your palm trees." Ra'is Ali wrote in response to British officials: "Our home is the mountain, and their destruction and demolition are beyond the power and possibility of the British Empire. Obviously, if that government takes action to war with us, we will resist to the last extent possible."

==Martyrdom==
The war between the bravemen of Tangestan led by Rais Ali Delvari alongside three hundred riflemen from Borazjan led by Ghazanfar al-Saltaneh Borazjani on one hand, and the forces of [[بریتانیا|Britain]] and their allied landlords on the other hand, continued repeatedly and sporadically until Shahrivar 1294 SH, and the English could not gain superiority over Rais Ali and his companions. Rais Ali was shot from behind by an infiltrator named Gholamhossein Tangaki during a night raid on British forces in a place called ''' "Tangak-e Safar" ''' and was [[شهادت|martyred]] at the age of 33. The time of the aforementioned night raid and the [[شهادت|martyrdom]] of Rais Ali Delvari is reported in all sources as the night of [[23 شوال|23 Shawwal]] 1333 AH, corresponding to 3 September 1915 CE, which could correspond to 12 Shahrivar in the Solar Hijri calendar of that time<ref>[https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/4459/1/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C Rais Ali Delvari, Tabnak Website]. </ref>.

==Social Impacts of the Uprising==
* Strengthening the spirit of resistance against [[استعمار|colonialism]]: Rais Ali Delvari, with his courage and perseverance in the struggle against the occupying forces of [[بریتانیا|England]], was able to provide a model of resistance and struggle for the independence and freedom of [[ایران|Iran]]. This model had a significant impact in other regions of Iran, especially in the south of the country, and caused the people of these regions to also resist foreign domination.
* Inciting and strengthening popular movements: The martyrdom of Rais Ali Delvari and his struggles against the English caused a wave of awareness and anger among the people of Iran. This awareness, along with the aroused feelings of the people, led to the formation and strengthening of popular movements against foreign forces and internal despotic governments.
* Creating unity and solidarity among fighters: The struggles of Rais Ali Delvari showed that one can stand against great powers with unity and solidarity. This lesson caused that in subsequent uprisings, such as the Jangal Movement led by Mirza Kuchik Khan and the Nationalization of the Oil Industry Movement, the importance of unity among fighters was considered more than ever.
* Impact on national identity and the awakening of Iranians: The story of Rais Ali Delvari gradually became part of the national identity of Iranians and found a special place in redefining national identity and the awakening of the people against foreign domination and preserving the country's independence.

==Impacts of His Uprising on Anti-Colonial Movements==
The influence of Rais Ali Delvari on thoughts and subsequent anti-colonial movements in [[ایران|Iran]] and even beyond its borders was very deep and widespread. He was known as a symbol of the struggle for freedom and independence by leading the resistance against English colonial forces in southern Iran, and had important effects on other fighters and anti-colonial movements across the country. Some of these direct and indirect impacts are as follows:
* The Jangal Movement led by Mirza Kuchik Khan Jangli: Rais Ali Delvari, by creating a successful example of popular resistance against foreign occupiers, inspired other movements such as the Jangal Movement. Mirza Kuchik Khan Jangli, who was one of the prominent leaders of resistance against foreign forces (Russia and Britain) and internal despotic governments, was influenced by the spirit of independence-seeking and struggles of Rais Ali Delvari. Mirza Kuchik Khan, like Rais Ali, believed in unity among local forces to counter foreign influence.
* The Nationalization of the Oil Industry Movement: The struggles of Rais Ali Delvari against English colonialism, along with other popular struggles, provided a ground for the growth and development of nationalist and anti-colonial ideas in Iran. This spirit of struggle and independence-seeking later reached its peak in the Nationalization of the Oil Industry Movement. [[محمد مصدق|Dr. Mosaddegh]] and his companions, who sought to end English influence and exploitation in Iran, were in a way continuators of the path of fighters like Rais Ali Delvari.
* Local and Tribal Movements: Rais Ali also had a significant impact on local and tribal movements. The spirit he created among the people of Bushehr and Tangestan to fight occupiers inspired other tribal and local leaders to resist foreign domination. Examples of these resistances can be observed in southern Iran and other regions against foreign influence.
* Anti-colonial Spirit in Islamic Movements: In subsequent decades, Islamic movements and Iranian revolutionaries were also influenced by the struggles and independence-seeking spirit of Rais Ali Delvari. Relying on historical models of resistance, including the struggles of Rais Ali Delvari, these movements opposed any foreign influence and colonialism<ref>[https://www.ihcs.ac.ir/990/fa/news/25660 Rais Ali Delvari, Symbol of Iranian Resistance Culture, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Website]. </ref>.

==Commemoration==
His body was initially buried near the shrine of an Imamzadeh in the village of "Kaleh Band". However, according to Rais Ali's own will, after transferring his body, he was buried near the shrine of [[علی بن ابی‌طالب|Ali ibn Abi Talib (Peace Be Upon Him)]] in Wadi al-Salam. The congress of the eightieth year of his death was held in 1373 SH in Bushehr. Every year, his commemoration is held in [[استان بوشهر|Bushehr Province]] and his birthplace "Delvar" on the anniversary of his death.

==National Day of Struggle Against Colonialism==
In [[ایران|Iran]], with the approval of the [[شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی|Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution]] in 1389 SH, the anniversary of the martyrdom of Rais Ali Delvari, corresponding to the 12th of Shahrivar, has been named ''' "[[روز ملی مبارزه با استعمار|National Day of Struggle Against Colonialism]]" '''.

== See Also ==
* [[ایران|Iran]]
* [[بریتانیا|Britain]]
* [[استعمار|Colonialism]]
* [[جنگ جهانی اول|World War I]]
* [[محمد تقی شیرازی|Mohammad Taqi Shirazi]]
* [[روز ملی مبارزه با استعمار|National Day of Struggle Against Colonialism]]
* [[شورای عالی انقلاب فرهنگی|Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution]]

== Footnotes ==
{{پانویس}}

==References==
* [https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/4459/1/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C Raïsali Delvari, Tabnak Website], Publication date: n.d., Access date: 12 Shahrivar 1404 SH.
* [https://www.ihcs.ac.ir/990/fa/news/25660 Raïsali Delvari, Symbol of Iranian Resistance Culture, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Website], Publication date: 13 Shahrivar 1403 SH, Access date: 12 Shahrivar 1404 SH.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Iran]]

Draft:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

2026-06-16T04:51:25Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
| image = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 2.jpg
| full_name = Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1966 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Pakistan
| death_year = 1979 AD
| death_date =
| death_place = Pakistan
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = Islam
| sect = Shia
| works =
| occupation = Former President and Prime Minister of Pakistan
| website =
}}
'''Zulfikar Ali Bhutto''' is the former President and Prime Minister of [[Pakistan]]. He is known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Awam, Leader of the People, and the Father of the Constitution of Pakistan. He is the most popular Prime Minister in the history of Pakistan. During his premiership, Pakistan acquired the atomic bomb. He was removed from the premiership in 1977 AD following the coup by [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] and was executed in 1979 AD. The people of Pakistan hold a memorial ceremony every year on the anniversary of his execution.<ref>[https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%B9%D9%88 Adapted from the Urdu Wikipedia site]</ref>

== Biography ==
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto belonged to a Sindhi Bhutto family; he was born to Shah Nawaz Bhutto and Khursheed Begum on 5 January 1928 AD, near Larkana. Zulfikar was their third child. Sikandar Ali, at the age of seven in 1914 AD, and Imdad Ali, in 1953 at the age of 39, passed away due to illness.

=== Shah Nawaz Bhutto, Ruler of Indian Muslims ===
Shah Nawaz Bhutto was in the Junagadh Pradesh state in southwest Gujarat in [[India]] during the [[British]] Raj. During the Partition of India in 1947 AD, the [[Muslim]] ruler of Junagadh wanted to accede his state to the newly created Pakistan, but Shah Nawaz Bhutto faced rebellion by the population of Junagadh, most of whom were Hindu. The Indian government annulled the accession of Junagadh to Pakistan, and the Bhuttos moved towards Sindh in modern Pakistan. Shah Nawaz moved to the Larkana region in Sindh, and there his land ownership turned him into one of the wealthiest and most influential people of Sindh.<ref>[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/bhutto.htm Adapted from globalsecurity site]</ref>

=== Education ===
In 1950 AD, he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley. On 8 September 1951 AD, he married a Kurdish woman of Iranian origin, Nusrat Isfahani, known as [[Begum Nusrat Bhutto]]. During his studies at the University of California, Berkeley, he became interested in [[Socialism]] theories and delivered a series of lectures on their feasibility in [[Islamic]] countries. In June 1950, he traveled to Britain to study law at Christ Church, Oxford, and obtained a Bachelor of Laws degree, and subsequently received a law degree and a Master's degree. After completing his studies in 1952 AD, he worked as a lecturer in International Law at the University of Southampton. He also taught at the Sindh Islamic Law College in Karachi during the years 1956–1958 AD.<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/618269/in-memoriam-zulfikar-bhutto Adapted from dawn.com site]</ref>

== Political activities ==
In 1957, Bhutto became the youngest member of Pakistan's delegation to the United Nations. During Ayub Khan's tenure, he served as Pakistan's Minister of Commerce for one year. In 1959–1960, he was Minister of National Reconstruction and Information, and during the same years, Minister of Kashmir Affairs and Minorities. In 1960, he was selected as Minister of Fuel, Power and Natural Resources; in the same year, he assisted his President in negotiations over the Indus Waters Treaty with India and in 1961, he negotiated an oil exploration agreement with the Soviet Union, which agreed to provide economic and technical assistance to Pakistan. He served as Pakistan's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1963 to 1966.

=== Foreign Minister ===
[[File:ذوالفقار بوتو با بیگم نصرت بوتو در چین.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Zulfikar Bhutto with Begum Nusrat Bhutto in China]]
He was a nationalist and socialist with specific views on the type of democracy needed in Pakistan. When he became Foreign Minister in 1963, his socialist views influenced him to establish close relations with the neighbor [[China]]. At that time, many other countries accepted Taiwan as the sole legitimate government of China, but Pakistan accepted China's claim <ref>[https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/0OkQnLbGV80 Retrieved from ghostarchive.org site]</ref>.

On March 2, 1963, he signed the Sino-Pakistan Border Agreement, which transferred 750 square kilometers of [[Kashmir]]i territory under Pakistani control to Chinese control. He emphasized his belief in non-alignment and turned Pakistan into an influential member of the Non-Aligned Movement. Believing in Pan-Islamic unity, he established closer relations with countries such as [[Indonesia]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. He changed Pakistan's foreign policy, which until then had been pro-Western. While maintaining Pakistan's prominent role in the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization and the Central Treaty Organization, he began to declare a foreign policy for Pakistan that was independent of [[United States]] influence. Meanwhile, he visited East and West Germany and established a strong bond between the two countries. He signed economic, technical, industrial, and military agreements with [[Germany]] and strengthened Pakistan's strategic alliance with Germany.

=== Kashmir War ===
In 1962, with increasing territorial disputes between [[India]] and [[China]], Beijing intended to attack northern regions of India. The Chinese Prime Minister invited Pakistan to join this attack. He defended this plan, but [[Ayub Khan]], the President of Pakistan, opposed the plan and feared retaliation by Indian forces. In 1962, the United States assured Pakistan that Kashmir issues would be resolved according to the wishes of Pakistanis and Kashmiris. Therefore, Ayub Khan did not participate in the Chinese plans. He criticized the United States for providing military aid to India during and after the Sino-Indian War of 1962, which was considered as annulling Pakistan's alliance with the United States.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/18.htm Retrieved from countrystudies.us site]</ref>

=== Resignation from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ===
Meanwhile, Ayub Khan, at his recommendation, launched Operation Gibraltar in an attempt to liberate Kashmir. This war ultimately ended in defeat, and the Indian armed forces launched a successful attack on West Pakistan. This war was the consequence of short conflicts that occurred between March and August 1965, on international borders in Rann of Kutch, Jammu and Kashmir, and Punjab. Bhutto joined Ayub Khan in [[Uzbekistan]] to negotiate a peace treaty with [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], the Prime Minister of India. Ayub and Shastri agreed to exchange prisoners of war and withdraw respective forces to pre-war borders. This agreement was deeply hated in Pakistan and caused major political unrest against the Ayub Khan government. His criticism of the final agreement caused a major rift between him and Ayub. Initially denying rumors, he resigned from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in June 1966 and expressed his strong opposition to the Ayub Khan government.

== Formation of the Pakistan People's Party ==
[[پرونده:ذوالفقار علی بوتو و سخنرانی در بین طرفدارن حزبش.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Zulfikar Ali Bhutto speaking among his party supporters]]
Following his resignation from the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs, a large crowd gathered to hear his speech upon his arrival in Lahore on 21 June 1967. Amidst a wave of anger against Ayub Khan, he traveled across Pakistan to deliver political speeches. In October 1966, he explicitly stated the beliefs of his new party: Islam is our faith, democracy is our politics, socialism is our economy. All power to the people. On 30 November 1967, at a gathering, he, along with Jalaluddin Abdur Rahim Bengali and Basit Jahangir Sheikh, established the [[Pakistan People's Party]] (PPP) and created a strong base in Punjab, Sindh, and among the people of Pakistan.

=== Protests and Arrest ===
Lahore was the main center of his success and emergence. Activists of the People's Party carried out widespread demonstrations and strikes in various parts of the country, increasing pressure on Ayub Khan to resign. The arrest of Dr. Hassan and Bhutto on 12 November 1969, caused greater political unrest. After his release, he participated along with key leaders of the Pakistan People's Party in a roundtable conference called by Ayub Khan in Rawalpindi, but refused to accept the continuation of Ayub Khan's presidency and [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Sheikh Mujib Rahman]], the East Pakistani politician.

Following Ayub Khan's resignation, the military commander [[Yahya Khan|Yahya Khan]], his successor, promised to hold parliamentary elections on 7 December 1970. Under his leadership, democratic socialists, leftists, and Marxist communists came together and formed a united party for the first time in Pakistan's history. The united parties under his leadership took migrants and poor farmers in West Pakistan under their protection, and through education, encouraged the people to cast their votes for a better future.

=== Entry of the People's Party into Parliament and Dispute with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ===
Gathering and uniting scattered socialist-communist groups in a single center was considered his greatest political achievement. As a result, his party and other leftists won a large number of seats from constituencies in West Pakistan. However, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's [[Awami League]] won an absolute majority in the Legislative Assembly and gained more than twice the votes of the People's Party. Bhutto strongly refused to accept a government from the Awami League. On 17 January 1971, then-President Yahya Khan and Bhutto met with a number of Pakistani military commanders. The Pakistan Army and the Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator on 22 February 1971, in West Pakistan, decided to suppress the Awami Party and its supporters.

Fearing the secession of East Pakistan from West Pakistan, he requested Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to form a coalition with the Pakistan People's Party. And he proposed that he administer West Pakistan and Mujib Rahman administer the East. Yahya Khan postponed the National Assembly session, which fueled the popular movement in East Pakistan. And amidst the anger of the people of East Pakistan, on 7 March 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called on Bengalis to join the struggle for [[Bangladesh]].

== Separation of East Pakistan and Establishment of the Country of Bangladesh ==
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman no longer believed in Pakistan and was determined to build Bangladesh. Many also believed that Bhutto desired power in the West even at the cost of East Pakistan's separation. Yahya Khan initiated a negotiation conference in Dhaka to reach an agreement between the two. It was expected that this discussion would be fruitful until the President went to West Pakistan on the evening of 25 March 1971. On that night, 25 March 1971, the Army launched Operation Searchlight, designed by Yahya Khan's martial law government to suppress Bengali political activities and movements. Mujib Rahman was arrested and imprisoned in West Pakistan.

While supporting the army's actions and trying to garner international support, Bhutto distanced himself from Yahya Khan's government and began criticizing Yahya Khan for mismanagement of the situation. He refused to accept Yahya Khan's plan to appoint Nurul Amin, the Bengali politician, as Prime Minister and himself as Deputy Prime Minister. Immediately after his refusal and continued dissatisfaction with Yahya Khan's mismanagement, the President ordered the military police to arrest him on charges of treason. He was imprisoned in Adiala Jail. The army's suppression of Bengalis in East Pakistan faced armed resistance from guerrilla forces trained by India. Pakistan carried out an air attack on India on the western border, which led to India's intervention in East Pakistan, resulting in a very bitter defeat for Pakistani forces; Pakistani forces surrendered on 16 December 1971. As a result, the Government of Bangladesh was born, and Bhutto and others condemned Yahya Khan for failing to protect the unity of Pakistan <ref>[http://t27.ir/calender/4550 Adapted from t27.ir website]</ref>.

== President of Pakistan ==
President Yahya Khan resigned on 20 December 1971 and transferred power to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who became the President, Commander-in-Chief, and the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator.

He was the country's first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator since 1958, and also the country's first civilian President. With his assumption of power, leftists and democratic socialists entered the country's politics and later emerged as power players in national politics. For the first time in the country's history, leftists and democratic socialists had the opportunity to govern the country with a popular vote and exclusive mandates widely endorsed, which had been granted to them by the people of West Pakistan in the 1970s elections.

A Pakistan International Airlines flight was sent to bring him from New York, where he was presenting Pakistan's case at the UN Security Council regarding the East Pakistan crisis. He returned to Pakistan on 18 December 1971. On 20 December 1971, he was taken to the President's House in Rawalpindi, where he assumed two offices from Yahya Khan, one as President and the other as the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator. Thus, he was the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator of the dismembered Pakistan. When he took control of what remained of Pakistan, the people of Pakistan were isolated and angry. He addressed the people via radio and television:<blockquote>My dear compatriots, my dear friends, my dear students, workers, dear peasants, those who fought for Pakistan, we are facing the worst crisis in our country's life, a fatal crisis. We must gather the very small pieces. But we will build a new Pakistan, a prosperous and progressive Pakistan, a Pakistan free from exploitation, a Pakistan desired by Quaid-e-Azam ([[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]).<ref>[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110707205707/http://www.ppp.org.pk/life_legacy.html Retrieved from ppp.org.pk]</ref></blockquote>

=== Domestic and Foreign Challenges ===
As President, he faced increasing challenges on domestic and foreign fronts. This damage was severe in Pakistan; a psychological defeat and the collapse of Pakistan. Foreign policy was compromised. It lost international credibility, including from long-standing allies such as the US and China.

Inside Pakistan, [[nationalism]] among Baloch, Sindhi, Punjabi, and Pashtun was at its peak, and they demanded independence from Pakistan. Finding it difficult to keep Pakistan united, he launched full-scale intelligence and military operations to neutralize any separatist movements.

He immediately placed Yahya Khan under house arrest. He mediated a ceasefire and ordered the release of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who was in the custody of the Pakistan Army. To implement this, he annulled the previous military court verdict against Mujibur Rahman, which had sentenced him to death. He attempted to prevent the dismemberment of the country by offering Sheikh Mujibur Rahman the presidency of East and West Pakistan, but Mujib did not accept, and thus he did not recognize the independence of East Pakistan. And since [[England]] recognized Bangladesh, Pakistan withdrew from the Commonwealth of Nations.

On 2 January 1972, he announced the nationalization of all major industries, including iron and steel, heavy engineering, heavy electrical, petrochemicals, cement, and public utilities. A new labor policy was announced increasing workers' wages and the power of labor unions <ref>[http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/20.htm Retrieved from countrystudies.us]</ref>.

He visited India to meet Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and negotiated a formal peace agreement and the release of 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war. The two leaders signed the Simla Agreement, which committed both countries to establishing a new and meanwhile temporary Line of Control in Kashmir and obliged them to resolve disputes peacefully through bilateral talks. He also promised to hold a summit for the peaceful resolution of the [[Kashmir]] dispute and committed to recognizing Bangladesh. Although he secured the release of Pakistani soldiers held by India, he was criticized by many in Pakistan for conceding too much to India.

=== Nuclear Pakistan and Acquiring the Atomic Bomb ===
[[File:Munir Ahmad Khan.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Munir Ahmad Khan, father of Pakistan's atomic bomb]]
He was the founder of Pakistan's atomic bomb program. It is said that his interest in nuclear technology began during his university years in America when Bhutto attended a course in political science. He discussed the political impact of the first American nuclear test. While he was at Berkeley, when the Soviet Union detonated its first bomb in 1949, he witnessed the public panic that prompted the US government to begin its research on it. Long before that, in 1958, as Minister of Fuel, Power and National Resources, he played a key role in launching the institutions and research institutes of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. In 1958, he offered a technical post to Munir Ahmad Khan at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC).

In October 1965, as Foreign Minister, he visited Vienna where nuclear engineer Munir Ahmad Khan was working in a senior technical post at the International Atomic Energy Agency. Munir Ahmad Khan informed him about the status of India's nuclear program and the options Pakistan had for developing its own nuclear capability. Both agreed on Pakistan's need to establish a nuclear deterrent to counter India. While Munir Khan failed to convince Ayub Khan, Bhutto had told Munir Khan: Do not worry, our turn will come. Shortly after the 1965 war, he announced at a press conference that even if we have to eat grass, we will make a nuclear bomb. We have no other choice. Because he saw that India was making its way towards bomb development.

The militarization of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission began on 20 January 1972 and in its early years was implemented by military commander Tikka Khan, Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army. The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant was inaugurated by him during his presidency of Pakistan at the end of 1972. Under his control, senior academic scientists had direct access to Bhutto, keeping him informed about every inch of progress.

After India's nuclear test codenamed Smiling Buddha in May 1974, he considered this test the final prophecy for the death of Pakistan. In a press conference held shortly after India's nuclear test, he said: India's nuclear program is designed to intimidate Pakistan and create hegemony in the subcontinent. Despite Pakistan's limited financial resources, he was very eager for the nuclear energy project.

He slowly reversed and neutralized any US attempt to infiltrate the nuclear program as he had expelled many American diplomatic officials. In the country, under Operation Sunrise, he intensified his firm support and supported Abdul Qadeer Khan to quietly bring weapons technology to Pakistan and keep nuclear laboratories hidden. Regional rivals such as India and the Soviet Union had no preliminary information about Pakistan's nuclear energy project during the 1970s, and it seemed that the intensification of his covert efforts yielded results in 1978, when the program had fully matured.

He argued that nuclear weapons would allow India to use its Air Force fighter planes with small battlefield nuclear equipment against Pakistan Army concentrations, armored columns and infantry, and military bases and nuclear industrial facilities. As long as civilian casualties are minimized, the Indian Air Force will not face an adverse reaction from the international community. Thus, India would defeat Pakistan, force its armed forces to a humiliating surrender, and occupy and annex northern Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. Then India would divide Pakistan into small countries based on ethnic divisions, and this would be the end of the Pakistan problem for India once and for all. In sum, he knew that Pakistan had become a nuclear-armed country in 1978, when his friend Munir Ahmad Khan met him in his prison cell. There Munir Ahmad Khan told him that the weapon design process was complete and a milestone in the complex and difficult enrichment of nuclear fuel was achieved. He demanded an immediate nuclear test, and no response was issued by [[Zia-ul-Haq]] or any member of his government.

He expressed these words in prison:<blockquote>We (Pakistan) know that [[Israel]] and South Africa have full nuclear capability. The [[Christian]], [[Jewish]], and [[Hindu]] civilizations have this (nuclear) capability. The Islamic civilization is without it, but the situation is changing<ref>[http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html Retrieved from nuclearweaponarchive.org]</ref>.</blockquote>

=== Constitutional Reforms ===
He is considered the main architect of the 1973 Constitution, as part of his vision to put Pakistan on the path of parliamentary democracy. One of the important achievements in his life was drafting the first consensus constitution for the country. He oversaw the promulgation of the 1973 Constitution, which created an unstoppable constitutional revolution through his policy that was linked to the liberation of the oppressed masses, by giving the people a voice in parliament, and fundamental changes in the economic sphere in their favor.

During his tenure, the government made several fundamental amendments to the 1973 Constitution. The most important of these was the recognition of Bangladesh and diplomatic relations with it. And it focused on limiting the power and jurisdiction of the judiciary, which was approved on 15 September 1976.

Also works including: general amnesty for prisoners, confiscation of passports of the wealthy to prevent capital flight, abolition of privileges and secret budgets of former rulers of about seventy princely states, nationalization of major industries and important factories of Pakistan, limiting large landowners, increasing workers' benefits by passing new labor laws and land reforms. He was able to end the old tradition of royal treasuries, meaning the payment of annual salaries that the government paid to Nawabs or other old aristocrats since the period of [[United Kingdom]] rule. These measures caused the value of the rupee, which had decreased by more than 50%, to increase again, and consequently added to Pakistan's export revenues.

== Prime Ministership ==
The new constitution came into effect on 14 August 1973, following lengthy debate and amendment, establishing a federal and parliamentary system of government. Concurrent with the implementation of the new constitution, he stepped down from the presidency. After securing 108 votes in a house consisting of 146 members, he was sworn in as the Prime Minister of the country. [[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]] was elected as President under the new constitution. During his five-year rule, the Bhutto government carried out extensive reforms at every level of the government. The capital of Pakistan and the Western reforms initiated in 1947 and continued throughout the 1970s were altered and replaced with a socialist system.

=== Reforms ===
[[پرونده:دانشگاه علامه اقبال.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Allama Iqbal University in Pakistan]]

==== Industrial Reforms ====
The Bhutto government carried out a number of reforms in the industrial sector. His reforms had two aspects: nationalization and improvement of workers' rights. In the first phase, he nationalized basic industries such as steel, chemical, and cement. This was done in 1972. The next major step occurred on 1 January 1974, when he nationalized all banks. The final stage in this series was the nationalization of all flour, rice, and cotton factories across the country.

==== Educational Reforms ====
The next step in reforms was in education. He established a large number of rural and urban schools, including approximately 6,500 primary schools, 900 middle schools, 407 high schools, 51 intermediate colleges, and 21 degree colleges. He also abandoned the Western education system. His government made Islamic and Pakistan Studies compulsory in schools. He was credited with the establishment of Quaid-e-Azam University and Allama Iqbal Open University in Islamabad in 1974, as well as the establishment of Gomal University in 1973. As Foreign Minister in 1967, he established the Institute of Theoretical Physics with the help of Abdus Salam. As Prime Minister, he made revolutionary efforts to expand the education network. He also established Allama Iqbal Medical College in 1975 <ref>[https:\/\/ilm.com.pk\/reviews\/university-reviews\/allama-iqbal-medical-college-lahore\/ Retrieved from ilm.com.pk]<\/ref>.

==== Agricultural Reforms ====
He was a strong advocate for empowering small farmers. He argued that if farmers were weakened and undermined, Pakistan's agricultural power would be fragile, and he believed that farmers would not feel psychologically secure unless the country achieved self-sufficiency in food. Therefore, his government launched programs to put the country on the path to self-sufficiency in the rice, sugar, and wheat industries. Tax exemptions were also introduced for small owners to encourage agricultural growth. The nationalization of industries based in Sindh by him was greatly beneficial to the poor <ref>[https:\/\/tribune.com.pk\/story\/39915\/floods-in-pakistan--institutional-failures Retrieved from tribune.com.pk]<\/ref>.

=== Foreign Policy ===
After taking power, he sought to diversify Pakistan's relations away from the United States. He developed and strengthened close Arab relations and China-Pakistan relations. He believed in an independent foreign policy. As Foreign Minister and Prime Minister, he established and strengthened special relations between Pakistan and [[Iran]]. Because Iran had provided military aid to Pakistan. China-Pakistan relations had improved significantly, and during his time, Pakistan established a strategic relationship with China when China was in isolation.

In 1974, he hosted the second Organisation of the Islamic Conference, where he invited leaders of the Islamic world to Lahore, Punjab province, Pakistan. He was a serious proponent of Afro-Asian solidarity and strengthened his relations with Afro-Asian and Islamic countries, appearing as a leader of the Third World until 1976.

He sought a peace agreement, the Simla Agreement, with Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of [[India]], and returned 93,000 prisoners of war to Pakistan and secured 513,000 square kilometers that were in India's possession without compromising on the Kashmir stance, by recognizing [[Bangladesh]].

His extensive knowledge of intelligence and precise awareness of the post-World War II and nuclear history enabled him to design a foreign policy that was unique in the history of Pakistan's foreign policy. His policy measures were continued by successive governments to play a vital role in world politics. In 1974, he and his Foreign Minister Aziz Ahmed brought a resolution to the United Nations that recommended and called for the creation of a nuclear-free zone in South Asia, while he and Aziz Ahmed severely attacked India's nuclear program. He put India on the defensive and promoted Pakistan as a non-proliferator country of the nuclear program.

He sought to improve Pakistan's relations with the Arab world and stood alongside the Arab world during the Arab and [[Israel]] conflict. In 1973, during the Arab-Israeli War, Pakistan's relations with the Arab world marked a turning point. Both in Pakistan and in the Arab world, Pakistan's offer of rapid, unconditional, and explicit aid to Arab countries was deeply appreciated. In 1974, under pressure from other Muslim countries, Pakistan finally recognized Bangladesh <ref>[https:\/\/www.dawn.com\/news\/845159\/bhutto-s-foreign-policy-legacy Retrieved from dawn.com]<\/ref>.

==Popular Protests and Coup==
As his term progressed, he faced significant criticism and increasing unpopularity. The mass of [[socialism|socialists]] and [[communism|communists]] who had coalesced under his leadership began to disintegrate after he targeted opposition leader Abdul Wali Khan and the National Awami Party, a democratic socialist party; consequently, they became divided and allied with [[secular]] fronts. Despite the ideological similarities between the two parties, conflicts between them intensified. It began with the federal government's dismissal of the provincial government in Balochistan due to alleged separatist activities and ended with the banning of the provincial government. After the killing of Hayat Sherpao, a Bhutto confidant, in the Peshawar bomb blast, many senior leaders of the provincial government (NAP) were arrested. Another notable figure, Justice Hamoodur Rahman, died of a heart attack while in his office. Between 1974 and 1976, many of his core members left him due to political differences.

Disputes within the Pakistan People's Party also increased, and the murder of Nawab Mohammad Ahmad Khan Kasuri, an opposition leader, led to public outrage and internal party hostility. A 9-party alliance was organized against his government and its allies. The 1977 elections were held; his party won, but protesting opponents alleged election rigging. [[Abul A'la Maududi]] called for the overthrow of his government. In the same year, severe suppression of the [[Pakistan Muslim League|Pakistan Muslim League party]] sparked a conservative front. Meanwhile, military commander Khalid Mahmud Arif warned him that the army was planning a coup and advised him to hold negotiations with opposition leaders that would lead to an agreement for the dissolution of assemblies and new elections under a national unity government. However, on July 5, 1977, he and his cabinet members were arrested by forces under the command of [[Zia-ul-Haq]], while it was said that he had reached an agreement with the opponents.

Zia-ul-Haq announced that martial law had been imposed, the constitution suspended, and all assemblies dissolved, promising to hold elections within 90 days. Zia-ul-Haq also ordered the arrest of senior leaders of the Pakistan People's Party but promised to hold elections in October. He was released on July 29 and was welcomed by a large crowd of supporters in his hometown of Larkana. He immediately began campaigning across Pakistan, addressed very large crowds, and planned for his political return. He was arrested again on September 3 and then released on bail on September 13. Fearing another arrest, he appointed his wife, [[Begum Nusrat Bhutto]], as the chairperson of the Pakistan People's Party. On September 16, he and a large number of PPP leaders and activists were arrested and imprisoned, and were disqualified from participating in the elections <ref>[http://www.pakistanherald.com/Articles/Living-with-Bhuttoand8217s-ghost-1529 Retrieved from pakistanherald.com website]</ref>.

== Trial and Execution ==
[[File:نماز میت بر جنازه ذوالفقار علی بوتو.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Funeral prayer on the body of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
The army arrested him again on charges of permitting the murder of a political opponent in March 1974. A 35-year-old politician, [[Ahmad Raza Kasuri]], and his family were ambushed, and Kasuri's father was killed. Ahmad Raza Kasuri claimed that he was the actual target and accused Bhutto of organizing the attack. Kasuri later claimed himself that he had been the target of 15 assassination attempts. Nusrat Bhutto formed a team of senior Pakistani lawyers to defend him. Bhutto was released 10 days after his arrest after the judge found the evidence "contradictory and incomplete".

Zia-ul-Haq arrested him again on the same charges, this time under martial law. He was tried in the Lahore High Court instead of a lower court, and he was denied the right to appeal. The judge who had granted him bail was removed. Five new judges were appointed, headed by Mushtaq Hussain, Chief Justice of the Lahore High Court. The trial lasted five months. Masood Mahmood, Director General of the Federal Security Force, testified against him. Masood Mahmood had been arrested immediately after Zia-ul-Haq's coup and had been in prison for two months before testifying. In his testimony, he claimed that Bhutto had ordered Kasuri's murder and that four members of the Federal Security Force organized the ambush on Bhutto's orders.

When he began his testimony on January 25, 1978, Mushtaq Hussain, the Chief Justice, closed the court to all observers. Bhutto demanded a retrial and accused the Chief Justice of bias. The court rejected his request. On March 18, 1978, Bhutto was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death. The appeal request was completed on December 23, 1978. On February 6, 1979, the Supreme Court issued the conviction verdict, a decision made by a 4–3 majority. His family had seven days to file a review petition. While reviewing the petition, the court stayed the execution. On February 24, 1979, when the next court session began, many clemency requests arrived from world leaders. On March 24, 1979, the Supreme Court rejected the appeal request. Zia-ul-Haq confirmed the death sentence. And Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged on April 4, 1979, in Rawalpindi Central Jail and was buried in his family mausoleum <ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/845159/bhutto-s-foreign-policy-legacy Taken from nytimes.com]</ref>.

== Family and Children ==
[[File:مقبره خانوادگی خاندان بوتو.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Bhutto family mausoleum in Pakistan]]
His first marriage took place in 1943 to his cousin Shirin Amir Begum, but they separated. On September 8, 1951, he married Nusrat Isfahani, of Iranian Kurdish origin, known as Begum Nusrat Bhutto. Their first child, [[Benazir Bhutto|Benazir]], was born in 1953. Murtaza was born in 1954, Sanam in 1957, and Shahnawaz in 1958.<br>
Two of his children, Shahnawaz and Murtaza, were killed at a young age. Also, Benazir Bhutto became Prime Minister of Pakistan for two terms and was assassinated in 2007. Bhutto remained a highly influential and respected figure even after his death. He is recognized as one of the most influential men in the history of Pakistan. His supporters gave him the title Quaid-e-Awam (Leader of the People) <ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/pakistan/story/19771231-husna-sheikh-zulfikar-ali-bhuttos-secret-wife-823982-2014-05-12 Taken from indiatoday.in]</ref>.

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
# [https://www.mehrnews.com/news/3589966 The execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was the greatest injustice in judicial history.]
# [https://www.irna.ir/news/2866051 June 1972, Visit of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, President of Pakistan to Tehran]
# [https://fa.shafaqna.com/news/188042 Bhutto Family Mausoleum]

[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Pakistan]]

Draft:Zabihollah Naeimian

2026-06-16T04:29:44Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Zabihollah Naeimian
| image = ذبیح الله نعیمیان.jpg
| name = Zabihollah Naeimian
| other_names = {{Horizontal list||}}
| birth_year = 1972 (1351 SH)
| birth_date =
| birth_place = {{Horizontal list|[[Iran]]|Khomeyn}}
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| works =
| occupations = {{Horizontal list|| }}
| website =
}}
'''Zabihollah Naeimian''' is a seminary and academic researcher in the field of [[Islamic sects rapprochement]] who has had extensive activity in recent years in areas such as political jurisprudence, civilizational studies with an approximative approach, methodology of Ijtihad, etc.

== Overview ==
[[File:photo_2019-01-24_19-44-22.jpg|thumb|]]
One of the most important activities of this former member of the [[Approximation of Islamic Sects Research Center]] is theorizing for movement towards [[Islamic unity]] at a macro level.

== Education ==
# Mathematics and Physics Diploma 1990;
# Entry into the Seminary 1990;
# Studies at Masumiyeh School, Arabic Conversation Course at Masumiyeh School, Qom 5 years: 1990–1996;
# Entry into Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute 1996;
# MA in Theology and Islamic Studies, Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute 1996–2001;
# Completion of MA in Political Science, Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute 2006
# PhD in Political Science, Research Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Autumn 2006–2013
# Employment in compiling Level 4 Thesis: Since Summer 2008, Thesis Title: ''Foundations of "Employing Expediency" for "Decision-Making in the Islamic Political System"''

== Works ==
Some of these reflections aimed at unity-oriented theorizing are evident in the following works:
# ''Civilizational Imamate'';
# ''Civilizational Rationality'';
# ''Theory of the Guardianship of the Jurist's Caliphate'';
# ''Acceptance of Guardianship by Sunni Scholars of Iran'';
# ''Jurisprudence of ISIS Caliphate; A Challenging Effort'';
# ''Comparative Study of Islamic Caliphate and Christian Theocracy'';
# ''Foundations and Principles of Governmental Jurisprudence'' (in four volumes);
# ''Foundationalism and Contextualism of Rationality; Methodology for Analyzing the Thoughts of Religious-Political Figures''.

[[Category:Personalities]]

Draft:Zabihullah Mujahid

2026-06-16T04:27:05Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| title = Zabihullah Mujahid
| image = ذبیح‌الله مجاهد.jpg
| full_name = Zabihullah Mujahid
| other_names = Zabihullah Mujahidi
| birth_year =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Afghanistan]]
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam]]
| education = [[Master's degree]] in Religious studies
| occupations = {{Horizontal list| Spokesperson of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | Employee of the Ministry of Culture and Information (First Term)}}
| website =
}}

'''Zabihullah Mujahid''' is the official spokesperson of the Islamic Emirate of [[Afghanistan]] ([[Taliban]]). He is one of the two main spokespersons of the group, operating alongside Qari Yousuf Ahmadi. Mujahid is typically responsible for releasing messages regarding Taliban activities in the north, east, and center of Afghanistan, while Ahmadi focuses on the western and southern regions. Mujahid appeared publicly in [[Kabul]] for the first time on 17 August 2021 (26 Mordad 1400), showing his face. Prior to this, he regularly communicated with media via phone calls, SMS, email, Twitter, and jihadist websites, and had been appointed as the Taliban spokesperson since January 2007 following the arrest of Mohammad Hanif.

== Biography ==
Mujahid was introduced to local and international media in Kabul on 17 August 2021 (26 Mordad 1400). He is fluent in both [[Pashto]] and [[Persian]] languages. Some journalists had identified his voice and communicated with him years prior. Mujahid describes himself as a middle-aged man, married with several children, who is constantly moving due to security threats and does not reside in a fixed location. He claims to hold a master's degree in Religious studies, but does not disclose the country of study for security reasons. During the first term of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001 CE), Mujahid worked at a low level in the Ministry of Culture and Information. He later fought alongside insurgent forces and was appointed as the official Taliban spokesperson in January 2007.

=== Identity ===
Since 2011 CE, the [[United States]] Army claimed that "Zabihullah Mujahid" was not the name of a specific individual, but a symbolic persona used by several Taliban spokespersons. Their argument was that no single individual could respond to the vast volume of media requests.

[[File:ذبیح‌الله مجاهد 2.jpg|frameless|center|]]

However, many journalists believed they were in contact with a specific individual despite potential changes in voice or physical identity. In 2009 CE, Nick Robertson, a CNN journalist, interviewed a man who claimed to be "Zabihullah Mujahid". This interview was broadcast in May 2009. Afterwards, the Twitter account of Zabihullah Mujahidi, with whom journalists were in contact, claimed that the interviewee was an impostor. An intelligence analyst said the man in the CNN interview might have been one of several individuals with this name, but was disavowed due to his superiors' dissatisfaction with the interview. Eventually, with the fall of Kabul in August 2021, Mujahid appeared publicly for the first time and displayed his face, confirming his physical identity.

== Taliban Spokesperson ==
[[File:ذبیح‌الله مجاهد 1.jpg|frameless|left|]]

As the Taliban spokesperson, Mujahid is responsible for conveying the group's messages to the Afghan public opinion and international media. He is responsible for confirming or denying the group's responsibility for attacks across Afghanistan and publishes promotional videos of Taliban achievements on his Twitter account.

Mujahid has claimed responsibility for several major military operations, including:
* On 21 April 2017, he claimed responsibility for an attack on an army base that resulted in the death of over 140 soldiers;
* On 21 January 2019, he claimed responsibility for an attack on a National Directorate of Security training center where over 100 security personnel were killed;
* On 29 November 2020, he announced responsibility for an attack on an Afghan army base where 30 security personnel were killed.

On 17 July 2021, Mujahid apologized following the death of [[Dana Siddiqui]], a Reuters journalist who was killed amidst clashes between Afghan forces and the Taliban. He claimed that the Taliban were unaware of his death and asked journalists to inform the Taliban before entering war zones so that journalists could be protected.

== See also ==
* [[United States]]
* [[Dana Siddiqui]]
* [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Persian]]
* [[Taliban]]

== References ==
* [https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/154619/1/%D8%B0%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF Zabihullah Mujahid, Tabnak website], Date posted: n.d., Date accessed: 23 Ordibehesht 1405.

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Afghanistan]]

Draft:Din Mohammad Hanif

2026-06-15T07:22:34Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

[[File:Din Mohammad Hanif.jpg|thumb|Din Mohammad Hanif, one of the Taliban leaders]]

'''Din Mohammad Hanif''' is one of the leaders of the [[Taliban]] and one of the key figures of this group.

==Biography==
Din Mohammad Hanif was born in 1963 in the district of "Yaftal-e Sofla", Badakhshan Province, [[Afghanistan]]. He is a religious scholar. In 1985, he went to [[Pakistan]] and studied there in various schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, receiving most of his religious education in Peshawar.

==Languages==
In addition to local languages, Dari, Urdu, and Pashto, Din Mohammad Hanif is fully proficient in Arabic.

==Presence in International Forums==
He once negotiated with the Northern Alliance in Turkmenistan. He also appeared at a seminar at a university in Japan before the media and spoke on behalf of the Taliban.

He delivered a detailed speech at a scientific conference regarding Afghanistan at Doshisha University in the city of Kyoto, Japan last year. He is the first individual among the Taliban leaders to appear in the media and express the Taliban's stance to the participants. He currently lives with his family in [[Qatar]].

==Positions==
# Member of the Leadership Council of the Taliban Political Office in Qatar;
# Minister of Planning after the capture of Kabul;
# Commander of Taliban forces in Badakhshan Province after the US invasion in 2003;
# Member of the Taliban Political Commission in 2004
# Member of the Taliban Leadership Council in 2004;
# Member of the negotiation team and responsible for relations with Central Asian countries in the Taliban Political Office;
# Minister of Higher Education and Minister of Planning after the capture of Kabul and during the Taliban rule;<ref>[http://www.afghanpaper.com/nbody.php?id=53979 According to Afghanistan Information Network]</ref><ref>[https://pajhwok.com/fa/2020/09/10/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A3%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%81/ Pajhwok News Network]</ref><ref>[https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1399/07/30/2373749/%D8%AA%D8%BA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA Tasnim News Agency]</ref>.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Taliban]]
[[Category:Afghanistan]]

Draft:Donald Trump

2026-06-15T07:18:41Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| title = Donald Trump
| image = Donald Trump.jpg
| name = Donald John Trump
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1946 AD
| birth_date = June 14
| birth_place = In the Queens borough of New York
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion =
| sect =
| works =
| occupations = {{Horizontal list|47th and 45th President of the [[United States|America]] | }}
| website =
}}

'''Donald John Trump''' is an American politician, economist, and businessman who, in the 47th U.S. presidential election on November 5, 2024, with the final count of electoral votes obtaining 277 votes, became the winner of the 2024 presidential election of the [[United States|America]]. He previously won the 45th U.S. presidential election on November 8, 2016, with 306 electoral votes against Clinton's 232 votes. Renewal of U.S. trade negotiations with [[China]], his opposition to several free trade agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, stricter enforcement of [[United States|U.S.]] immigration laws and building a wall along the [[Mexico]]–[[United States]] border, reforms in veterans care, replacing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, tax cuts, and support for non-interventionism in foreign policy are among Trump's political positions. Withdrawal from the JCPOA and imposition of extensive anti-Iranian sanctions, ordering the assassination of [[Qasem Soleimani|Martyr Commander Hajj Qasem Soleimani]], and adopting the "Maximum Pressure" policy were part of his dark record against the people of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]].

==Biography==
Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946 AD in the Queens borough of New York City.

==Education==
Trump studied for two years at Fordham University in the Bronx and then transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania; because Wharton had one of the only real estate studies faculties in [[United States|U.S.]] universities. He graduated in 1968 AD with a Bachelor's degree in Economics<ref>[https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/20598/1/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE Biography, Tabnak].</ref>.

==Personal Life==
Trump married Ivana Trump, a model from the Czech Republic, in New York in 1977 AD. They have three children together: Donald Jr., Ivanka Trump, and Eric.
Ivana obtained U.S. citizenship in 1988 AD while Trump was by her side. The couple divorced in 1991.
In 1993 AD, two months after the birth of his daughter named Tiffany, Trump married an actress named Marla Maples. They divorced in 1999.
In 1998, Trump met Melania Knauss, a fashion model from Slovenia, and they married in 2005 in Palm Beach, Florida.
Melania received U.S. citizenship in 2006, and in the same year, she gave birth to Barron, Trump's fifth child<ref>[https://fa.alalam.ir/news/1883203/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%9F Who is Donald Trump?, Al-Alam Network].</ref>.

==Activities==
===Economic activities===
He headed the Trump Organization, a real estate development company founded by his paternal grandmother, for 45 years. His activities focused on constructing and renovating commercial towers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He also undertook several risky side business projects and licensed his company name as a brand on numerous products. From 2004 to 2015, Trump hosted the popular reality show ''The Apprentice'' on NBC, and for this, he was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2017, Trump was recognized by ''Forbes'' magazine as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a wealth of $3.5 billion, while his businesses and his three marriages attracted decades of extensive media coverage, and he placed the expensive Trump brand name on numerous products, hotels, towers, goods, and properties. In 2011, Forbes estimated the value of the Trump brand at $200 million, and Trump claimed that he did not accept this valuation, stating that his brand value was around $3 billion.

===Political activities===
Over time, Trump has described his political leanings and positions in various, sometimes contradictory ways. Politico has described his positions as "opportunistic, outspoken, and often contradictory". Over time, he has described his party affiliation status as Republican, Independence Party, Democrat, and "no preference". He also sought the nomination of the Reform Party. Specifically, he has changed his positions regarding taxation of the wealthy, abortion rights, and healthcare. A report in 2011 showed that over two decades of elections in the US, Trump had financially contributed to the campaigns of candidates from both the Democratic and Republican parties. In February 2012, Trump endorsed Mitt Romney for the US presidency and was among the early supporters of Ronald Reagan for the US presidency.

====Participation in elections====
On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for the Republican Party nomination in the 2016 presidential election from his headquarters at Trump Tower in New York. Trump focused attention in a campaign that heavily relied on the slogan "Make America Great Again." on domestic issues such as illegal immigration to the United States, outsourcing of American jobs, the United States national debt, and Islamic terrorism.
Trump runs as a self-proclaimed conservative, which he specifically associates with financial and religious matters. Some political analysts classify Trump as a moderate on social issues such as LGBTQ rights and abortion.

====Primaries====
This cycle of the Republican Party presidential primaries, which consisted of 17 candidates, was the largest primary election in American history. Trump started his campaign with the official slogan "Let's Make America Great Again" and a promise to be "the best president that God ever created in terms of jobs."
On Super Tuesday, Trump won most of the delegates and led throughout the primary election cycle. Support for Trump among Republican primary voters nationwide reached 50% by March 2016, and he became poised to win the Republican Party nomination.
After a decisive victory in Indiana on May 3, 2016, which compelled remaining candidates Ted Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their campaigns, RNC Chairman Reince Priebus effectively considered Trump the presumptive Republican Party nominee in the general election.

====General election====
After effectively becoming the presumptive Republican Party nominee, Trump focused on the general election, telling remaining primary voters to "save their votes for the general election." Trump continued campaigning nationwide and began targeting Hillary Clinton, the Democratic Party frontrunner who was expected to become the Democratic Party nominee.
Clinton had solidified her lead over Trump in polls for most of 2016. In early July, Trump tied with Clinton in major polls following the conclusion of the FBI investigation into the Hillary Clinton email controversy. FBI Director James Comey concluded that Clinton was "extremely careless" in handling classified government content and dishonest regarding aspects of the controversy in several instances.

====Victory in the 45th presidential election====
Trump won on November 8, 2016, securing 306 electoral votes against Clinton's 232 votes. He received fewer popular votes than Clinton and became the fifth person to become president without winning the popular vote. The vote difference nationwide was nearly 3 million votes. Trump's victory was considered a highly unexpected political victory, as almost all national polls showed Clinton slightly ahead of Trump, and state polls showed her slightly ahead in electoral votes.

====Impeachment====
The US House of Representatives voted to impeach Trump on December 19, 2019. The US House of Representatives charged Trump with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress investigations. These two charges were pursued in the Senate for final approval of his impeachment from the presidency of the United States, and ultimately the Senate acquitted him of both charges; and he remained in his presidential office. Stephanie Grisham, White House spokesperson, announced in a statement after the announcement of the final results of the impeachment charge investigations: Today, the fake impeachment attempt with the collusion of Democrats ended with the full acquittal of President Donald Trump.
The day after the impeachment, in a public speech, Trump said: "This should never happen to any president. These pressures were very heavy, and if I hadn't fired James Comey [from the FBI], maybe I wouldn't even be standing here today. We had done nothing wrong and they made hell for us. I want to start by thanking friends because it is in battle and challenge that one finds their friends. I think with everything that came upon us, we have had the most success and achievements. Instead of all this pressure they put on us, we could have worked much better; but they kept pressuring and dragged me into impeachment. They used a phone call that was excellent and had no problems as a pretext and carried out the impeachment; but now it is over and there is a very good word for it: Full Acquittal"<ref>[https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/20598/1/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE Biography, Tabnak].</ref>.

====Victory in the 47th presidential election====
Donald Trump officially won the 2024 US presidential election in the 47th US presidential election cycle on November 5, 2024, with the final count of electoral votes securing 277 votes, and his opponent Kamala Harris also secured 224 votes<ref>[https://www.mizanonline.ir/fa/news/4802453/%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8E%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B4-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A8-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%8C-%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86 2024 US Presidential Election Results/ Trump became US President by securing threshold of electoral votes, Mizan News Agency].</ref>

==Controversial Positions==
Among Trump's political positions were renewing US trade negotiations with China, his opposition to several free trade agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, stricter enforcement of US immigration laws and building a wall along the US-Mexico border, reforms in veterans' care, replacing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, reducing taxes, and supporting non-interventionism in foreign policy.
Furthermore, his statements against Muslims and American immigrants sparked significant controversy during the presidential election campaign<ref>[https://fa.alalam.ir/news/1883203/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%9F Who is Donald Trump?, Alalam Network].</ref>.
===8 Trump Actions Against the People of Iran===
Trump returns to the Oval Office of the White House while the global memory still recalls his evasions of commitment in foreign policy and inhumane policies in various political and economic arenas. Based on this, Europeans, as traditional US allies, are nowadays grappling with a major concern named "Trump's Return"; a figure whom everyone now knows as the "most pact-breaking politician in the world".
Withdrawal from agreements such as the JCPOA, the Paris Climate Agreement, the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, as well as withdrawing the US from the "World Health Organization", "UNESCO", and the "UN Global Compact for Migration" are only examples of Trump's commitment evasions during his first presidential term.
However, among these, a significant portion of hostile actions and violations of international law by him during his first presidential term occurred against the people of Iran; from withdrawing from the JCPOA and imposing extensive anti-Iranian sanctions to issuing the order for the assassination of Martyr Major General Qasem Soleimani and adopting the "Maximum Pressure" policy, part of his black record against the people of Iran has been; hostile actions which, according to US officials and analysts, faced heavy defeat and failed to achieve its depicted goals. In the following, we will address some of Trump's anti-Iranian actions during his first presidential term.

====Prohibition of Iranians' Entry to the US====
One of the first anti-Iranian actions by Trump in the first months of his start in the first term was issuing immigration orders based on which, the entry of citizens of 8 countries, including Iran, to the US soil was declared prohibited. From the start of his work until Mehr 1396 SH (October 2017), he issued 3 orders in this regard, in all 3 of which the name of Iranian citizens was visible:
9 Bahman 1395 SH (January 28, 2017),
10 Farvardin 1396 SH (March 30, 2017),
26 Mehr 1396 SH (October 18, 2017).
According to Trump's order on 26 Mehr 1396 SH (October 18, 2017), citizens of [[Chad]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], [[Libya]], North Korea, Somalia, [[Syria]], [[Venezuela]], and [[Yemen]] faced new restrictions for entry to the US. This order, unlike the previous order in this regard which covered a 90-day period, was "permanent".

====CAATSA Law====
It was on 11 Mordad 1396 SH (August 2, 2017), that Trump signed the US Congress bill named "Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act", known as "CAATSA"; a law that was approved by the Senate in Khordad of the same year and aimed at imposing new sanctions against Russia, Iran, and North Korea.
The sanction targets of the CAATSA law were:
*Iran's ballistic missile program
*Imposing sanctions related to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), including the IRGC Quds Force
*Imposing human rights sanctions
*Weapons programs in various fields from armored equipment to helicopters and ships
*Sanctions related to Iran's support for terrorism.

====Withdrawal from the JCPOA====
One of the most important hostile actions by Trump against Iran in his first presidential term was withdrawing from the JCPOA. The 45th President of the US, who during his election competition had announced "Withdrawal from the JCPOA" as one of his policies in facing the Islamic Republic, on 18 Ordibehesht 1397 SH (May 8, 2018), by signing an order, officially withdrew from the JCPOA which was accompanied by the following actions:
*Issuance of a Treasury Department statement regarding taking immediate actions to implement Trump's decision
*Return of Iran sanctions during 2 time periods of 90 days and 180 days
*Planning for the full effect of sanctions
*Pursuing the intensification of primary and secondary sanctions
*Kickstarting the "Maximum Pressure" policy against Iran

====Unprecedented Action Against the IRGC====
One of Trump's anti-Iranian actions in his first presidential term was placing the name of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] on the alleged list of "Terrorist Organizations". Trump on 19 Farvardin 1398 SH (April 8, 2019), in an unprecedented action, by issuing an official statement, placed the IRGC on the alleged list of "Terrorist Organizations".
This action took executive form one week later.
It was the first time that the US government introduced a state military unit as a "terrorist group".

====Reducing Iran's Oil Exports to Zero====
One of the major anti-Iranian goals of Trump in his first presidential term was reducing the oil exports of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] to zero; a policy which although failed, was accompanied by extensive actions to realize it, part of which includes:
*14 Aban 1397 SH (November 5, 2018), new round of oil sanctions against Iran while exempting 8 countries from these sanctions
*Removal of oil import exemptions for Iran for 8 countries on 2 Ordibehesht 1398 SH (April 22, 2019)
*Preventing investment in Iran's gas resources sector
*Using various tools to reduce Iran's oil exports
*Attempting to security-intelligence identify Iran's solutions for circumventing sanctions

====Sanctioning Iran; Maximum Pressure Tool====
Sanction was one of the main tools and weapons of the [[United States|US]] government during Trump's first presidential term which its use in that period increased unprecedentedly and in various fields; to the extent that the list of sanctions in Trump's term reached more than 1500 cases; sanctions which their implementation started from Aban 1397 SH (November 2018). Parts of these sanctions and their types were:
*Identification of more than 1500 sanctions
*Separation of sanction fields into about 165 types
*Buying and selling gold and other precious metals
*Buying and selling banknotes or dollar-based documents
*Opening Rial accounts from outside the borders
*Foreign financing
*Buying, selling, and supplying aircraft parts
*Oil and petrochemical transactions
*Sale of food products produced in the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]]
*Port activities, shipping, and shipbuilding industries
*Automotive industry
*Iran's mining and steelmaking industry
*Aviation, carpet, caviar, and pistachio industries
*Insurance activities and services
*Sanctioning more than 700 individuals, organizations, and companies
*Atomic Energy Organization and related individuals and entities
*Iranian shipping companies
*Sanctioning political figures, including [[Ali Khamenei|Supreme Leader of the Revolution]], Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani, Ali Akbar Velayati, [[Ebrahim Raisi]], Mohammad Javad Zarif, Mohsen Rezaee, Ali Shamkhani
*Iran Air and 65 related aircraft
*Iran Aerospace Organization
*11 companies affiliated with the Ministry of Petroleum
*Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB)
*27 Iranian banks
*5 Iranian prisons
*Sharif University of Technology and Shahid Beheshti University
*2 judges of Iran's courts
*Petrochemical sanctions
*Ministry of Intelligence

====State Terrorism====
During Donald Trump's presidential term, the [[Islamic Republic|Islamic Republic]] was one of the targets of [[terrorism]] by the President of the [[United States|US]]. Based on this, on 13 Dey 1398 SH (January 3, 2020), by direct order of Trump, [[Qasem Soleimani|Martyr Haj Qasem Soleimani]], commander of the IRGC Quds Force, was martyred in a direct US drone attack on the convoy carrying [[Qasem Soleimani|Martyr Soleimani]] and [[Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis|Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis]] at [[Baghdad]] airport.
*[[Terrorism|Assassination]] happened by direct order of Trump
*Martyr Soleimani was an official guest of the [[Iraq]] government
*The Trump administration accepted official responsibility for this state assassination
*US forces violated the sovereignty right of the Iraq government

====Unprecedented Continuous Threats Against Iran====
Continuous threats against the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] was one of Trump's prominent approaches in facing the [[Islamic Republic|Islamic Republic]] in his first presidential term; from various economic-political threats to military threats, were among Trump's tools in confrontation with the people and government of Iran, some examples of which are mentioned in the following. "Targeting 52 points in Iran", was among Trump's threats against the Islamic Republic during his presidency which had extensive international repercussions. On 15 Dey 1398 SH (January 5, 2020), he wrote on his Twitter account that if US citizens or interests are threatened, he will target 52 points in [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], including important cultural points<ref>[http://hamshahrionline.ir/x9F7C Anti-Iranian Record of the Most Pact-Breaking Politician in the World, Hamshahri Online].</ref>.

==See also==
*[[United States]]
*[[Mexico]]
*[[China]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/20598/1/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE Biography, Tabnak], Publication date: n.d., Access date: 5 November 2024.

*[https://www.mizanonline.ir/fa/news/4802453/%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8E%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B4-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB% Result of the 2024 US Presidential Election/ Trump Became President of the United States by Securing the Electoral Vote Threshold, Mizan News Agency], Publication date: 6 November 2024, Access date: 10 November 2024.

*[https://fa.alalam.ir/news/1883203/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%9F Who is Donald Trump?, Al-Alam Network], Publication date: 9 November 2016, Access date: 10 November 2024.

*[http://hamshahrionline.ir/x9F7C Anti-Iranian Track Record of the World's Most Promise-Breaking Politician, Hamshahri Online], Publication date: 6 November 2024, Access date: 10 November 2024.

{{Iran}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:America]]

Draft:Doğu Perinçek

2026-06-15T07:04:05Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{جعبه اطلاعات شخصیت
| عنوان = Doğu Perinçek
| تصویر = دوغو پرینچک.jpg
| نام = Doğu Perinçek
| نام‌های دیگر = {{فهرست جعبه افقی| }}
| سال تولد = 1976 AD
| تاریخ تولد = 15 September
| محل تولد = [[Nigeria]]
| سال درگذشت =
| تاریخ درگذشت =
| محل درگذشت =
| استادان =
| شاگردان =
| دین = [[Islam]]
| مذهب = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| آثار =
| فعالیت‌ها = {{فهرست جعبه افقی| Current Chairman of the Fatherland Party| Former Chairman of the Workers' and Peasants' Party and the Socialist Party of [[Turkey]]| Former Assistant in the Department of Public Law, Ankara University Faculty of Law}}
| وبگاه =
}}

'''Doğu Perinçek''', Current Chairman of the Fatherland Party, Former Chairman of the Workers' and Peasants' Party and the Socialist Party of [[Turkey]], Former Assistant in the Department of Public Law, Ankara University Faculty of Law. He has always defended [[Iran]]'s resistance against the [[United States|America]] and the [[Zionist regime|Israel]] and also Iran's support for the [[Axis of Resistance]], and believes that the Leader of Iran, [[Sayyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Imam Khamenei]], through his [[Martyrdom]], sacrificed his life for all humanity and for [[Turkey]], and that he is the martyr of the Turkish nation and the martyr of all humanity, and the government and nation of Iran, from the highest leader to the ordinary worker, have fought side by side against the [[2026 US and Israel attack on Iran|US and Israel attack on Iran]] and Iran stands at the forefront of humanity in the New World Order and Iran fights for humanity and also fights for Turkey. [[Palestine]], [[Hamas]], [[Hezbollah Lebanon|Hezbollah]] and [[Ansar Allah|Ansar Allah of Yemen]] also fight for all humanity. [[West Asia]] has now become the geography of heroes.

== Biography ==
Doğu Perinçek was born on 17 June 1942 AD, in the city of Gaziantep, [[Turkey]].

=== Education ===
He completed his primary and secondary education at Sarar Ankara Primary School, Atatürk High School, and Ankara Bahçelievler Experimental High School. Then, for higher education, he entered the Ankara University Faculty of Law. During his university years, he spent some time in [[Germany]] and there learned the German language for a total of 10 months in the years 1962 AD, and 1963 AD. He completed his undergraduate studies in June 1964 AD, and in March 1968 AD, he defended his doctoral thesis in the field of Law titled '''"Internal Structure and the Regime of Prohibition of Political Parties in Turkey"'''.

== Activities ==
# Chairman of the Vatan Party from 15 February 2015 to present;
# Chairman of the Workers' and Peasants' Party of Turkey from 1978 to 1980;
# Chairman of the Socialist Party from 1991 to 1992;
# Chairman of the Workers' Party from 1992 to 2015;
# Head of the Turkish section of the Political Science Association for four years;
# Head of the Turkey Law Association for four years;

=== Educational activities ===
* Assistant in the Public Law department (Theory of State and Public Liberties) of the Ankara University Faculty of Law;
* President of the Federation of Idea Clubs;
* Editor-in-chief of the magazine ''Aydınlık''.

=== Political activities ===
Doğu Perinçek founded the Revolutionary Workers' and Peasants' Party of Turkey in 1969, defending the theses of the Democratic National Revolution. Following the coup of 12 March 1971 (the second military coup in Turkey), he was arrested and sentenced to 20 years in prison under Article 141 of the Turkish Penal Code. After serving approximately two and a half years in prison, he was released under a general amnesty in July 1974. During this period, Perinçek was also accused of influencing the army, and officers who claimed to have connections with Perinçek were tried in the cases of the Revolutionary Army Officers Organization and the Shafak Officers Group during the 12 March period. He founded the Workers' and Peasants' Party of Turkey on 28 January 1978, and was accused of espionage due to publishing news in the newspaper ''Aydınlık'', which was founded on 20 March of the same year, that exposed revolutionaries.

Following the coup of 12 September 1980 (the third military coup in Turkey), he was arrested, the publication ''Aydınlık'' was shut down, and Perinçek, who had been sentenced to 8 years in prison, was released in March 1985.
Following the issuance of the censorship exile decree on 10 April 1990, he remained imprisoned in Diyarbakır Prison for three months. In 1991, while serving as the editor-in-chief of the magazine ''Towards 2000'', he traveled to Lebanon and met with Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the PKK, in the Beqaa Valley. In 1991, with the repeal of Article 141 of the Turkish Penal Code, he regained his political rights and was elected as its chairman at the second grand congress of the Socialist Party in July of the same year. Between September 1998 and July 1999, he spent 14 months in prison under the Anti-Terror Law. In 2005, while in [[Switzerland]], he was arrested due to a speech in which he claimed that no genocide against Armenians had occurred in 1915. The Swiss judiciary sentenced Perinçek to 90 days of suspended prison sentence and a fine of 16,733 Swiss francs for denying the Armenian genocide. The [[Europe|European]] Court of Human Rights ruled in October 2015 that Perinçek's freedom of expression had been violated.

He was arrested in 2008 and tried at the 13th High Criminal Court of Istanbul on charges of establishing and leading an armed terrorist organization, attempting to overthrow the government by force, inciting armed rebellion against the Turkish government, and obtaining prohibited documents. On 5 August 2013, the 13th High Criminal Court of Istanbul sentenced him to 117 years in prison. Following the abolition of special courts by the decision of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 6 March 2014, he was released on the evening of 10 March 2014. After his release, he changed the name of the Workers' Party to the Vatan Party. The Workers' Party changed its name to the Vatan Party on 15 February 2015, and he was appointed as the party chairman<ref>[https://www.evrensel.net/haber/351900/dogu-perincek-kimdir Who is Doğu Perinçek?, Evrensel News Website (https://www.evrensel.net)].</ref>.

== Views ==
=== Condolences on the Martyrdom of the Leader of the Islamic Republic ===
Doğu Perinçek, leader of the Homeland Party of Turkey, offered condolences on the martyrdom of the Leader of Iran, [[Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei]], and stated that Ayatollah Khamenei sacrificed his life for all humanity and for [[Turkey]]. He added: This great man is also the martyr of the Turkish nation, the martyr of all humanity. Perinçek emphasized that the government and nation of Iran, from the highest leader to the ordinary worker, fought side by side. In his message, while expressing condolences, he said: We offer condolences to the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]], the people of Iran, and all humanity<ref>[https://www.kulis.tv/dogu-perincekten-iran-lideri-hamaney-icin-vefat-mesaji/40766/ Perinçek offered condolences on the martyrdom of the Leader of Iran, Kulis Network website (https://www.kulis.tv)].</ref>.

=== Iran at the Forefront of Humanity in the New World Order ===
Doğu Perinçek, at a meeting in the city of Bursa on the topic: '''"Implications of Iran's Resistance in the Emerging Asia Process"''', said: A new world is being established, and at the forefront of this new world lies the front of humanity. [[Iran]] fights for humanity and also fights for [[Turkey]]. [[Palestine]], [[Hamas]], [[Hezbollah Lebanon|Hezbollah]] and [[Ansarallah|Ansar Allah Yemen]] also struggle for all humanity. [[West Asia]] has now become the geography of heroes.

He also described Turkey as a country at the forefront of regional developments and claimed that the [[United States|America]], [[Zionist regime|Israel]], and Greece have formed an alliance against Turkey in the Eastern Mediterranean. Referring to the joint military exercises of these countries, Perinçek said: The exercise of crossing the Maritsa River means preparation for entering Turkish soil. The cannons and tanks of the [[United States|America]] and [[Zionist regime|Israel]] have not yet reached our doorstep, but these military preparations warn us about the future.

=== Importance of Paying Attention to the Resistance Front ===
Perinçek, chairman of the Homeland Party, said: Turkey cannot "watch from the balcony" the war of the Palestinians in [[Gaza]], the resistance of [[Yemen]], and the battle of [[Hezbollah Lebanon|Hezbollah Lebanon]], and added: If the gun barrels are pointed at Turkey today, tomorrow their bullets will also be fired at us.

=== Iran's Resistance Resulting from Martyrdom-Seeking, Rationality, and Science ===
Perinçek considered Iran's resistance to be the result of "martyrdom-seeking, rationality, and science" and stated that Iran has been able to stand against American and Israeli attacks through appropriate strategic design. He said: Alongside Iran, a human front has been formed; from Russia and China to Arab countries, Nicaragua, Cuba, Mexico, and even Christians in Europe. The Catholic Prime Minister of Spain is also present in this front. Iran has managed to create a strategy around itself that we must also learn well. He added: Iran understood well who its enemy is and who its friend is. This is political mathematics, and Turkey must also form such an equation for deterrence against American and Israeli threats.

=== Alliance of Turkey, Russia, China, and Iran ===
Perinçek said: The idea of the "Turkey, Russia, China, and Iran" alliance was raised by the Homeland Party for years, but now this view is also being strengthened within the body of the Turkish government.
He clarified: America and Israel are afraid of this equation. As Mr. Devlet Bahçeli has also said, against the alliance of evil of America and Israel, the human alliance of Turkey, Russia, China, and Iran must be formed. Perinçek emphasized in another part of his speech: This alliance is not merely a foreign policy option; rather, it is the way to build a new Turkey; a Turkey based on brotherhood, production, solidarity, and spirituality<ref>[https://hawzahnews.com/xfMjb Emphasis on Iran's role in shaping the new regional order at the Turkey Bursa meeting, Official Hawza News Agency website].</ref>.

=== Support for Iran's Stance Towards America and Israel ===
Doğu Perinçek, in a meeting with the Iranian Ambassador at the Homeland Party office in Ankara, emphasized his support for Iran's stance towards America and Israel. He continued saying: We always support Iran against American sanctions. Iran's steadfastness against threats is inspiring to us. [[United States|America]] has been defeated in the region and will leave, and [[Iran]] has had an effective role in this regard<ref>[https://v.aa.com.tr/1521489 Meeting of the Iranian Ambassador in Turkey with the Chairman of the Homeland Party, Anatoli News Website].</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[2026 America and Israel attack on Iran]]
* [[Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah]]
* [[Islamic unity]]
* [[Muslim]]
* [[Turkey]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://www.evrensel.net/haber/351900/dogu-perincek-kimdir Who is Doğu Perinçek?, Evrensel News Website (https://www.evrensel.net)], Date of publication: 5 September 2018 AD, Date of access: 8 Khordad 1405 SH.

* [https://www.kulis.tv/dogu-perincekten-iran-lideri-hamaney-icin-vefat-mesaji/40766/ Perinçek offered condolences on the martyrdom of the Leader of Iran, Kulis Network website (https://www.kulis.tv)], Date of publication: 1 March 2026 AD, Date of access: 8 Khordad 1405 SH.

* [https://hawzahnews.com/xfMjb Emphasis on Iran's role in shaping the new regional order at the Turkey Bursa meeting, Official Hawza News Agency website], Date of publication: 28 Ordibehesht 1405 SH, Date of access: 8 Khordad 1405 SH.

* [https://v.aa.com.tr/1521489 Meeting of the Iranian Ambassador in Turkey with the Chairman of the Homeland Party, Anatoli News Website], Date of publication: 2 July 2019 AD, Date of access: 8 Khordad 1405 SH.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Turkey]]

Draft:Delcy Rodríguez

2026-06-15T06:53:37Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Delcy Rodríguez
| image = Delcy Rodríguez.webp
| full_name = Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1969
| birth_date = 18 May
| birth_place = {{Horizontal list|[[Venezuela]]|Caracas}}
| occupations = {{Horizontal list|Lawyer|Diplomat|Politician|Vice President of Venezuela|Interim President of Venezuela}}
| party = United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)
}}

'''Delcy Rodríguez''' (Spanish: Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez) is a Venezuelan lawyer, diplomat, and politician who has been the Vice President of [[Venezuela]] since 2018, and following the arrest and absence of [[Nicolás Maduro]], reportedly swore in as the interim president of the country.

== Biography ==
Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez was born on 18 May 1969, in Caracas into a family with left-wing political leanings. Her father, Jorge Antonio Rodríguez, was the founder of the Marxist "Socialist League" party, who was killed in prison under torture in 1976. Her brother, Jorge Rodríguez Gómez, is a psychiatrist and politician, and currently serves as the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela and is considered one of the political associates of [[Nicolás Maduro]].

== Education ==
Rodríguez studied and graduated in Law from the Central University of Venezuela. She completed part of her graduate studies in [[France]] in the field of Labor Law, but according to available sources, she did not complete this course and did not graduate. Upon returning, she worked as a university professor and head of the Labor Lawyers Union.

== Entry into Politics ==
She began her political activity in 2003, during the presidency of [[Hugo Chávez]], and quickly rose through government positions. She established a labor union in Caracas and had previously been a student leader in high school and university.

== Government Positions ==
Delcy Rodríguez held important positions in the Chávez and Maduro governments, including:

* Deputy Minister of European Affairs;
* General Coordinator of the Vice President's Office (during the period when her brother was Vice President);
* Minister of Communication and Information (2013 – 2014);
* Minister of Foreign Affairs (2014 – 2017), the first woman in Venezuela's history in this position;
* President of the National Constituent Assembly (2017 – 2018);
* Vice President of Venezuela (since 2018);
* Minister of Economy and Finance (since 2020);
* Minister of Petroleum while retaining the Vice Presidency (since 2024).

== Interim Presidency ==
Following the arrest and absence of [[Nicolás Maduro]] on 3 January 2026, the Supreme Court of Justice of Venezuela introduced and swore her in as the interim president. In response to recent events in her country, she stated that Maduro remains the legal president of the country and asked the people to maintain their calm and unity.

== Political Stances ==
Delcy Rodríguez is one of the main figures of the socialist movement and the Bolivarian Revolution of [[Venezuela]]. She has repeatedly accused US officials and the government, as well as right-wing factions, of interfering in Venezuela's internal affairs, and following Maduro's absence, she has emphasized that the only legal president of Venezuela is Nicolás Maduro<ref>[https://snn.ir/fa/news/1352278/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AADelcy Rodríguez, Who is the Interim President of Venezuela?, Student News Agency website].</ref>.

== Sanctions ==
According to reports, Rodríguez has been sanctioned by some countries and international institutions in recent years, including:

* [[Canada]] in 2017, due to the constitutional crisis;
* European Union, [[United States|America]], [[Mexico]], and [[Switzerland]] in 2018, including asset freeze and travel ban<ref>[https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/amp/1008162 Who is the woman who replaced Maduro?, Hamshahri website].</ref>.

== See Also ==
* [[Venezuela]]
* [[France]]
* [[Hugo Chávez]]
* [[Nicolás Maduro]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*[https://snn.ir/fa/news/1352278/%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AADelcy Rodríguez, Who is the Interim President of Venezuela?, Student News Agency website], Publication Date: 14 Dey 1404 SH, Access Date: 16 Dey 1404 SH.
*[https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/amp/1008162 Who is the woman who replaced Maduro?, Hamshahri website], Publication Date: 15 Dey 1404 SH, Access Date: 16 Dey 1404 SH.

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Venezuela]]

Draft:Deso Dogg

2026-06-15T06:50:15Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| title =
| image = Deso Dogg.jpg
| name = Denis Mamudo Gerhard Cuspert
| other_names = Abu Talha al-Almani
| birth_year = 1975 AD
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Germany
| death_year = 2018 AD
| death_date =
| death_place = Syria
| teachers =
| students =
| religion =
| sect =
| works =
| activities = Former German rap music singer who became a member of [[ISIS]].
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'''Denis Mamudo Gerhard Cuspert''' (known by the stage name Deso Dogg and the alias Abu Talha al-Almani), (18 October 1975 – 17 January 2018) was a former German rap music singer who became a member of [[ISIS]]. Denis Mamudo Cuspert was born in Berlin to a Ghanaian father and a German mother and was a rap music singer with the stage name "Deso Dogg". After converting to [[Islam]], he left music and went first to [[Egypt]] and then to Syria to join the so-called jihadist forces in the war against the [[Syria]]n government. He was referred to in Syria by the kunya "Abu Talha al-Almani". It is said that he was killed in an airstrike in October. Abu Talha was injured in an airstrike by Syrian government forces in the city of Azaz in northern Syria. He pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of [[Iraq]] and the [[Levant]] in 2014 AD. "Deso Dogg", after traveling to Syria, in addition to taking command of the Ibrahim Nation Unit in ISIS, continued to sing songs. However, this time the content of his songs was encouraging young people in the West to travel to Syria for [[Jihad]] and war and to carry out suicide operations. He sang in these songs that the reward for Jihad and suicide operations is heaven <ref>[https://www.asriran.com/fa/print/332189 Asr Iran website]</ref>.

==Membership in ISIS==
In late 2013, Cuspert left Jund al-Sham and joined the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS). It is said that he participated in the first battle of the Shaer gas field in July 2014 with ISIS forces against the Syrian Armed Forces.

In the summer of 2014, Daniela Green, an FBI translator who had investigated Cuspert, traveled to Syria to [[marry]] Cuspert. This happened without the knowledge or permission of his superiors. She returned to the United States a few months later, confessed, and cooperated with authorities in exchange for a two-year prison sentence.

In November 2014, a video was released by ISIS showing ISIS members killing and beheading a number of unarmed men with gunfire, and Cuspert holding a severed head. It is said that this film relates to the month of August; and this film relates to the 2014 massacre against prisoners of the Sunni Arab al-Shaitat tribe who had fought against ISIS<ref>[https://www.vocativ.com/world/isis-2/deso-dogg-isis-beheading-video/ Vocativ website]</ref>.

==Death==
In April 2014, following a suicide attack by [[Al-Nusra Front]], a number of international media published incorrect reports based on online sources of Islamists regarding his death on 20 April 2014 in fighting between jihadist groups (who are fighting in Syria). However, the German newspaper Die Welt, quoting other foreign fighters, denied Cuspert's death and attributed this confusion to the death of another ISIS member who also used the alias Abu Talha al-Almani<ref>[https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article127187421/Verwirrung-ueber-Deso-Doggs-angeblichen-Tod.html Die Welt website]</ref>.

On 16 October 2015, the [[United States]] Department of Defense informed the media that Cuspert was killed by a United States airstrike near Raqqa, Syria<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/31/world/europe/deso-dogg-denis-cuspert-ex-rapper-who-joined-isis-is-killed-by-us-airstrike.html?_r=0 The New York Times website]</ref>. In August 2016, the Pentagon stated that it was a mistake: Cuspert survived the strike near the city of Raqqa<ref>[http://www.thefader.com/2016/08/02/isis-denis-cuspert-deso-dogg-rapper The Fader website]</ref>.

In January 2018, the Al-Wafa Media Foundation, affiliated with ISIS, announced his death along with their report with photos of Cuspert's bloody corpse. It is said that he was killed in an airstrike in Deir ez-Zor in the city of Gharanij in Deir ez-Zor province in an airstrike.

==Family==
It is claimed that Cuspert fathered three children with three different women. One of his wives, a German-Tunisian named Omaima Abdi, who was born in Hamburg in 1984, went to Syria in 2015 with her three children and her first husband Nader Hadra, who was killed while fighting in Kobani. She later married Cuspert and lived with him in Raqqa, Syria, then returned to Germany and gave birth to her fourth child. Her phone was recovered by Lebanese journalist Jinan Musa, which led to an investigation into her relations with ISIS<ref>[https://www.welt.de/regionales/hamburg/article217052764/Witwe-von-Deso-Dogg-Omaima-A-in-Hamburg-zu-Haft-verurteilt.html Deso Dogg's family]</ref>.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:ISIS]]