Wikivahdat - User contributions [en]

Draft:Salah Muhammad Khalifa

2026-08-25T08:22:42Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Salah Muhammad Muhammad Khalifa
| image = صلاح محمد خلیفه.jpg
| birth_date = 1905 CE
| birth_place = Egypt
| death_date = 1974 CE
| death_place = Egypt
| religion = Islam
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| occupation = Former member of the Muslim Brotherhood
}}

'''Salah Muhammad Khalifa''' was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and one of the prominent members of the Egyptian Society for Nuclear Sciences and its applications, serving for several years as a board member and head of the Laboratory Center.

== Biography ==
He was born in 1939 CE in [[Cairo]] and was a prominent member of the Egyptian Society for Nuclear Sciences. He supervised many master's and doctoral theses in his field and published numerous scientific research papers in reputable scientific journals. When the first Arab Applied Chemistry Conference was held from 1 to 5 November 1997 CE, under the supervision of Dr. ''Hamdi al-Bunbi'', Minister of Petroleum, and Dr. ''Hussein Bahaa al-Din'' and ''Mufid Shahab al-Din'' in [[Cairo]]. From the Chemistry Section of the Scientific Professions Syndicate, Dr. '''Salah Muhammad Khalifa''' was present in the scientific committee.

== Collaboration with the Brotherhood ==
After the incident that [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] had with the [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brotherhood]] in 1954 CE, their focus was on university youth, and in fact, a large number of them joined the Brotherhood, one of whom was '''Salah Muhammad Khalifa'''. He worked with the rest of the Muslim Brotherhood teaching assistants in nuclear energy, such as: ''Muhammad Abd al-Mati al-Jazzar'', ''Ahmad Abd al-Halim al-Saruji'', ''Muhammad al-Ma'mun'', and ''Yahya Zakariya'', who were reserve officers at the time, and were later arrested and tried.

== Death ==
He remained committed to the laws of his true [[Religion|religion]] until his death on 13 April 2014 CE, corresponding to 12 Jumada al-Thani 1435 AH, and served in his field and work until the end of his life.<ref>{{efn|There is a significant discrepancy in the provided source text: the infobox lists birth and death years as 1905 and 1974 respectively, while the biography section states birth in 1939 and the death section states death in 2014.}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* See: Entry for Salah Muhammad Khalifa in Ikhwan Wiki; [http://ikhwanwiki.com ikhwanwiki.com].

{{Egypt}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Egypt]]

[[fa:صلاح محمد خليفه]]

Draft:Salah al-Din Ayyubi

2026-08-25T07:59:04Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Salah al-Din Ayyubi
| image = صلاح الدین ایوبی.jpg
| full_name = Abu al-Muzaffar Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shadhi ibn Marwan ibn Ya'qub Duwayni Tikriti
| other_names = Salah al-Din Ayyubi
| birth_date = 532 AH (1137 CE)
| birth_place = {{flatlist|[[Tikrit]]|[[Iraq]]}}
| death_date = 589 AH (1193 CE)
| death_place = [[Damascus]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|[[Ruler]]|[[Commander]]|Conqueror of [[Jerusalem]]|[[Hejaz]]|[[Yemen]]|[[Nubia]]|[[Al-Jazira]]}}
}}

'''Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shadhi ibn Marwan''' (Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئهوبی, Selah'edînê Eyubî)<ref>Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Khaldun, ''The Book of Lessons and Record of Beginnings and Events in the History of the Arabs and Berbers and Their Contemporaries of Great Status'', verified by: Shihada, Khalil, Vol 1, p 316, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1408 AH (1988 CE).</ref> who later became known as Salah al-Din Ayyubi, was one of the most famous rulers and commanders in the history of [[Islam]]. He achieved many conquests for Muslims and protected Islamic borders against European Christians.

Najm al-Din Ayyub, the father of the Ayyubid kings, lived in Tikrit, and Salah al-Din was also born in the same city. The Kurdish people lived in this city, and the Ayyubid family was also part of the Kurdish people<ref>Al-A'lam, Vol 3, p 183.</ref>. However, due to the predominance of Arab identity at that time, they were less known as Kurds, and this was because at that time non-Arab ethnicities had less power to assert themselves as distinct ethnicities.

Najm al-Din Ayyub was the ruler of the city of Baalbek during the time of Imad al-Din Zengi<ref>Kazempour, Davood, "The Status of Shi'as in Egypt during the Era of Salah al-Din Ayyubi", p 143, ''History in the Mirror of Research'' Quarterly, Year 5, No. 2, Summer 1387 SH (2008 CE).</ref>. From early childhood, Salah al-Din had a strong interest in learning military arts, especially swordsmanship and dagger fighting, and eventually acquired skills in these arts. He likely became familiar with [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]] of the [[Shafi'i]] school from childhood; a jurisprudence which he later strove hard to promote<ref>"The Status of Shi'as in Egypt during the Era of Salah al-Din Ayyubi", p 143.</ref>.

Salah al-Din was undoubtedly a zealous [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and a full-fledged Shafi'i, and when he came to power in the [[Egypt|Arab Republic of Egypt]], he made every effort to spread this sect and replace it with the Shi'a sect, which we will explain further in the following sections of this article<ref>Ibid., p 144.</ref>.

== Salah al-Din's Entry into Egypt and the End of the Fatimid Caliphate ==

In the early years of the [[Crusades]], [[Christianity|Christians]] had managed to conquer many Muslim-populated cities, and these conquests gave them great morale until they coveted the conquest of [[Cairo]], the center of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]. "The large Christian army moved towards [[Cairo]] and conquered cities along the way, including the large city of Bilbais, plundering it and killing the people<ref>Abu al-Fida Ismail ibn Umar ibn Kathir al-Dimashqi, ''The Beginning and the End'', Vol 12, p 255, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1407 AH/1986 CE.</ref>". Eventually, they reached [[Cairo]] and besieged it. However, the people of [[Cairo]], fearing that the Franks would do in Cairo what they had done in Bilbais, rose to defend the city.

Al-Adid, who ruled there as the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Caliph]], requested help from the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid government]] and asked them to send military forces to resolve the Crusader problem. Knowing well that he had no power to confront the Westerners without help, he requested the expedition of Asad al-Din Shirkuh, the great commander who was Salah al-Din's uncle.

"Asad al-Din departed for the [[Egypt|Arab Republic of Egypt]] with six thousand soldiers and before moving, he addressed the needs of the soldiers and gave twenty dinars to each rider. A group of commanders were in his service, and Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub along with his father Ayyub, Shirkuh's brother, accompanied him. When he approached Cairo, the Franks retreated and returned to their cities. He also entered [[Cairo]] in the middle of that year. 'Al-Adid li-Din Allah', the Fatimid Caliph, bestowed robes of honor upon him and assigned a fixed stipend for him and his army<ref>''History of Ibn Khaldun'', Vol 5, p 330.</ref>".

After some time of entering Cairo, Asad al-Din managed, with the help of commanders and the wish of Al-Adid the Fatimid Caliph, to kill the Caliph's vizier named "Shawar", who effectively managed all affairs<ref>Al-A'lam, Vol 3, p 154.</ref>".

With the [[death]] of Shawar, Asad al-Din became the master of Cairo, and Al-Adid only bore the name of the [[Caliphate]]. However, Asad al-Din did not live long after the conquest of [[Cairo]] and died two months later<ref> Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Dhahabi, ''History of Islam and Deaths of Celebrities and Notables'', verified by: Tadmuri, Umar Abd al-Salam, Vol 39, p 196, Beirut, Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi, 1413 AH (1993 CE).</ref>. After him, his commanders disagreed over his succession until, with the wish of the Fatimid Caliph and the companionship of some commanders, Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub became his uncle's successor, and thus Salah al-Din's rule over Egypt began.

Only the name of Al-Adid remained as Caliph, and he had no role in state affairs until he was removed from power during his illness, the details of which we will bring in the section on the Fatimid government.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[Category:1137 births]]
[[Category:1193 deaths]]
[[Category:Saladin]]
[[Category:Ayyubid dynasty]]
[[Category:Kurdish people]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslims]]

[[fa:صلاح‌الدین ایوبی]]

== Fatimid Caliphate ==
[[Fatimid Caliphate|The Fatimid Caliphate]], which can be called the [[Alids|Alid State]], "was a state whose territory was vast and whose reign was long, as it began in the year 296 AH (909 CE) and ended in the year 567 AH (1171 CE). The first Fatimid [[Caliph]] was named al-Mahdi Billah. He was Abu Muhammad Ubayd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Ismail III ibn Ahmad ibn Ismail II ibn Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Araj ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq (peace be upon him). Of course, other genealogies have been narrated for the Fatimids in which there is disagreement, but what is certain from these various genealogies is that they are Alid and Ismaili, and their connection to Ali (peace be upon him) is correct and valid<ref>Ibn al-Tiqtaqa, Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Tabataba, ''Al-Fakhri fi al-Adab al-Sultaniyya wa al-Duwal al-Islamiyya'', ed. Mayo, Abd al-Qadir Muhammad, p. 257, Beirut, Dar al-Qalam al-Arabi, 1418/1997.</ref>".

The Fatimid Caliphs endeavored to publish and spread [[Shia Islam|Shiism]] in Egypt, which requires another article and is beyond the scope of this writing. But we suffice with mentioning this point that the Fatimids raised the symbols of Shia and proposed [[Shia Islam|Shiism]] as the official religion of the Egyptians.

The decline of the Fatimids was due to two characteristics they had in their later period:

# Fatimid ministers gained extraordinary power, which was accompanied by the weakening of the Fatimid Caliphs.
# Weakening of the government foundations; thus, the empowered ministers engaged in conflict and dispute over seizing power, and these internal conflicts severely weakened the government's power.

Al-Adid was the last Fatimid ruler who was not old in his rule; thus, most state affairs fell into the hands of ministers, one of the most important and powerful of whom was a person named Shawar, who was killed by Asad al-Din Shirkuh.

'''Status of Shias'''

After Shawar's death, Asad al-Din took control of [[Egypt|Egypt]]. Asad al-Din, who was considered a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Religion|sect]] and an ally of the [[Caliph]] of Baghdad, took hold of the ministry of a government that was a promoter of [[Shia Islam|Shiism]] and considered itself opposite to the Baghdad government, and this itself indicates the miserable state of the Fatimid government. Asad al-Din's ministry, along with the ruler's weakness, paved the way for the end of the Fatimid government. After Asad al-Din, 'Salah al-Din gained control over the state, and gave valuable pieces of land to each of his relatives who came to him, and curtailed the hands of Adid's associates and personally took hold of government affairs. After a while, Adid became ill, and his illness increased, and he died in the year 567 AH (1171 CE). At this time, people showed reluctance regarding the person whose name should be mentioned on pulpits as [[Caliphate]], until Friday came and a man went up the pulpit and preached, and mentioned the name of al-Mustadi (Abbasid Caliph) for [[Caliphate]] and no one objected to his words. From then on, the sermon continued to be read in Egypt in the name of the Abbasids, and the Fatimid state suddenly fell from the land of [[Egypt|Egypt]], and Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub undertook the rule of Egypt independently and without the presence of a rival and contestant<ref>''Al-Fakhri'', pp. 257–258.</ref> <ref>Of course, there is another saying that during Adid's illness, his name was removed from the sermons and he died after being deposed from the Caliphate.
For further studies refer to ''Tarikh Ibn Khaldun'', Vol. 4, p. 105.</ref>'. And thus the Fatimid government ended and Salah al-Din Ayyubi became the undisputed ruler of Egypt.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fatimid Caliphate]]
[[Category:History of Egypt]]
[[fa:دولت فاطمی]]

== Saladin Ayyubi and the Shias ==

[[File:مسیر فتوحات صلاح الدین ایوبی.jpg|frameless|left]]

Sunni governments generally did not have good relations with [[Shia Islam|Shias]] and usually tried their best to eliminate them. Even in many cases, [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] rulers had appropriate behavior towards religious minorities such as [[Judaism|Jews]] and [[Christianity|Christians]], even granting them positions, but they never accorded this respect to Shias and fought them in the hardest possible way. Many arguments and evidence can be cited for this matter, which requires another opportunity and is beyond the scope of this article.

The Ayyubid government, headed by Saladin, also followed this tradition and made many efforts to eradicate Shiism in Egypt. These efforts could have had different reasons, but certainly the most important ones were religious. Saladin, as a full-fledged [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]], could not tolerate minorities like [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and considered fighting this minority part of his religious duties. In addition, there were political reasons for him; since the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] government was Shia and Saladin had taken the government from them, he consequently considered the Shias as his rivals and highly suspected that the Shias would rise up against him. For this reason, Saladin fought against the Shias.

However, due to the many wars he had outside Egypt, he tried to engage fewer military forces in Egypt; for this reason, he tried to prioritize cultural struggle. Here we briefly mention some of Saladin's struggles and sometimes unchivalrous actions regarding the Shias:

# Fighting Shia teachings and symbols: Saladin isolated Shia scholars and destroyed their schools or converted them into Sunni seminaries. He also ordered the large Fatimid library to be burned. Most importantly, he ordered the suspension of Shia rituals, including declaring the Day of Ashura as a day of joy and happiness, thereby preventing Shias from holding Ashura ceremonies<ref>''The Status of Shias in Egypt during the Era of Saladin Ayyubi'', p. 155.</ref>. He also removed the phrase "Hayya ala khayr al-amal" (Hasten to the best of deeds), which was proposed as a slogan for the Shia school, from the adhan. This incident occurred on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah 565 AH (24 August 1170 CE). <ref>Ibid., p. 144.</ref>.
# He ordered that the names of the Rashidun Caliphs, which are a symbol of the Ahl al-Sunnah, be mentioned in every sermon<ref>Ibid., p. 144.</ref>.
# Changing Shia judges was another of his actions towards eradicating Shiism<ref>Ibid., p. 145.</ref>. By placing Shafi'i judges instead of Shia judges, he tried to eliminate Shia jurisprudence and implement Shafi'i jurisprudence in society so that people would become accustomed to this type of ruling.
# At some times, Shia uprisings took place in various parts of Egypt, and although Saladin preferred the cultural and ideological path, he engaged in military struggle against the Shias. Toppling and pursuing Shias was among the serious tasks of the rulers appointed by Saladin. In the era of Saladin, being [[Shia Islam|Shia]] was considered a crime, and Shias were legally pursued as criminals by judges whom Saladin had chosen from among the Sunnis<ref>''Al-Bidayah wa'l-Nihayah'', vol. 12, p. 363.</ref>.
# Organizing economic affairs with a prominent role for the government: In the late Fatimid government, the economic situation of the people became difficult, and the amount of two hundred thousand dinars per year was the tax burden on the people. However, Saladin exempted the people from paying taxes all of a sudden<ref>Ibid., p. 146.</ref>. This matter and points like this, which were all done during Saladin's vizierate or the early years of his government, were done to make people forget the Shia government and Shia thought and to attach the people to Saladin and his religion.
# Establishment of Shafi'i seminaries: Saladin, in line with promoting the [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i school]], established Shafi'i scientific schools in [[Egypt]] and through these schools sent many scholars and propagators of the [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]] into society to promote the [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i school]]<ref>Ibid., p. 153.</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[fa:صلاح‌الدین ایوبی و شیعیان]]

== Crusades and Saladin ==
'''The Crusades refer to the wars that [[Christianity|Christians]] waged against [[Muslim|Muslims]]''' which began in 1096 CE and continued for two centuries <ref>Khayri, Hassan, ''Taraj-e Tamaddon-e Sharq'', p. 51, ''Ma'refat'' Journal, Autumn 1993.</ref> and occurred in several stages. This historical period has been discussed and examined in detail by historians, one of the most comprehensive sources in this discussion being the book ''Al-Kamil'' by Ibn Athir, where approximately from the middle of volume 22 to the middle of volume 24, nearly seventy percent of the content relates to the [[Crusades]] and Saladin.

During these wars, Saladin appointed capable men in various cities and strengthened the city fortifications so that the Franks could not reach those areas. On the other hand, he attacked cities in [[Syria|Sham]] that had fallen into the hands of the Franks, opening them and capturing the Franks or driving them out of those points. Within a period of less than five years, he captured many cities, but above all of these was the conquest of [[Jerusalem]].

The city of [[Jerusalem]] was important as a strategic and religiously significant point for both sides. This city had fallen into the hands of Christians in the First Crusade, and Saladin managed to retake it from the Christians. By conquering [[Jerusalem]] and liberating it from the hands of Christians, he managed to gain fame for himself.

Saladin's performance, especially in the [[Crusades]], caused him special fame and respect among Muslims, especially [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]], and most Sunni scholars and historians also speak of him kindly.

However, this fame and performance does not justify all of his actions; rather, he also had deeds that were not morally and religiously correct, and could even be considered reprehensible. One of these actions was his treatment of Shiites, which we mentioned earlier. In addition, so as not to leave the performance of the Crusaders unanswered, he performed similar actions to them and engaged in much killing and looting, putting many ordinary people to the sword, and performing actions that the Crusaders performed after conquering cities, he also performed after conquering cities. Although these actions were considered somewhat normal at that time, they can by no means be considered Islamic. Here we will limit ourselves to mentioning a few cases of them:

"... Saladin camped at Nahrawan River and engaged in looting and killing in the surrounding cities<ref>Ibn Khaldun, ''History of Ibn Khaldun'', trans: Ayati, Abdolmohammad, Vol. 4, p. 449, Institute for Cultural Studies and Research, 1984 CE.</ref>".

[[File:مقبره صلاح الدین ایوبی.jpg|frameless|left]]

"Saladin himself went to Ra's al-Ayn and dispersed the population there, then brought the army to Mardin and engaged in looting and killing in those areas and returned<ref>Ibid., Vol. 4, p. 285.</ref>".

"Saladin looted and burned the city of Tiberias<ref>Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Abi al-Karam, ''Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh'', Vol. 29, p. 78, Beirut, Dar Sader - Dar Beirut, 1965 CE.</ref>".

== Death ==
In the [[Safar|month of Safar]] of the year 589 AH (1193 CE), Saladin Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shadhi, ruler of [[Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Syria (region)|Sham]] and Jazira and other cities, passed away in [[Damascus]]. The cause of his illness was that he went out of the city to meet pilgrims and fell ill on the same day and became severely ill. He was ill for eight days and then died<ref>Ibid., Vol. 12, p. 96.</ref><ref>[http://hajj.ir/fa/86666 Saladin Ayyubi]</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Egypt|Egypt]]
* [[Fatimids|Fatimid State]]
* [[Christianity|Christians]]
* [[Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Personalities]]

[[fa:جنگ‌های صلیبی و صلاح‌الدین]]

Draft:Salah Abd al-Haq

2026-08-25T07:24:38Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Salah Abd al-Haq
| image = صلاح_عبدالحق.jpg
| birth_date = 1945 CE
| birth_place = {{flatlist | [[Egypt]] | [[Cairo]] }}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| occupation = New leader of [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brotherhood]]
}}

'''Salah Abd al-Haq''' is the new leader of the [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brotherhood]]. He joined the Muslim Brotherhood in 1962 CE under the influence of the thoughts of [[Hassan al-Banna]], the founder of this group. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine at Ain Shams University in 1976 CE with a specialization in dermatology.

== Birth and Upbringing ==
Salah Abd al-Haq was born on 1 October 1945 and grew up in the Heliopolis district in eastern [[Cairo]]. His father was an employee in the Ministry of Education of the [[Egypt|Arab Republic of Egypt]], and he also became employed there. Salah Abd al-Haq and his family were members of the "Heliopolis Sports Club", and in his youth, he always went to the [[mosque]] for [[prayer]] and [[supplication]] and to listen to the sermon of the [[prayer leader]]. Abd al-Haq first became acquainted with the Muslim Brotherhood through the mosque prayer leader in 1957 CE.

== Education ==
Abd al-Haq was admitted to the Faculty of Medicine at Ain Shams University in 1962. His graduation was delayed after a break in studies, resulting in nine years of imprisonment due to arrest. He continued his studies up to the master's level in dermatology.

== Migration and Marriage ==
Salah Abd al-Haq migrated to [[Saudi Arabia]] in 1985 CE to work as a physician at the [[Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University]]. He was in contact with scholars and preachers at the university and place of residence. He married the daughter of Dr. Abdulrahman Raafat al-Basha, who was a literature professor at Imam Muhammad ibn Saud University and one of the founders of that university.

== Joining the Muslim Brotherhood ==
Dr. Salah Abd al-Haq became more familiar with the Muslim Brotherhood during high school through students from [[Syria]] who came to Egyptian universities to study after the declaration of the union of the [[Egypt|Arab Republic of Egypt]] and [[Syria]] in 1958 CE, and then joined the ranks of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood.

== Arrest and Imprisonment ==
Dr. Salah Abd al-Haq and his colleagues were arrested in 1965 CE at the age of 20 in the [[Sayyid Qutb|Sayyid Qutb]] case, at which time he was in the third year of the Faculty of Medicine. In prison, he became acquainted with Dr. [[Mohammed Badie]] and Dr. [[Mahmoud Ezzat]], who were core members of the Muslim Brotherhood.

== Activities ==
Abd al-Haq was known within the Muslim Brotherhood for his educational activities. Due to the strength of his connection with the thought of [[Hassan al-Banna]] and the influence he had, he participated in propaganda in universities among student circles. He continued his activities in legal affairs and educational guidance and was responsible for the International Islamic Education Complex for more than fifteen years.

During the period when [[Ibrahim Munir]] was the Deputy Supreme Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mohammed Badie, as one of the members of the General Council of the Muslim Brotherhood representing the [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brotherhood]] association abroad, was responsible for the International Islamic Education Complex.

== Personality Traits ==
Among Salah Abd al-Haq's traits were calmness, avoidance of media presence, and listening to criticism from everyone, even listening to the criticism of his opponents, as well as his strange power in preserving and protecting the Islamic movement and the Muslim Brotherhood.

== Muslim Brotherhood Statement ==
* The Muslim Brotherhood statement stated: "The General Council session of the Muslim Brotherhood elected Abd al-Haq as the Deputy Supreme Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood and the first official of this group".
* The statement indicated that Abd al-Haq obtained approval from the Egyptian and International Consultative Council of the Muslim Brotherhood by consensus of votes.
* The aforementioned statement noted: "A new high administrative body was elected to manage the affairs of this group in late January 2023".
* The new leader of the Muslim Brotherhood said in his first statement that his priority in the next stage is to redefine the Muslim Brotherhood, strengthen its position and unity, attend to the file of detainees, and empower youth to manage the next stage.

== References ==
* [https://ikhwan.site/ar/spok-133 Salah Abd al-Haq / Deputy Supreme Guide] ikhwan.site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230319223044/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTlF2n-Mr4c Celebration of the Centenary of Imam al-Banna Dr. Salah Abd al-Haq (in English)] youtube.com. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328102216/https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/egypt/2023/03/19/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B9 London Front Appoints Salah Abd al-Haq as Acting Guide of the Brotherhood] alarabiya.net. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220425141008/https://www.noonpost.com/content/22698 Student Movement in Egypt: A Long History of Revolution and Challenging Authorities] noonpost.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
* [https://dolatebahar.ir/news/55164/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%AF Salah Abd al-Haq Became the New Leader of the Muslim Brotherhood] dolatebahar.ir

{{Egypt}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Egypt]]

[[fa:صلاح عبدالحق]]

Draft:Salah Abd al-Hafiz

2026-08-25T07:13:50Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Salah Abd al-Hafiz
| image =
| birth_date = 1956 CE<ref>The source states 1956, but this contradicts the 1941 graduation date mentioned in the text.</ref>
| birth_place = [[Egypt]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| known_for = {{flatlist|Cooperation with [[Muslim Brotherhood]]}}
| occupation =
| website =
}}

'''Salah Abd al-Hafiz''' was born in the city of [[Alexandria]] and graduated from the Faculty of Law at [[Cairo University]] in 1941 CE, after which he opened an office in the Baler building on Qasr al-Nil Street. Newspapers of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] reported that he joined the fourth battalion of this movement in 1940 CE.

== Biography ==
Since childhood, he became acquainted with Imam [[Hassan al-Banna]] through the [[hawza|hawza]] and students, as he was one of the activists in the hawza and an excellent student, to the extent that a committee was formed for the students. When he graduated from university, tasks were assigned to him by the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].

The Guidance Office selected him as the head of the student section in 1944 CE. From [[Egypt]] University, institutions and public schools. In May 1945, he was selected as part of the new Guidance Office, and on 27 November 1947, he was elected to this office for the second time and was also selected in the founding body of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].

== Cooperation with the Brotherhood ==
In 1945 CE, the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] took steps to activate its conference decisions and formed a committee to organize conferences, which was followed in provincial centers, districts, and counties headed by ''Ahmad al-Sukri'', representative of the Brotherhood and secretary of the office of Master ''Amin Ismail'' and membership of each of the honorable masters ''Mohamed Khedri'', ''Hussein Kamal al-Din'', ''Salah Abd al-Hafiz,'' ''Abd al-Hafiz al-Saifi'', ''Saad al-Wali'', ''Farid Abd al-Khaliq'' and ''Shukri Abd al-Majid''.

In June 1948 CE, this group formed the first political committee, in which ''Salah Abd al-Hafiz'', in addition to ''Saleh Ashmawi'', deputy "head" of the office, and ''Mohamed Taher al-Khashab'', one of the members of the office, was selected as a member. And ''Saleh Abu Ruqaiq'', deputy of the communications section and Master ''Mohamed Abdel Rahman Nasir'' were selected as "members" from the members of the office, and Mr. [[Omar al-Tilmisani]], another member of the office, was selected as "member". The Brotherhood also sent masters ''Salah Abd al-Hafiz'' and ''Jamal al-Din al-Sanhouri'' to [[Sudan]] between 1944 CE and 1945 CE to spread the call of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].

== Arrest ==
When all leaders of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] were arrested in 1948 CE, including ''Salah Abd al-Hafiz'', who went to prison. No information has been published so far about his release date.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* See: Entry Salah Abd al-Hafiz in Wiki-Ikhwan; [http://ikhwanwiki.com ikhwanwiki.com.].

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Jordan]]

[[fa:صلاح عبدالحافظ]]

Draft:Salah Shadi

2026-08-25T07:08:00Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Salah Shadi
| image = صلاح شادی.jpg
| birth_date = 1921
| birth_place = [[Cairo]]
| death_date = 1989
| death_place = [[Egypt]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| known_for = Cooperation with [[Muslim Brotherhood]]
}}

'''Salah Shadi''' was a member of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt.

== Biography ==

He was born in 1921 AD in the city of [[Cairo]] into a wealthy family. After completing primary and secondary education, he continued his military studies. He graduated as a police officer. He joined the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in 1942 AD and was trained by its first Guide, Imam [[Hassan al-Banna]]. He continued his work as a police officer and called people to righteousness, arousing determination in them and encouraging them to strive for the [[religion]] of [[God]] and seek His pleasure.

== Education ==

One of his friends narrates: "When I went to [[Egypt]] for studies, I knew Salah Shadi, where he was with a group of his brothers: ''Hassan Ashmawi'', ''Abdullah Hilmi'', ''Munir al-Dallah'', ''Salah Abu Ruqayq'', and others who formed a group of responsible brothers with whom I was in contact. Then, after graduation and my departure from Egypt, contact was cut off, where [[Jamal Abdel Nasser]] launched his oppressive campaign against the people. He arrested the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and thousands of them led by Brotherhood leaders, including '''Salah Shadi''', responsible for the administration of units and police."

After the death of that ruler, I went to [[Egypt]] and after being released from prison, I became acquainted with the brothers and my teachers, including Brother '''Salah Shadi''', whom I met several times in the office of the third General Guide [[Umar al-Tilmisani]] and the houses of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].

== Exile and Death Sentence ==

In the calamity of 1948 AD, when Brotherhood forces were arrested; he was not arrested, but the authorities agreed to exile him from [[Cairo]] to the far reaches of Upper Egypt as a sugar factory officer in "Nag Hammadi". This did not prevent him from continuing the call to God, and in 1954 AD, following the fabricated Manshiya incident, he was arrested and subjected to severe torture. He remained patient and did not lose his resolve, and was forcibly sentenced to death for the crime of interfering in regime matters.

== Death ==

Major General '''Salah Shadi''' died in 1989 AD on the same day that his teacher [[Hassan al-Banna]] had died forty years earlier.

== References ==

* See: Entry Salah Shadi in Ikhwan Wiki; [http://ikhwanwiki.com ikhwanwiki.com.].

{{Egypt}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Egypt]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]

[[fa:صلاح شادی]]

Draft:Salah Zawawi

2026-08-25T07:04:43Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Salah Zawawi
| image = صلاح زواوی.jpg
| other_names = Moqaddam al-Sufara
| birth_date = 1937 CE
| birth_place = [[Palestine]]
| death_date = 20 February 2023
| death_place = [[Iran]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| known_for = {{flatlist|Ambassador of Palestine to [[Iran]]|Founding member of [[Fatah Movement|Fatah]]}}
}}
'''Salah Zawawi''' (born 1937 CE – died 20 February 2023) was born in [[Palestine]] and served as the [[Ambassador]] of the State of Palestine to [[Iran]]. He was the second Palestinian ambassador to Iran after ''Hani al-Hasan'' and held this position from 1361 SH (1982 CE) to 1400 SH (2022 CE). He is considered a founding member of the [[Fatah Movement|Fatah]] and former ambassador of Palestine to [[Algeria]], [[Brazil]], and [[Kenya]]. Due to his long tenure as ambassador in Iran, he was given the title '''"Moqaddam al-Sufara"''' (Ambassador of Ambassadors).

== Biography ==
'''Salah Zawawi''' was born in 1937 CE, in the city of Safed, Galilee region, in [[Palestine]]. After the death of his wife ''Dalal al-Araj'', he buried her in Behesht-e Zahra, [[Tehran]].

== End of Mission ==
On Thursday, 16 Dey 1400 SH (6 January 2022), at the end of his mission in Iran, he met with ''Hossein Amir-Abdollahian'', the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

== His Daughter, the New Ambassador ==
'''Salam Zawawi''' is the daughter of ''Salah Zawawi''. [[Salam al-Zawawi|Salam Zawawi]], the new Ambassador of [[Palestine]] to [[Iran]], was sworn in on 18 Dey 1400 SH (8 January 2022) before Mahmoud Abbas, the President of the Palestinian National Authority, and began her activities as the new Ambassador of Palestine to Iran. This ceremony was held at the residence of ''Mahmoud Abbas'' in Amman, the capital of [[Jordan]].
<div class="wikiInfo">[[File:سلام زواوی.jpg|alt=Salam Zawawi|thumb|Salam Zawawi]]</div>
After 1948, the family of '''Salam''' moved to [[Syria]] and resided in the city of Aleppo. Afterwards, the father of '''Salam''' took on the position of Ambassador of the Liberation Organization of [[Palestine]] to [[Algeria]], [[Brazil]], and then [[Kenya]], becoming the most experienced Palestinian diplomat in his position. '''Salam''' has lived in Tehran for about 18 years and possesses knowledge of diplomatic relations between the two countries.

== Support for the Islamic Revolution ==
From the years before the victory of the Islamic Revolution, among all Palestinian circles, parties, and groups, he was famous and renowned for his complete support of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Islamic Revolution]] and [[Imam Khomeini (peace be upon him)]], to the extent that the Liberation Organization of [[Palestine]] in 1361 SH (1982 CE), to maximize the capacity of the Palestinian Embassy in Tehran and develop relations with the officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the great and noble people of Iran, sent him as Ambassador to [[Tehran]], a selection that lasted more than four decades, to the extent that the great people of Islamic Iran in all provincial centers and counties hosted him repeatedly and honored him as the true representative of the cause of [[Palestine]] and resistance.

== Love for the Leader of Iran ==
He loved the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution [[Imam Khamenei (may his shadow remain elevated)]] and in the position of '''"Moqaddam al-Sufara"'', whenever the ambassadors of Islamic countries or ambassadors of other countries attended the presence of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution on occasions such as the day of [[Mab'ath]], by attending the Imam Khomeini Husseinie, he would listen with all his heart to the statements of the Imam of the justice-seekers, free men, and resistors of the world. He, who out of love to understand more of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Islamic Revolution]], had learned the [[Persian language]], always after the Leader's statements in every gathering and political assembly, would explain and elaborate on his views in various fields.

== Appreciation by the Secretary-General of the Approximation Assembly ==
The Secretary-General of the [[World Assembly for Approximation among Islamic Schools of Thought|Approximation Assembly]], [[Hamid Shariari]], on the sidelines of the international conference '''"Holy Jerusalem, Axis of Unity of the Islamic Ummah"''', by presenting a plaque, appreciated the efforts of '''Salah al-Zawawi''', the former Ambassador of Palestine to Iran.
<div class="wikiInfo">[[File:قدردانی.jpg|alt=Appreciation|thumb|Appreciation]]</div>
=== Text of the Plaque of Appreciation ===
The text of the plaque of appreciation is as follows:

Dear Brother Dr. '''Salah Zawawi'''

Honorable Former Ambassador of [[Palestine]]

We consider it our duty to thank you, dear brother, for four decades of sincere and diligent efforts in the capacity of '''"Moqaddam al-Sufara of Palestine"''', in the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]].

Blessed are you, who with your dedication in support of the oppressed strangers lost in the hubbub of [[Zionist]] media, strove to make Palestine close to hearts and a companion of thoughts. Blessings upon you, who by supporting the oppressed, chose the comfort of the hereafter, and undoubtedly those who dedicate their lives to the oppressed are the wealthy of the other world. May your effort be thanked, your determination accepted, and success accompany you.

[[Hamid Shariari]]

Secretary-General of the World Assembly for Approximation among Islamic Schools of Thought<ref>See: Hawza News Agency.</ref>.

== Tribute to "Moqaddam al-Sufara" ==
<div class="wikiInfo">[[File:مقدم السفرا.jpg|alt=Appreciation|thumb|Appreciation]]</div>
The tribute ceremony for '''Zawawi''' in the form of a special program titled '''"Moqaddam al-Sufara"''', Monday 9 Esfand 1400 SH (28 February 2022), in a ceremony held by the Media Culture Center and the Office of the Society for Defense of the Palestinian Nation in the office of this society, with the presence of Palestinian, Iraqi, and Iranian personalities, the 40 years of diplomatic and media activities of '''Salah Zawawi''', the former Ambassador of [[Palestine]] to the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]], were appreciated.

== Death ==
He was hospitalized in a hospital in [[Tehran]] on 20 February 2023 CE, equivalent to 1 Esfand 1401 SH, due to illness and finally passed away at the age of 85 and was buried in Behesht-e Zahra<ref>See: Fars News Agency.</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[World Assembly for Approximation among Islamic Schools of Thought]]
* [[World Assembly for Approximation among Islamic Schools of Thought|Palestine]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* IQNA News Agency.
{{Palestine}}
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Palestine]]
[[fa:صلاح زواوی]]

Draft:Salah Bardawil

2026-08-24T10:29:03Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Salah Bardawil
| image = صلاح البرداویل.jpg
| other_names = Salah Muhammad Ibrahim al-Bardawil
| birth_date = 24 August 1959
| birth_place = Khan Yunis refugee camp, southern Gaza Strip
| death_date = 23 March 2025 (CE)
| death_place = Al-Mawasi area, west of Khan Yunis city, killed by Israeli fighter jet missile strike
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| known_for = {{flatlist| Co-founder of the Islamic National Salvation Party | Representative of the National and Central Councils of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] | One of the oldest media leaders of [[Hamas]] | Member of the Hamas political bureau in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] | Head of the Internal Planning Office abroad | Lecturer at Al-Aqsa University and Islamic University of Gaza | Member of the [[Palestine]] Writers Union }}
}}

'''Salah Bardawil''' was a co-founder of the Islamic National Salvation Party, representative of the National and Central Councils of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], one of the oldest media leaders of [[Hamas]], a member of the Hamas political bureau in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], head of the Internal Planning Office abroad for Hamas, lecturer at Al-Aqsa University and Islamic University of Gaza, and a member of the [[Palestine]] Writers Union. He was killed at dawn on Sunday, 23 March 2025 (CE), corresponding to [[22 Ramadan]] 1446 AH, equivalent to 3 Farvardin 1404 SH, during an attack by [[Israel|Israeli]] fighter jets on the [[Gaza Strip]], after the violation of the [[Gaza Ceasefire 2025]] by Israel. While performing the "Tahajjud prayer" with his wife inside a refugee tent, he was prostrating in the Al-Mawasi area west of [[Khan Yunis]] city when he was killed.

==Biography==
Salah Bardawil was born on 24 August 1959, in the [[Khan Yunis]] refugee camp in the south of the [[Gaza Strip]], into a Palestinian refugee family originally from the occupied village of Al-Jura in the [[Gaza Strip]] district.

==Education==
He completed his primary and secondary education in schools in [[Khan Yunis]] and then graduated in 1982 with a bachelor's degree in [[Arabic language]] from the Faculty of Dar al-Ulum at Cairo University. He completed his master's degree in Palestinian literature at the Institute of Arabic Studies and Research in [[Cairo]] in 1987, and obtained his doctorate in the same field in 2001 from [[Sudan]].

==Academic Activities==
He began his academic activity in 1985 as an elementary school teacher, and then between 1990 and 1993, he worked as a lecturer at Al-Aqsa University, from where he transferred to teach at the Islamic University of Gaza. He was a member of the [[Palestine]] Writers Union and supervised the establishment of the National Thought and Culture Forum.

==Political Activities==
Bardawil joined the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] early in his life and became active in support, social, and institutional fields. With the establishment of [[Hamas]] in late 1987, he joined the movement and actively participated in its national activities. In 1996, he was one of the founders of the Islamic National Salvation Party and headed its media section, and was a representative of the National and Central Councils of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]]. He participated in the first round of talks between Hamas and the [[Fatah|Palestinian Authority]] in [[Sudan]], and in 2006, representing the [[Khan Yunis]] governorate, he participated in the parliamentary elections on the Change and Reform bloc list affiliated with Hamas and won a seat in the [[Palestine]] Legislative Council. He also held the responsibility of the foreign relations portfolio in the parliamentary bloc and rapporteur of the political committee and membership in the monitoring committee in the Legislative Council.
In 2017, he was elected as one of the members of the Hamas political bureau in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] and took charge of the National Relations Office, the body responsible for communications and coordination with Palestinian factions. In 2021, he was transferred back to the political bureau and then selected as the head of the Internal Planning Office abroad.

==Imprisonment==
In 1993, he was arrested by [[Israel]] and interrogated for more than two months in Gaza and Ashkelon prisons, and his house was destroyed several times in Israeli attacks on Gaza.

==Media Activities==
Bardawil was one of the oldest media leaders of [[Hamas]] in Gaza. In 1996, he established the "Al-Risala" newspaper as the first official media outlet of Hamas and served as its editor-in-chief. He wrote weekly satirical articles titled "From the Streets of the Homeland" in the same newspaper, which were a combination of politics, social realities, and criticism of officials. These writings led to his repeated arrest by the security services of the [[Fatah|Palestinian Authority]].
He also headed the Hamas media office and supervised the management and development of the movement's media.

==Relationship with Hamas Leaders==
Bardawil had close connections and cooperation with prominent [[Hamas]] leaders, including the former leader of [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], [[Yahya Sinwar]], Mohammed Deif, former commander-in-chief of the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]], and Yasser al-Nimrati, the first commander of the special unit<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2025/3/23/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87 Salah Bardawil, a Hamas leader, was assassinated by Israel while standing at night in his tent, Al Jazeera website].</ref>.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

[[Category:Palestinian politicians]]
[[Category:Hamas members]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]

[[fa:صلاح بردویل]]
[[ar:صلاح البردويل]]

== Viewpoint ==

=== Yahya Sinwar, Advocate of National Reconciliation ===

Bardawil, a member of the political bureau of the [[Hamas|Hamas Movement]], emphasized: [[Yahya Sinwar]], the new leader of this movement in the [[Gaza Strip]], is among the experienced national leaders in the political arena and is interested in achieving reconciliation and compromise. Salah Bardawil, a member of the political bureau of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), emphasized in an interview with Al-Aqsa TV network: There are numerous signs of Yahya Sinwar's success in his upcoming mission, the most important of which is his belief in national unity and relations with other groups. He is an advocate of national reconciliation. He added: Sinwar is a personality who supports Arab nationalism and wishes well for neighboring Arab countries, especially [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]], and this issue will have many repercussions in terms of expanding Hamas's foreign relations, which [[Ismail Haniyeh]] initiated.

He continued to emphasize that Yahya Sinwar is an experienced and knowledgeable individual in the political arena and was a member of the Hamas leadership cadre and a representative of prisoners in the prisons of the [[Israel]], and after leaving prison, he engaged in political activities, but Hamas does not change with the change of its leader. He added: Perhaps people were not familiar with him closely; because after leaving prison, he was busy with his social life and therefore, was not present in public much. This Hamas leader also referred to the efforts of Israel to create fear and terror regarding the new Hamas leader in the Gaza Strip and said that he will have a wider presence in the media arena in the future. Bardawil clarified that the focus of Israel on Hamas personalities and leaders is an attempt to harm this movement and its overall leadership; such that some parties try to limit Hamas to the personality of its leader. He added: Sinwar's rise to power is a decision that the Hamas movement made based on its own laws and internal regulations, but one should not focus too much on the personality of this movement's leader and lose sight of the process of his selection and the reference that selected this leader<ref>[https://www.isna.ir/news/95112618850/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%84 Bardawil: The new Hamas leader in Gaza is an advocate of national reconciliation, ISNA News Agency].</ref>.

== Martyrdom ==

Salah Bardawil at dawn on Sunday, 23 March 2025 CE, corresponding to [[22 Ramadan]] 1446 AH, equivalent to 3 Farvardin 1404 SH, during the attack by fighter jets of [[Israel]] on the [[Gaza Strip]], after the violation of the [[2025 Gaza Ceasefire]] by Israel, while he was with his wife in "Tahajjud prayer" inside a refugee tent, while prostrating in the Al-Mawasi area west of the city of [[Khan Yunis]], attained [[martyrdom]].

== Reactions ==

=== Hamas Movement ===

[[Hamas|The Hamas Movement]] in a statement offered condolences on the martyrdom of Dr. Salah Bardawil, a member of the political bureau of this movement, and announced: Dr. Salah Bardawil, who was one of the prominent figures in the political, media, and national arena and was a symbol of honesty, steadfastness, and sacrifice, went to meet the Lord while performing night voluntary prayers. He never neglected his duties in the way of jihad and service to the cause of Palestine and remained steadfast on the path of resistance until the last moment, until on one of the nights beloved by God, he attained the honor of martyrdom. Hamas emphasized that the pure blood of Dr. Bardawil, his wife, and other dear martyrs acts like a lamp that will illuminate the path of freedom and return for everyone, and the enemy's crimes will never be able to weaken our will and steadfastness. With the martyrdom of every martyr, the flame of resistance becomes more fervent until the occupation ends. At the end of this statement, Hamas asked for divine mercy and the highest paradise for Dr. Salah Bardawil and his wife. Also, it wished patience and reward for the survivors, friends, and the patient people of Palestine.

=== Palestinian Legislative Council ===

The Palestinian Legislative Council also condemned the martyrdom of its representative, Salah Bardawil, as a new crime against the people and leaders of [[Palestine]] and appreciated his influential role in serving the cause of Palestine and the Palestinian nation.

=== Activists and Social Media Users ===

Activists and social media users reacted to the symbol and sign of Bardawil's martyrdom while prostrating. He attained [[martyrdom]] while he was with his wife in "Tahajjud prayer" inside a refugee tent. Many considered this scene of martyrdom a divine honor for a fighter who had been active in the political and media arena in the [[Hamas|Hamas Movement]] for years. Some users considered this symbolic [[martyrdom]] a crushing response to allegations that claimed Hamas leaders are not with the people of [[Gaza]] and have fled this area<ref>[https://fa.alalam.ir/news/7210253/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%8C-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%8C-%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85 Salah Bardawil, the leader who attained martyrdom while prostrating, Al-Alam Network website].</ref>.

== See also ==

* [[Hamas]]
* [[Khan Yunis]]
* [[Yahya Sinwar]]
* [[Ismail Haniyeh]]
* [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]]
* [[Palestine Liberation Organization]]

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

[[fa:صلاح بردویل]]

== References ==
* [https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2025/3/23/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87 Salah al-Bardawil, a Hamas leader, assassinated by Israel while standing at night in his tent], Al Jazeera website, Published 23 March 2025 CE. Retrieved 24 March 2025 CE.
* [https://www.isna.ir/news/95112618850/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%87-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%84 Bardawil: New Hamas leader in Gaza favors national reconciliation], ISNA News Agency, Published 13 February 2017 CE. Retrieved 24 March 2025 CE.
* [https://fa.alalam.ir/news/7210253/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%8C-%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF Salah Bardawil, the leader who was martyred while prostrating], Al-Alam Network website, Published 24 March 2025 CE. Retrieved 24 March 2025 CE.

[[Category:Palestine]]
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Israeli crimes]]

Draft:Sadiqeh Mahdavi Kani

2026-08-24T10:17:25Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sadiqeh Mahdavi Kani
| image = مهدوی کنی.jpg
| birth_name = Sadiqeh Mahdavi Kani
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1961 CE
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tehran]]
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion =
| denomination =
| notable_works =
| occupation = Member of the rapprochement societies of the [[World Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Schools of Thought]]
| website =
}}
'''Sadiqeh Mahdavi Kani''' (born 1961 CE) is a member of the rapprochement societies of the [[World Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Schools of Thought]].

== Education ==
BA in Theology, University of Tehran, Degree obtained 1987 CE
MA in Jurisprudence and Foundations of Islamic Law, University of Tehran, Degree obtained 1991 CE
PhD in Quran and Hadith Sciences, Imam Sadegh University (peace be upon him), Degree obtained 2007 CE

== Executive Career ==
# Establishment of the Women's Campus of Imam Sadegh University (peace be upon him) in 1990 CE
# Educational Deputy of the Women's Campus of Imam Sadegh University (peace be upon him)
# Selection Manager of the Women's Campus of Imam Sadegh University (peace be upon him)
# Managing Director of the Specialized Journal of Family Law
# Head of the Quran and Hadith Group, Women's Unit, University of Islamic Schools of Thought
# School management in Education Department regions{{div col end}}

== Academic Career ==
* Faculty Member of Imam Sadegh University (peace be upon him), Assistant Professor Level 24
* Teaching courses in Jurisprudence, Principles of Jurisprudence, Ethical Schools, Quranic Sciences, Principles of Beliefs, and Quran Exegesis at the university
<div class="wikiInfo"></div>

== Research Experience ==
=== Books ===
# The Structure of Quranic Ethical Propositions with a Semantic Approach
# Ethics in the Quran Lesson Notes in Electronic Format (Al-Mustafa International University)

=== Articles ===
# The Role of Ethical Values in Islamic Law in the Scientific Research Journal of Ethical Research
# "No Distinction Between Islamic Ethical and Jurisprudential Rules Regarding Obligation" in the Scientific Research Journal of Philosophical Research
# Jurisprudential and Legal Examination of Rules Regarding Children Born from Surrogate Wombs in the Scientific Research Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law
# Examination of Jurisprudential and Legal Rules Regarding Children Resulting from Embryo Donation, Subject of Article 3 of the Law on Embryo Donation to Infertile Couples in the Scientific Research Journal of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law
# The Place of Ethics in the Formation of Family Law in the Journal of Science and Religion
# Principles Governing Family Member Relationships in the Islamic Epistemological System in the Promotional Scientific Journal of Jurisprudence and Family Law
# Narrative Elements of Surah Al-Kahf in the Promotional Scientific Journal
# Alternative Punishments to Imprisonment in the Neday-e Sadeq Journal
# The Issue of Understanding in the Thought of Islamic Thinkers and Hermeneutics in the Bayyinat Journal
# Interpretative Thought of Imam Khomeini in the Shi'a Journal
# Criteria for Ethical Action from the Viewpoint of Imam Sadegh (peace be upon him) in the Imam Sadegh (peace be upon him) Conference Articles
# Semantic Method in Quranic Research in the Symposium on Top Ideas of Outstanding Theses in Religious Studies Articles
# Semantics of Chastity in Islamic Teachings with Emphasis on Razavi Conduct in the Razavi Festival Articles

=== Conferences ===
# Presenting paper: Family in the Islamic Ethical Legal System at the Family in Islam and the West Conference at Gregorian University Vatican ([[Italy]]) in 2008 CE
# Presenting paper: Rights and Social Responsibilities of Women in the Islamic System at the Family in Islam Conference in [[Turkey]] in 2009 CE
# Explaining the Method of Identifying Principles Governing the Islamic Educational System at the Islamic Education and Training Conference
# Scientific Evaluator and Faculty Member of the International Conference on Islamic Unity from 2009 CE to 2013 CE
# Scientific Evaluator of the Woman and Family Conference with the participation of the Office of Women and Family of the Presidency in 2008 CE
# Scientific Secretary of the Quran Conference at Imam Sadegh University (peace be upon him) - Women's Campus in 2009 CE
# Presenting paper at the Conference on Knowledge Science, Conflict of Opinions in the Ja'fari School at Imam Sadegh University (peace be upon him) in 2005 CE
# Presenting paper at the Conference on Children's Rights in the Islamic and Western Legal Systems at Imam Sadegh University (peace be upon him) in 2004 CE
# Presenting paper at the Conference on Quranic Thoughts of Imam Khomeini organized by the World Center for Islamic Sciences in 2005 CE
# Presenting paper: Ways for Women's NGOs to Influence the International Community at the World Union of Muslim Women Conference in 2013 CE

=== Other Research Activities ===
# Designing the Family Law major at the Master's level
# Designing the Islamic Studies and Educational Sciences major at the Bachelor's level
# Authoring numerous research articles in the fields of ethics, jurisprudence, and Quranic sciences
# Presenting research articles at Quranic conferences
# Thesis Advisor for Family Law major theses
# Thesis Advisor for Quran and Hadith Sciences major theses
# Thesis Advisor for Jurisprudence and Islamic Law major theses
# Thesis Consultant for Educational Management theses (with Islamic Approach)
# Designing Jurisprudence and Principles questions for the Master's Entrance Exam of the Sanjesh Organization in the Jurisprudence and Foundations of Islamic Law major{{div col end}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Members of Rapprochement Unions]]
[[fa:صدیقه مهدوی کنی]]

Draft:Seddiqa Balkhi

2026-08-24T10:09:35Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Seddiqa Balkhi
| image = صدیقه بلخی.jpg
| birth_date = 1950
| birth_place = Mazar-i-Sharif, [[Afghanistan]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|Founding member of the [[World Union for Approximation of Political Activists]] and [[World Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Schools of Thought]]|Senator and representative of the Senate of [[Afghanistan]]}}
}}

'''Seddiqa Balkhi''' is a senator and representative of the Senate of [[Afghanistan]] and also a founding member of the [[World Union for Approximation of Political Activists]] and the [[World Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Schools of Thought]].

== See also ==
* [[Afghanistan]]
* [[World Union for Approximation of Political Activists]]

== References ==
* [[Taqrib News Agency]].

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Members of approximation unions]]
[[Category:Afghanistan]]

[[fa:صدیقه بلخی]]

Draft:Saddam Hussein

2026-08-24T10:04:50Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Saddam Hussein
| image = صدام حسین.jpg
| birth_date = 28 April 1937
| birth_place = Tikrit, Iraq
| death_date = 30 December 2006
| death_place = [[Iraq]]
| occupation = Former President of [[Iraq]]
}}

Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (born 28 April 1937 – executed 30 December 2006) was the President of [[Iraq]] from 1979 to 2003. He was a prominent member of the [[Iraqi Ba'ath Party]] and played a key role in the 1968 coup that led to the long-term rule of the Ba'ath Party.

==Biography==
[[File:همسر و فرزندان صدام.jpg|thumb|Saddam's wife and children]]
Saddam Hussein was born on 28 April 1937 CE into a poor family in the village of Al-Awja, overlooking Tikrit, 150 kilometers north of [[Baghdad]]. His father was killed before Saddam was born, and his mother married another man, giving Saddam three half-brothers. Until the age of 10, Saddam was under the care of a violent stepfather and an unkind grandfather. His grandfather forced him to sell watermelons at the Tikrit train station on the Baghdad to Mosul railway. At the age of 10, he went to live with his uncle Khairallah Talfah, who was an army officer.

Saddam joined the Ba'ath Party on the verge of turning 20 and quickly became one of its active members. In 1959 CE, Saddam was wounded while participating in an unsuccessful assassination attempt on [[Abd al-Karim Qasim]], the then President of [[Iraq]]. He subsequently fled to [[Egypt]] via [[Syria]] and returned to [[Iraq]] four years later after the overthrow of Abd al-Karim Qasim. Then, in 1968 CE, with the Ba'ath Party's victory in a coup, a regime came to power in [[Iraq]] whose most prominent figure was the 31-year-old Saddam. In 1976, Saddam reached the rank of General in the [[Iraq]]i Armed Forces. In 1979 CE, by sidelining [[Ahmed Hassan al-Baker]] from power, he officially began his 24-year dictatorial rule.

Shortly after assuming the presidency of [[Iraq]] in July 1979, Saddam Hussein convened a meeting with Ba'ath Party leaders. During that meeting, he suddenly arrested 68 members of the session on charges of treason, 22 of whom were immediately executed.
[[File:صدام.jpg|thumb|]]

==Assassination Attempt==
In 1982 CE, an assassination attempt was made against Saddam Hussein in the town of Dujail, 40 kilometers north of Baghdad. In response, security forces attacked the town, killing and executing over 160 residents, among whom were several children. Approximately 1,500 townspeople were sent to prison to be tortured. The penalty for all residents was the destruction of 1,000 square kilometers of their agricultural land; no one was allowed to replant for ten years.

==Wives and Children==
[[File:دستگیری صدام حسین.jpg|thumb|Arrest of Saddam Hussein]]
Saddam married for the first time in 1963 to Sajida Talfah, his elder uncle's daughter, who was a teacher. The result of this marriage was two sons named "Uday Hussein" and "Qusay Hussein" and three daughters named "Rana Hussein", "Raghad Hussein", and "Hala Hussein".

Saddam also married two other times. He married Samira Shahbandar in 1986 after forcing her to divorce her husband. (It is said that Samira was his favorite wife). His third wife was Nidal al-Hamdani, the director general of the Solar Energy Research Center at the Scientific Research Council of [[Iraq]], who, like Samira, was forced to leave her husband.
[[File:صدام در دادگاه.jpg|thumb|Saddam in court]]

==War with Iran==
The [[Iran]]–[[Iraq]] War, or the Eight-Year War, known in [[Iran]] as the Imposed War and Holy Defense, lasted nearly eight years. Following the victory of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran]], border conflicts between [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]] began, and the war officially started on 22 September 1980 CE. The war ended after about 8 years in August 1988 CE with the acceptance of a ceasefire by both sides, leaving one million casualties and $1190 billion in damages to the two countries [citation needed]. Saddam Hussein is a prime example of a bloody and ruthless dictator who imposed a devastating war on the nation of [[Iran]], and his hands are stained with the blood of thousands of innocent people, even the people of his own land.

==Persian Gulf War==
The end of the war with [[Iran]] coincided with the outbreak of conflict between [[Iraq]] and [[Kuwait]]. Saddam believed that since the [[Iran]]–[[Iraq]] War had benefited the Arab countries of the [[Persian Gulf]] region, Arab governments should forgive [[Iraq]]'s debts. [[Kuwait]] did not agree, and relations between the two countries became tense. A few hours after the breakdown of negotiations between [[Iraq]] and [[Kuwait]] over the division of oil revenues from a border region, the [[Iraq]]i army attacked [[Kuwait]] on 2 August 1990 CE and occupied the country. With this attack, [[Iraq]] caused an international crisis and did not accept the warning of the [[Security Council]]. In 1991 CE, the [[United States]], with a coalition of other countries, attacked [[Kuwait]] and then [[Iraq]], driving the [[Iraq]]i army out of [[Kuwait]].

[[fa:صدام حسین]]

==Invasion of Iraq==

After the [[Persian Gulf]] War, the [[United Nations Security Council]] passed a resolution regarding [[Iraq]], demanding Saddam destroy all his weapons of mass destruction. In 2003, the [[United States]] and its coalition allies attacked the country due to the presence of weapons of mass destruction in [[Iraq]]; later it was stated that at the time of the [[United States]] attack, there were no weapons of mass destruction in [[Iraq]].

The government and army of [[Iraq]] were destroyed within three weeks following the attack by the [[United States]] and its allies on 20 March 2003. The [[United States]] attempted at least twice to assassinate Saddam via air strikes, but on both occasions, the target was not hit. Saddam was last seen in a video film showing him in the suburbs of [[Baghdad]]. When [[Baghdad]] fell to coalition forces on 9 April, no one saw Saddam again.

==Capture==

[[File: اعدام صدام...jpg|alt=|thumb|Execution of Saddam]]
Saddam Hussein's hiding place was unknown for several weeks after the fall of [[Baghdad]] and the end of major conflicts. Saddam Hussein was placed at the top of the "Most Wanted List". Many other leaders of [[Iraq]] were arrested, but extensive efforts to arrest him were fruitless. His sons, Uday and Qusay, who were considered his political successors, were killed in July 2003 after a clash with American forces and based on a report from an informed Iraqi source.

The Islamic Republic News Agency of [[Iran]] (IRNA) reported on 14 December 2003, quoting Jalal Talabani, that Saddam Hussein had been arrested. This report was later confirmed by other members of the governing council, [[United States]] military sources, and Tony Blair, the then Prime Minister of the [[United Kingdom]]. Shortly after, Paul Bremer, the American interim governor of [[Iraq]], announced the news of his arrest at a press conference in [[Baghdad]] as follows: "Ladies and gentlemen, we got him." He had been arrested at 8:30 local time on 13 December in an operation named Red Dawn, in a hole in a house in the village of Adwar near Tikrit.
[[File: قبر صدام پیش و پس از خرابی.jpg|alt=|thumb|Saddam's grave before and after destruction]]

==Trial==

Saddam Hussein along with 11 other Ba'ath Party leaders was legally handed over to the interim government of [[Iraq]] on 30 June 2004 (9 Tir 1383 SH) to be tried on charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. Finally, on Sunday, 5 November 2006 (14 Aban 1385 SH), Saddam was sentenced to death by hanging. His claim that he was still a military member and should be executed by firing squad if proven guilty was ignored by the court.

==Execution==

Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006, corresponding to 9 Dey 1385 SH, at 6:07 local time. His execution ceremony was carried out at Camp Justice, a protected area in northern Baghdad, which was previously used by Saddam himself for torturing and executing Iraqi citizens.

==Burial==

Saddam's body was handed over to the leaders of the Al-Bu Nasir tribe for burial in his birthplace village, Al-Awja in Tikrit. Saddam Hussein's corpse was buried near the burial site of his sons Qusay and Uday. In March 2015, his tomb was destroyed during clashes between [[Iraq]] government forces in the war with [[ISIS]] in Tikrit<ref>[https://www.imna.ir/news/465048/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF-%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 Biography of Saddam Hussein from the Persian Gulf War to Capture]</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Heads of Islamic states]]
[[Category:Iraq]]

[[fa:صدام حسین]]

Draft:Sabri al-Layla

2026-08-24T09:40:25Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sabri al-Layla
| image = صبری الیله.jpg
| birth_name = Sabri Mahmoud al-Layla
| birth_date = 1927 (CE)
| birth_place = [[Iraq]]
| death_date = 2006 (CE)
| death_place = [[Iraq]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| notable_works =
| occupation =
| teachers =
| students =
| website =
}}

'''Sabri al-Layla''', who was born in 1927 CE in Mosul, [[Iraq]]. At that time, the call and propagation of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] reached [[Iraq]], following which ''Muhammad Abdulhamid Ahmad'' and Dr. Hussein Kamaluddin traveled there. A number of people, due to their familiarity with the [[Muslim Brotherhood|Ikhwan]], joined this movement and worked for it. Dr. ''Ibrahim Khalil Allaf''—an experienced professor of contemporary history at the University of Mosul—says about him: "For over 45 years, I have supervised and discussed many master's and doctoral theses in contemporary history at more than one university, and in all these theses, the name Hajj Sabri al-Layla was repeated as one of the most prominent [[Islamic]] preachers and one of those who participated in Islamic political and religious activities."

== Biography ==

'''Sabri Mahmoud al-Layla''' was born in 1927. His father, Hajj Mahmoud Muhammad Ahmad al-Layla, was a prominent merchant among the merchants of Mosul. He was pious, devoted to worship, and committed to attending mosques. He was not extreme in his religiosity; rather, he was moderate and balanced, which is almost visible in his behavior and manner of dealing with people.

== In the Ranks of the Ikhwan ==

He was one of the textile merchants in Bab al-Saray (the heart of the hereditary commercial district of Mosul) and had a shop there. He was not distant from the concerns of the Mosul society and its political, economic, and social atmosphere. Therefore, he was active with Sheikh ''Muhammad'' Mahmoud al-Sawwaf, the founder of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].
He is considered one of the founders of the Society of Muslim Brothers and then one of the founders of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]. He was one of the most active students of Sheikh ''Muhammad'' Mahmoud al-Sawwaf. His son, Mr. Mahmoud, tells me that Sheikh al-Sawwaf used to say: "When I send my group for membership recruitment, whoever recruited one or two people would bring them to me. But ''Sabri'' Mahmoud al-Layla, due to his fluent style and use of insight and good advice, would recruit ten people for me."

== Arrest and Trial ==

When the movement of Colonel Abdulwahhab al-Shawwaf, commander of the Mosul military base, against the regime of leader ''Abdulkerim Qasim'', Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in Mosul on 8 March 1959, Hajj Sabri al-Layla supported it, and Islamists in Mosul supported it. They formed a group with the nationalists called (Islamic - National Society) and against the Communists. When the movement failed and Abdulwahhab al-Shawwaf was killed, he was arrested, tried, and sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted and he was released.

== Islamic Party of Iraq ==

In 1960 CE, when the Islamic Party of Iraq was formed, he was considered one of its most prominent founders. He was active there alongside Professor ''Ibrahim Abdullah Shahab'', known as (Ibrahim Effendi), along with a group of people from Mosul.

== Death ==

His son says: "His father died in his arms on Thursday, 20 Esfand 1384 Solar Hijri (11 March 2006 CE). His last hour was upon returning from Asr prayer: The weather was cold, he said: 'My son, I will die this week. This was the first time he said he would die.' While repeating the [[Shahada|testimony of faith]], he raised his index finger and passed away."

== References ==

* See: Entry Sabri Mahmoud al-Layla in Ikhwan Wiki; [http://ikhwanwiki.com ikhwanwiki.com].

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Iraq]]

[[fa:صبری اللیله]]

Draft:Subhi al-Tufayli

2026-08-24T09:28:36Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Subhi al-Tufayli
| image = صبحی طفیلی.jpg
| birth_date = 1948 (CE)
| birth_place = Brital village, Baalbek district, Beqaa Valley
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| teachers = [[Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]]
| known_for = {{flatlist| First Secretary-General of [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]]| Founder of the "Assembly of Muslim Scholars" movement in Beqaa Valley| Founder of the "Thawrat al-Jiya" (Revolution of the Hungry) movement in Beqaa Valley}}
}}
'''Subhi al-Tufayli''' is a Lebanese cleric, the official of Hezbollah Lebanon in the Beqaa Valley, and the first Secretary-General of [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]] from 1989 CE to 1991 CE (1368 SH to 1370 SH). During his 3-year secretary-generalship of Hezbollah Lebanon, he vigorously pursued armed operations against the presence of [[Israel]] in southern [[Lebanon]] as well as support for the [[Palestine]] Intifada. Due to ideological differences with the Hezbollah Central Council, he separated from the party and formed a movement titled "Thawrat al-Jiya" (Revolution of the Hungry), which led to clashes between his supporters and the [[Lebanon]] Army, resulting in his house arrest by the Lebanese government and army for a period. In recent years, although he has given interviews against [[Iran]] and [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah]], he nevertheless believes in [[Islamic unity|unity]] between [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].

== Biography ==
Subhi al-Tufayli was born in 1948 CE (1327 SH), in the village of Brital, part of [[Baalbek]] in the Beqaa Valley.

== Education ==
He completed his seminary education in [[Najaf|Najaf Ashraf]] and was one of the students of [[Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr|Martyr Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]].

== Activities ==
Sheikh Subhi al-Tufayli established the "Assembly of Muslim Scholars" movement in the Beqaa region in 1979 CE (1358 SH). With the formal establishment of [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah]] in 1985 CE (1364 SH), he was initially the Hezbollah official in the Beqaa region, and 4 years later, in 1989 CE (1368 SH), the first executive council of the party chose Subhi al-Tufayli as the first Secretary-General of [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah]]<ref>[https://article.tebyan.net/211419/%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA-%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C Interview with Sheikh Subhi al-Tufayli, Tebyan].</ref>.

== Authorization from Imam Khomeini for Hasbiyah and Sharia Affairs ==
Sheikh al-Tufayli, at the beginning of his presence in [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]], was a proponent of the theory of [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist|Velayat-e Faqih]], but later revised his view. He held an authorization letter from [[Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini|Imam Khomeini]] for Hasbiyah and Sharia affairs, the text of which is as follows:

In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful...

And thereafter, the trustworthy of Islam and Muslims, Mr. Sheikh Subhi al-Tufayli (may his successes continue), is authorized by this side to undertake Hasbiyah affairs and collect religious funds such as claims of rights violations and [[Zakat|Zakat]] and expiations, and spend them in cases prescribed by Sharia; and is also authorized to collect the two blessed shares and spend the blessed Imam's share (peace be upon him) on his own expenses economically; and regarding the surplus, he is authorized to spend half of the blessed Imam's share (peace be upon him) on promoting the holy Sharia and pay half of the Sayyids' share to deserving Sayyids, and send the remainder of the two shares to this side<ref>[http://emam.com/posts/view/4103/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C Authorization letter to Mr. Subhi al-Tufayli, for Hasbiyah and Sharia affairs, Imam Khomeini Comprehensive Website].</ref>.
"I advise (may God support him) to what the righteous predecessors advised: adherence to piety, avoidance of desire, and holding fast to the handle of precaution in affairs of religion and world"; and peace be upon him and upon our believing brothers, and the mercy and blessings of God.

24 Rabi' al-Awwal 1409 AH (14 Aban 1367 SH); [[Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini|Ruhollah al-Musawi al-Khomeini]]

== Separation from Hezbollah Lebanon ==
Certain beliefs and unilateral actions of his caused Hojjat al-Islam [[Sayyid Abbas Musawi]] to be introduced as the Secretary-General of Hezbollah in the second party council in 1991 CE (1370 SH). This issue had a significant impact on the Sheikh's morale and caused the decline and reduction of the influence of his viewpoint in [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah]]; to the extent that Sheikh Subhi al-Tufayli became an ordinary member and was deprived of executive responsibilities. After losing to his rival Sayyid Abbas Musawi, al-Tufayli distanced himself somewhat from the Hezbollah structure, but Sayyid Abbas Musawi, who was his former classmate in [[Najaf]], provided the ground for his continued presence in the party's central council. However, he insisted on differences and after completely separating from Hezbollah, in 1998 CE (1377 SH), he launched a movement titled "Thawrat al-Jiya" (Revolution of the Hungry) in the Beqaa Valley, which led to severe clashes in the region and the death of two people, including Sheikh Khidr Talis and one of the army officers. Eventually, the government and army of [[Lebanon]] placed Subhi al-Tufayli under house arrest.

== Accounts Regarding His Separation from Hezbollah ==
Two accounts have been stated regarding the reason for his removal from [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]]:
# The first account is that Subhi al-Tufayli, the first Secretary-General of Hezbollah Lebanon, was removed by the executive council of the group after differences regarding the manner of relations with [[Iran]] with other members of Hezbollah;
# The second account is that based on statements from sources, al-Tufayli opposed Hezbollah's entry into the internal affairs of [[Lebanon]], which at that time faced opposition from members and the body of Hezbollah<ref>[https://fararu.com/fa/news/780448/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%84-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%C2%A0 What happened to the three former secretaries-general of Hezbollah?, Fararu].</ref>.

== Assassination Attempt ==
Sheikh Subhi al-Tufayli survived a terrorist assassination attempt in 1988 CE, for which [[Israel]] and the [[United States|USA]] were the two main suspects of the incident.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:صبحی طفیلی]]

== Thoughts and Viewpoint ==

=== Statements against the Islamic Republic of Iran and Hezbollah Lebanon ===
In recent years, in interviews with [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] and [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] media, he has consistently campaigned against the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]], and [[Hassan Nasrallah|Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]].

=== Support for Turkey ===
Sheikh Subhi al-Tufayli, in an interview with an Anadolu Agency reporter, stated that [[Turkey]] is the only country that cares about the security and integrity of [[Syria]]. He stated in this interview: Turkey is the only country that cares about the security and integrity of Syria. Turkey's policy towards Syria is consistent with the demands and expectations of the people of this country. Why should the [[United States|American]] plan regarding the Syrian border take precedence over Turkey's plan in terms of implementation? He clarified that America is not serious about confronting the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] and [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah]]. America, by turning a blind eye to Shia fighters against Sunnis, provides more opportunities for Iran's divisive policy in the region. Instead, America blocks the path of Sunni fighters against Iran's policy and tries to weaken them. He considered the discourse regarding "Hezbollah's non-use of its weapons inside Lebanon" incorrect and stated: Hezbollah's weapons are a significant threat to the people of Lebanon. Hezbollah has previously pointed its weapons at the people of Lebanon several times. The clearest evidence of this is the events that occurred on 7 May 2008{{efn|The original Persian text states 2017, which is likely a typographical error for the 2008 Beirut clashes.}}, in [[Beirut]]. Tufayli said: [[Turkey]], during the protest gatherings of people in the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] that began late last year and spread across the country in a short period, emphasized the importance of maintaining peace and social stability in Iran and opposed any foreign interference in the internal affairs of this neighboring country. Iran, contrary to Turkey's stance, did not evaluate some of the incidents that occurred in that country with the same sensitivity. He accused the Iranian government of promoting Persian nationalism and added: They have neither sought to defend the Shia religion nor to protect the rights of Muslims<ref>[https://www.trt.net.tr/persian/mntqh/2018/01/29/hmlh-frd-mslh-bh-ykh-dnshgh-nzmy-dr-fgnstn-898886 Tufayli: Turkey is the only country that cares about the integrity of Syria, TRT Persian].</ref>.

=== Shia and Sunni Unity ===
In response to the reporter's question, who asked: What is your opinion on the unity of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]? Do you have a new plan for Shia and Sunni unity that can be implemented?; he said: It is regrettable that there are few who claim that only they follow the thought of [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt]]. With a little more effort, the thought and religion of [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt]] could become the [[religion]] of all [[Muslim|Muslims]]. I do not raise this talk without thought and just like that, but I am following it with a precise and detailed view.<ref>[https://www.fardanews.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-10/203154-%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA-%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7 A different interview with the critic of Iran and Hezbollah, Farda].</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Abbas al-Musawi|Sayyid Abbas al-Musawi]]
* [[Hassan Nasrallah|Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]]
* [[Hezbollah]]
* [[Israel]]
* [[United States|America]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://article.tebyan.net/211419/%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA-%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C Interview with Sheikh Subhi Tufayli, Tebyan], Publication date: 16 February 2019, Access date: 11 October 2024.
* [http://emam.com/posts/view/4103/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C-%D8%B7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C Permission letter to Mr. Subhi Tufayli, in Hasbiyah and Shar'iyah matters, Imam Khomeini Comprehensive Site], Publication date: n.d., Access date: 11 October 2024.
* [https://fararu.com/fa/news/780448/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%84-%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%AF%C2%A0 What happened to the fate of the three former secretaries-general of Hezbollah?, Fararu], Publication date: 30 September 2024, Access date: 11 October 2024.
* [https://www.trt.net.tr/persian/mntqh/2018/01/29/hmlh-frd-mslh-bh-ykh-dnshgh-nzmy-dr-fgnstn-898886 Tufayli: Turkey is the only country that cares about the integrity of Syria, TRT Persian], Publication date: 29 January 2018, Access date: 11 October 2024.
* [https://www.fardanews.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-10/203154-%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA-%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7 A different interview with the critic of Iran and Hezbollah, Farda], Publication date: 26 May 2012, Access date: 11 October 2024.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Shia scholars]]
[[Category:Lebanon]]

[[fa:صبحی طفیلی]]

Draft:Saleh Mohammed Al-Zafiri

2026-08-24T09:10:26Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Saleh Mohammed Al-Zafiri
| image = صالح ظفیری.jpg
| native_name = صالح محمد الظفیری
| other_names = Sheikh Saleh Al-Zafiri
| birth_year = 1960 CE
| birth_date =
| birth_place = {{flatlist|[[United Arab Emirates]]|Ras Al Khaimah}}
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| teachers =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| notable_works =
| occupation = {{flatlist|[[Human rights]] activist | Friday preacher | Co-founder of Al-Islah}}
| website =
}}

'''Saleh Mohammed Al-Zafiri''' is an educator and [[human rights]] activist, and one of the founders of Al-Islah Society, which is considered part of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in the United Arab Emirates]]. He has gained prominence for his activities in the field of human rights and social reforms.

== Biography ==
Saleh Al-Zafiri was born in 1960 in Ras Al Khaimah, [[United Arab Emirates]]. He pursued his studies in Sharia and Education, holding two bachelor's degrees from reputable universities.

== Family ==
Saleh Al-Zafiri is married and the father of three children. His children are also active, particularly in supporting him and his demands in the field of human rights.

== Education ==
Bachelor's degree in Sharia, 1999 CE, from Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University;
Bachelor's degree in Education and Humanities, 1983 CE, from United Arab Emirates University.

== Academic and Professional Achievements ==
* High school teacher for 3 years;
* High school principal for 13 years;
* Director General of the Ras Al Khaimah Institute of Quranic Sciences;
* Principal of a modern private school in Ras Al Khaimah;
* Friday preacher in various mosques in the UAE;
* Deliverer of numerous lectures and lessons on the Prophet's biography and Islamic culture.

== Arrests ==
Saleh Al-Zafiri was arrested twice in 2012 CE due to his criticisms of the UAE security apparatus and his reformist activities.

=== First Arrest ===
On 5 March 2012, Al-Zafiri was arrested by security forces at his home in Ras Al Khaimah. He was accused of promoting anti-state thoughts and criticizing government policies, and was released after 14 days.

=== Second Arrest ===
On 29 April 2012, immediately after his release, he was arrested again. This time without any specific charges and as part of a widespread campaign against reformists, he was imprisoned for one year and subsequently convicted in court on similar charges.

== Intellectual and Political Stances ==
As a reformist activist, Saleh Al-Zafiri has always emphasized the importance of dialogue and interaction instead of suppression. He believes that freedom of expression and human rights should be recognized in UAE society.

== See also ==
* [[Muslim Brotherhood]]
* [[United Arab Emirates]]
* [[Muslim Brotherhood in the United Arab Emirates]]

== References ==
* [https://emirati-affairs.com/new/public/news/view/2818 Saleh Mohammed Al-Zafiri, Saleh Al-Zafiri: Owner of the Quran, Arrested Because of a Word on a TV Program! (in Arabic), Emirati Affairs Website], Publication date: n.d., Access date: 7 May 2025.

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:United Arab Emirates]]

[[fa:صالح محمد الظفیری]]

Draft:Saleh bin Ali al-Hamed

2026-08-24T09:04:04Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Saleh bin Ali al-Hamed
| image =
| birth_name =
| other_names = Saleh bin Ali al-Hamed
| birth_date = 1320 AH (1903 CE)
| birth_place = Hadramaut, Yemen
| death_date = 1387 AH (1967 CE)
| death_place = Hadramaut, Yemen
| teachers = {{plainlist|Abd al-Qadir Bahamid|Muhammad bin Hadi al-Saqaf|Abd al-Rahman bin Ubaydallah al-Saqaf|Alawi bin Tahir al-Haddad}}
| students = {{plainlist|Abd al-Qadir al-Sabban|Ja'far bin Muhammad al-Saqaf|Muhammad bin Salem al-Hamed|Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Safi}}
| religion = Islam
| sect =
| notable_works = {{plainlist|''Ali Shu'a al-Quran''|''Fatawa wa Ta'liqat''|''History of Hadramaut''}}
| occupation = {{plainlist|Founder of the National Party in Sayyun, Hadramaut|Poet and Littérateur}}
| website =
}}
'''Saleh bin Ali al-Hamed''' (1320 – 1387 AH) was a littérateur, poet, historian, and jurist from Hadramaut. He was known as the "Poet of Al-Ahqaf"<ref>Yusuf, Muhammad Khair bin Ramadan (1425 AH). ''Mu'jam al-Mu'allifin al-Mu'asirin''. Part One. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: King Fahd National Library. Page 278.</ref>. He has many ghazal poems in both Classical Arabic and vernacular, and articles in Yemeni and Arab newspapers. He represented the country in many political events, including the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in Jeddah<ref>Encyclopedia of Yemeni Singing Poetry in the Twentieth Century, Part Three, Page 367, Second Edition 2007, Deposit Number at Dar al-Kutub: (297).</ref>.

== Lineage ==
Saleh bin Ali bin Saleh bin Ahmad bin Saleh bin Ahmad bin Eidrous bin Salem bin Omar bin al-Hamed bin Sheikh Abu Bakr bin Salem bin Abdullah bin Abd al-Rahman bin Abdullah bin Abd al-Rahman al-Saqaf bin Muhammad Mula al-Dawila bin Ali bin Alawi al-Ghayour bin al-Faqih al-Muqaddam Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad Sahib Mirbat bin Ali Khali' Qasam bin Alawi bin Muhammad bin Alawi bin Ubaydallah bin Ahmad al-Muhajir bin Isa bin Muhammad al-Naqib bin Ali al-Uraydi bin [[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq (peace be upon him)]] bin [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir (peace be upon him)]] bin Ali [[Ali Zayn al-Abidin|Zayn al-Abidin (peace be upon him)]] bin [[Husayn ibn Ali|al-Husayn (peace be upon him)]] bin Imam [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him)]], and Imam Ali, the husband of [[Fatimah|Fatimah (peace be upon her)]] daughter of [[Muhammad|Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] is <ref>Al-Mashhur, Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad (1404 AH). ''Shams al-Zahira'' (PDF). Part One. Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Alam al-Ma'rifah. Page 289. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2020.</ref>.

He is the thirty-fifth grandson of the Messenger of God Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny).

== Birth and Upbringing ==
He was born in the year 1320 AH / 1903 CE in Sayyun in Hadramaut province. He grew up there and learned the preliminary sciences and the Quran there. Then, with a group of his classmates and friends such as: Ali Ahmad Bakathir, Muhammad bin Sheikh al-Masawi, Eidrous bin Salem al-Soum and Mustafa bin Salem al-Saqaf, he benefited from the lessons of teachers. His father encouraged him to study and sit at the lessons of scholars and opened the doors of knowledge in all its forms, to the extent that he created a large library for him at home that was full of manuscripts and publications in the fields of literature, religion, sociology, politics, history and other sciences<ref>Al-Mashhur, Abu Bakr bin Ali (1419 AH). ''Jani al-Qutaf''. Medina, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Dar al-Muhajir. Page 414.</ref>. He migrated to Indonesia and Singapore from his childhood and constantly travelled between them, and also visited Egypt in 1953 CE and met with poets there. He was a friend of the artist Sheikh al-Bar, for whom he composed and recited poems, and accompanied him on his trip to Indonesia.

== Teachers ==
He utilized various teachers in his own city of Sayyun and in his migration to Indonesia, including:<ref>Al-Saqaf, Abd al-Rahman bin Ubaydallah (1425 AH). ''Idam al-Qut fi Dhikr Buldan Hadramaut''. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Minhaj. Page 802.</ref>
* Abd al-Qadir Bahamid
* Muhammad bin Hadi al-Saqaf
* Abd al-Rahman bin Ubaydallah al-Saqaf
* Alawi bin Tahir al-Haddad

== Students ==
* Abd al-Qadir al-Sabban
* Ja'far bin Muhammad al-Saqaf
* Muhammad bin Salem al-Hamed
* Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Safi

== Responsibilities ==
While active in the field of literature and writing, he held several government positions in the Al-Kathiri state at that time, including: Inspector of Sharia Courts, membership in the High Court of Appeal, and Official Mufti of the Al-Kathiri state. He formed the National Party in Sayyun and assumed its presidency. He had close contact and correspondence with many Arab and local figures, such as: Abd al-Rahman bin Sheikh al-Kaf, Alawi al-Mihdar, Abu Bakr bin Sheikh al-Kaf and others.

== Works ==
The emergence of his literary works and poetic production had a significant impact on the Hadramaut literary movement. He has several collections, poems, articles and numerous speeches that are still in the possession of his heirs, and he has letters, scientific research and travelogues. Including:
"Ta'liqat ala Fath al-Bari li Sharh Sahih al-Imam al-Bukhari"
"Ali Shu'a al-Quran"
"Fatawa wa Ta'liqat"
"Rihlat Java al-Jamila"
"History of Hadramaut" in two volumes and he was unable to complete the third part
"Nasamat al-Rabi'" Diwan of Poetry
"Layali al-Musayf" Diwan of Poetry
"Ala Shati' al-Hayat" Diwan of Poetry
Collection of Childhood Poems and Ghazal Poems
Collection of Popular Political and Social Poems
Notebooks in Linguistics
Memoirs in Literature and History

== Children ==
He has five male children named Ali, Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Hussein and Ghalib and six daughters named Mona, Khadijah, Noor, Alawiyah, Maznah and Fatimah.

== Death ==
He died on the sixth of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 1387 AH, corresponding to the fourteenth of Khordad in the year 1967 CE, in the city of Sayyun due to a stroke.<ref>"Sayyid al-Habib Saleh bin Ali al-Hamed". Shabwah Press. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020.</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
Al-Hamed, Saleh bin Ali (1423 AH). ''History of Hadramaut''. Sana'a, Yemen: Al-Irshad Library.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Scholars]]
[[Category:Yemen]]

[[fa:صالح بن علی الحامد]]

Draft:Saleh al-Arouri

2026-08-23T11:46:25Z

Translationbot: افزودن لینک‌های بین‌زبانی موقت (تا زمان هماهنگی ویکی‌بیس)

{{Infobox person
| name = Saleh al-Arouri
| image = صالح عاروری.jpg
| full_name = Saleh Muhammad Sulayman al-Arouri
| other_names = Saleh al-Arouri
| birth_date = 19 August 1966
| birth_place = [[Palestine]]
| death_date = 2 January 2024
| death_place = [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| occupation = Palestinian political-military leader and Deputy Chairman of the Political Bureau of [[Hamas|Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas]]
}}

'''Saleh al-Arouri''' was the Deputy Chairman of the Political Bureau of the Islamic Resistance Movement "[[Hamas]]". He played a key role in calling on the people of [[Palestine]] to participate in the [[First Intifada|First Intifada]] ([[First Intifada|Stone Intifada]]), and in establishing the military wing of Hamas in the [[West Bank]] ([[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam|Izz ad-Din al-Qassam]] Brigades). During his lifetime, he was imprisoned three times by Israeli forces in the years: 1990 CE, for two years, 1992 CE, for 15 years, and 2007 CE, for three years. After his release from [[Israel]]i prisons in 2010 CE, he was exiled from Palestine and went to [[Damascus]], the capital of [[Syria]]. He was one of the members of the negotiation team for the Wafa al-Ahrar deal (Prisoners' Loyalty Contract). On 2 January 2024 CE, he was killed in a drone attack by [[Israel]] on the Al-Mashrafieh area in the southern district of [[Beirut]], the capital of [[Lebanon]].

== Biography ==

Saleh Muhammad Sulayman al-Arouri was born on 19 August 1966 CE, in the town of Aroura near the city of [[Ramallah]] in the [[West Bank]]. He spent his elementary, middle, and high school education in [[Palestine]], and then entered Al-Khalil University in the field of Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, graduating with a bachelor's degree in this field.

== Student Activities ==

In 1985 CE, he became the leader of the Islamic Student Movement at Al-Khalil University, and after the establishment of the [[Hamas]] movement in late 1987 CE, he joined it.

== Militant Activities ==

Al-Arouri had significant political activities during the [[First Intifada|First Intifada]] in calling on the people of [[Palestine]] to participate in the [[Intifada]]. Subsequently, with the help of some of his friends, he founded the military wing of [[Hamas]] ([[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam|Izz ad-Din al-Qassam]] Brigades) in the [[West Bank]] of the Jordan River and was able to activate military operations in this region. In 2010 CE, he was sentenced to exile from Palestinian territory by an Israeli military court and went to [[Damascus]], the capital of [[Syria]]. In the same year, he was elected to the Hamas Political Bureau.

=== Member of the Wafa al-Ahrar Exchange Negotiation Team ===

He was one of the members of the negotiation team for the Wafa al-Ahrar deal (Prisoners' Loyalty Contract) in 2011 CE. One year later, with intensive indirect negotiations between the two parties led by al-Arouri, 1,027 Palestinian prisoners were released in exchange for Gilad Shalit, an imprisoned Israeli soldier. In 2014 CE, at the height of clashes between the people of the West Bank and Israeli occupiers, three Israeli soldiers disappeared and were subsequently killed. This incident, which led to a full-scale Israeli attack on the [[Gaza Strip]] known as the 51-Day War, brought Saleh al-Arouri's name into the official and public sphere for the first time. The Israeli Defense Minister at the time identified him as responsible for this operation.

=== His Expulsion as a Condition for Normalization ===

After the Syria crisis and the relocation of Hamas political leadership from Damascus to [[Turkey]], Israel stated that one of the conditions for normalizing relations with [[Turkey]] was the expulsion of al-Arouri, which was met with agreement by the Turkish side. In 2015 CE, after being expelled from [[Turkey]], he resided in [[Qatar]]. In May 2018 CE, following the escalation of the Qatar crisis with the countries of the [[Persian Gulf]] coast, he relocated to [[Lebanon]].

=== Deputy Chairman of Hamas Political Bureau ===

[[File:صالح عاروری2.jpg|thumb|right|]]
With [[Ismail Haniyeh]] as the head of the Hamas Political Bureau, [[Yahya Sinwar]], one of the old leaders and intelligence-military figures of this movement with a history of 23 years of imprisonment, as the responsible person for this movement in the [[Gaza Strip]], and Saleh al-Arouri as the Deputy Chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau were elected in 2017 CE.

These elections sent a message to regional and international parties that Hamas has not only preserved its jihadi spirit but also intends to increase its jihadi dimension in the future. Furthermore, it was a final blow to the years-long differences between the military wing and the Hamas Political Bureau, and with the presence of al-Arouri and [[Yahya Sinwar]] in the political body of Hamas, the influence of the military wing in the political decision-making of this movement increased more than ever.

== Arrests ==

He was imprisoned for the first time in 1990 CE, after the [[First Intifada|First Intifada]], for two years without trial by Israeli occupiers. Then, after the establishment of the Hamas military wing in the [[West Bank]] in 1992 CE, he was tried in court and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. He was released in 2007 CE, but three months later, for the third time, he spent three years in Israeli prisons. Finally, in 2010 CE, after his release, he was exiled from the territory of [[Palestine]] and went to [[Damascus]], the capital of [[Syria]].

== Death ==

Finally, Saleh al-Arouri, Deputy Chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau, was killed on 2 January 2024 CE, corresponding to 12 Dey 1402 SH, in a drone attack by [[Israel]] on the Al-Mashrafieh area in the southern district of [[Beirut]], the capital of [[Lebanon]], along with two commanders of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, Samir Fandi and Azzam al-Aqra.

[[fa:صالح عاروری]]

== Hamas reaction ==

Following his martyrdom, [[Ismail Haniyeh]], head of the political bureau of the [[Hamas|Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas]], offered condolences to the Palestinian people on the martyrdom of the mujahid leader Saleh al-Arouri, deputy head of the Hamas political bureau, and Samir Fundi and Azzam al-Aqra, two Qassam commanders, and emphasized that the assassination operation of martyr Saleh al-Arouri proved the savagery of the occupying regime against the Palestinian nation everywhere. The Hamas leader stated that the assassination of martyr al-Arouri and his other brothers in the Hamas movement is a completely terrorist act and a violation of the territorial integrity of [[Lebanon]]. Ismail Haniyeh stated that the Zionist enemy will not be able to break the determination and will of the Palestinian nation and the [[Axis of Resistance|Resistance]]. He added: "The blood of al-Arouri and his brothers has mingled with the blood of thousands of children of the Palestinian nation in the [[Gaza Strip]], [[West Bank]], and abroad in the Battle of [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Jerusalem]] and the [[Al-Aqsa Flood|Al-Aqsa Flood operation]]." Haniyeh emphasized that Sheikh Saleh al-Arouri and his brothers attained martyrdom after a life full of sacrifice, [[Jihad]], resistance, and work for the sake of Palestine, foremost among them Jerusalem and the Blessed Al-Aqsa Mosque, and reached their highest aspirations in this hard and difficult path. And they raised strong men who will carry the flag after them and continue this path with the help of God to defend our nation, land, and sanctities until liberation and return. He stated: "A movement whose leaders and founders attain martyrdom for the sake of the dignity of the Palestinian nation will never be defeated, and these assassinations will add to its power, solidity, and determination."

== See also ==

* [[Al-Aqsa Flood]]
* [[Axis of Resistance]]
* [[Jerusalem]]
* [[Palestine]]
* [[Gaza]]

== References ==

* [https://farsi.palinfo.com/news/2024/1/2/%D8%B4%D9%87-%D8%AF-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%9F Palestinian Information Center].

* [https://vision-pd.org/%d8%b5%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a/ Saleh al-Arouri, vision-pd.org].

* [https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/783410/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%B5%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF-%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C Excerpt from Mashregh News website].

{{Palestine}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Palestine]]

[[fa:صالح العاروری]]


[[ar:صالح العاروري]]
[[fa:صالح عاروری]]
[[ur:صالح عاروری]]

Draft:Saleh al-Arouri

2026-08-23T11:41:39Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

Draft:Saleh bin Alawi Jamal al-Lail

2026-08-23T10:59:14Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Saleh bin Alawi Jamal al-Lail
| image =
| other_names =
| birth_date = 1269 AH (1852 CE)
| birth_place = Comoros Islands
| death_date = 1354 AH (1935 CE)
| death_place = Lamu Island
| religion = Islam
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| teachers = {{plainlist|* His father Alawi bin Abdullah Jamal al-Lail * Alawi bin Abi Bakr al-Shatiri * Ahdal bin Abi Bakr al-Ahdal}}
| students = {{plainlist|* His son Ahmad Badawi bin Saleh Jamal al-Lail * Abdullah bin Muhammad Bakathir}}
| known_for = {{plainlist|* Islamic preacher in Africa * Founder of Islamic culture education institute in East Africa * Founder of the annual Mawlid al-Nabi (peace be upon him) festival}}
| website =
}}
'''Saleh bin Alawi Jamal al-Lail''' (1269 – 1354 AH) was a Muslim scholar and great religious leader, among the most famous Muslim scholars in East Africa. He is regarded as the Sheikh of Sheikhs of East Africa and the father of the knowledge movement there, and possesses virtues and steadfastness in spreading religion and knowledge. He established the first Islamic culture education institute in East Africa in his own mosque named Riyadh Mosque. He is the founder of the grand annual festival in the city of Lamu for celebrating the birth of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

== Lineage ==
Saleh bin Alawi bin Abdullah bin Hassan bin Ahmad bin Abdullah Sahib al-Tuyur bin Ahmad bin Harun bin Abd al-Rahman bin Ahmad bin Abdullah bin Muhammad Jamal al-Lail bin Hassan al-Muallim bin Muhammad Asadullah bin Hassan al-Turabi bin Ali bin al-Faqih al-Muqaddam Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad Sahib Mirbat bin Ali Khali Qasim bin Alawi bin Muhammad bin Alawi bin Ubaydullah bin Ahmad al-Muhajir bin Isa bin Muhammad al-Naqib bin Ali al-Uraydi bin [[Ja'far al-Sadiq|Ja'far al-Sadiq]] bin [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Muhammad al-Baqir]] bin Ali [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Zayn al-Abidin]] bin [[Husayn ibn Ali|al-Husayn]] bin Imam [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and Imam Ali, husband of [[Fatima bint Muhammad|Fatima]] daughter of [[Muhammad|Muhammad]] (peace be upon him and his progeny).

He is the thirty-second grandson of the Messenger of God Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny).<ref> "''Al-Jadwal al-Mufid min Ijazat Ibn al-Bayd''". abusalma377 Blog. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014.</ref>

== Birth and Upbringing ==
He was born in Sangani on Grand Comoro Island in the year 1269 AH (1852 CE), and his mother was Mariam bint Ali Muwan Maswani from the Ani Rajab tribe. He grew up there and received the principles of religion and knowledge from his father, known as "Fundi Alawi", who died in 1311 AH (1893 CE). He learned the Quran from Abu al-Hasan al-Awwal al-Bar bin Ahmad Jamal al-Lail and Ahmad bin Abi Bakr bin Sumayt, who later became the Mufti of Zanzibar.

== Teachers ==
He learned knowledge from many scholars of East Africa, including:
* His father Alawi bin Abdullah Jamal al-Lail
* His uncle Ali bin Abdullah Jamal al-Lail
* Abu al-Hasan bin Ahmad Jamal al-Lail
* Abu Bakr bin Abd al-Rahman al-Husayni
* Alawi bin Abi Bakr al-Shatiri
* Ahdal bin Abi Bakr al-Ahdal
* Ali bin Muhammad al-Ma'awi
* Abu Bakr al-Ma'awi

== Students ==
Among those who learned knowledge from him:
* His son Ahmad Badawi bin Saleh Jamal al-Lail
* His son Eidarus bin Saleh Jamal al-Lail
* His grandson Ali bin Ahmad Badawi Jamal al-Lail
* Abdullah bin Muhammad Bakathir
* Salim bin Jum'an al-Qaysari
* Ali bin Hasan al-Qamari
* Abd al-Latif bin Uthman al-Qamari

== Migration to Lamu ==
In the year 1287 AH (1870 CE), with the permission of his father and mother, he migrated from his homeland to the city of Lamu on Lamu Island. That place was full of scholars, so he learned various sciences from them. Habib Saleh faced various obstacles in his migration, so he persevered with determination and patience, conveyed knowledge to the general public, and made it accessible to everyone. Until a group of foolish people in the society harassed him and spoke ill of him, and some did him harm. But he remained patient. Until they realized their mistake and became aware of the Sayyid's pure intention. Therefore, they supported him with all their being. Sayyid Abu Bakr al-Husayni gifted him a large piece of land, and he built his mosque and named it (Riyadh al-Jannah), and constructed its building from wood and clay and carpeted its floor with clean earth, and built his residential house with palm leaves and branches. After a while, he decided to build a mosque with stone, and in the year 1319 AH (1901 CE), on the Night of Mi'raj, he completed the construction. This became Riyadh Mosque, the first institute for spreading knowledge and Islamic culture in East Africa, and institutes, schools, and corners of sciences branched out from it.

== Mawlid al-Nabi Celebration ==
The largest session he held annually was on the day of the birth of the Noble Prophet (peace be upon him), which many people attended, and people came from various points, which is a season for preaching the religion of Islam and a day of brotherhood, acquaintance, and exchange of views among attendees. Since it is a very large economic season for the city of Lamu and its surroundings. This festival continues to attract many participants and visitors to this day.

== Death ==
He died on Saturday, 2 Muharram 1354 AH (May 1935 CE) in Lamu. <ref>"Scholars of East Africa". sameja Blog. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020.</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
Al-Mashhur, Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad (1404 AH). ''Shams al-Zahira'' (PDF). Part II. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Alam al-Ma'rifah. p. 493.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Scholars]]

[[fa:صالح بن علوی جمل اللیل]]

Draft:Safi Naz Kazem

2026-08-23T10:41:32Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Safi Naz Kazem
| image = صافی ناز کاظم.jpg
| birth_date = 1937 (CE)
| birth_place = [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]]
| religion = Islam
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| known_for = {{flatlist|Founding member of the [[World Union for Approximation of Political Activists Institutions]] and the [[World Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Schools of Thought]]}}
}}

'''Safi Naz Kazem''' is a prominent [[Egypt|Egyptian]] female writer and thinker, and also a founding member of the [[World Union for Approximation of Political Activists Institutions]] and the [[World Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Schools of Thought]].

== See also ==

* [[Alexandria]]
* [[Egypt]]
* [[World Union for Approximation of Political Activists Institutions]]

== References ==

* [[Taqrib News Agency]].

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Members of Approximation Unions]]

[[fa:صافی ناز کاظم]]

Draft:Sadek Shourou

2026-08-18T06:11:12Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sadek Shourou
| image = صادق شورو.jpg
| birth_date = 1952 CE
| birth_place = [[Tunisia]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| occupation = Professor, Chemist
| known_for = Former president of [[Ennahda Movement]]
| party = [[Ennahda Movement]]
| allegiance = [[Muslim Brotherhood]]
}}
'''Sadek Shourou''' is the former president of the [[Ennahda Movement]] in [[Tunisia]], who is close to the ideology of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and is a memorizer of the [[Quran]]. He holds a PhD in Chemistry from the Faculty of Sciences of [[Tunis]], was a professor at the Tunis Faculty of Medicine in Chemistry until his arrest in 1991 CE. He is a member of the Scientific Research Committee at the University Research Center in the southern suburbs of [[Tunis]] and a member of the Education Syndicate of the General Union of Workers of [[Tunisia]].

== Biography ==

He was born in 1952 CE and holds a PhD in Chemistry from the Faculty of Sciences of [[Tunis]]. Until his arrest in 1991 CE, he worked as a teacher at the Faculty of Medicine. He was a member of the Education Syndicate of the General Union of Workers of [[Tunisia]]. He was known for supporting student struggles and participated in the founding conference of the General Union of Tunisian Students. He is a memorizer of the [[Quran]] and is known for his interest in religious education.

== Activities ==

He joined the Central Council of the [[Ennahda Movement]] in the early 1980s and was elected as its president at its conference held in 1988 CE. He continued his activities until he was arrested in 1991 CE. He participated in the founding conference of the General Union of Tunisian Students in [[Tunisia]].

== Imprisonment and Arrest ==

In 1992 CE, he was tried in a military court at the head of 265 Ennahda leaders, and the prosecution demanded his execution. However, under pressure from human rights organizations, the regime agreed to issue a life imprisonment sentence against him. He was transferred to more than one prison and was under severe pressure to condemn the movement and ask for pardon from the head of state, but he refused. What influenced him in the military court was his statement, where he said: "Your Excellency, if you do this by your action, you want to uproot the Renaissance Movement from society and from the soil that sprouted it, for it is a tree whose root is firm and whose branches are in the sky."

His fate was at best execution or life imprisonment, but no one expected him to be released and return to his normal life. He, who was the former president of the Islamic Renaissance Movement of Tunisia, was released on Thursday, 6 November 2008 CE, after spending eighteen years in Morngoya prison _which is one hour away from Tunis_.

He says: "This is a matter that perhaps discussion about it would be long and requires many writings. In short, we are grateful to God Almighty that He granted us stability for eighteen years, 13 of which I spent in solitary confinement, which is undoubtedly a hard experience. These years would not have passed without the power and help of God Almighty. In our prisons, we relied on preserving the [[Quran]] and reciting it. We were engaged in strengthening our connection with [[God|God Almighty]] through remembrance, [[Prayer]], [[Fasting]], contemplation of the verses of the Quran and understanding their meanings, and [[Night Prayer]]."

"We consider the prison a black period in the history of [[Tunisia]]. We ask God Almighty to protect us from the likes of it. The prison conditions were very harsh."

== Ennahda and the Tunisia Regime ==

=== Impact of the Regime's Advancement on the Islamic Renaissance Movement in Tunisia ===

The file of detainees of the [[Ennahda Movement]] in the prisons of [[Tunisia]] _with the publication of news regarding the impact of the regime on the Islamic Renaissance Movement in Tunisia_ closes, and this caused the demands of the movement to shift in another direction. It also enables the movement to gain its right to participate. Legal political activity and also solving the issue of the movement's refugees abroad in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and other European countries who had fled under pressure from security attacks _so that they could return to their country [[Tunisia]]_ are among the achievements of the publication of this news.

== References ==

* See: The entry for Sadek Shourou in Ikhwan Wiki; [http://ikhwanwiki.com ikhwanwiki.com].

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Tunisia]]

[[fa:صادق شورو]]

Draft:Sadeq Nablusi

2026-08-17T08:34:19Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sadeq Nablusi
| image = صادق نابلسی.jpg
| other_names = {{plainlist|Sadeq al-Nablusi |Sheikh Sadeq al-Nablusi |Dr. Sheikh Sadeq al-Nablusi}}
| birth_date = 1975 CE
| birth_place = [[Beirut]]
| death_date = 8 April 2026 CE [citation needed]
| death_place = During Israeli attack on Sayyida Zahra Complex in Sidon
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| notable_works = {{plainlist|''Ashura and the Possibilities of Missionary Utility'' |''Imam Hussein and His Madinan Cry in the Wilderness of History'' |''Imam al-Sadr and the Construction of the Shia Self''}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|Manager of Sayyida Zahra Complex in Sidon |Manager of Imam Sadeq Seminary |Official Representative of Hezbollah| Prominent figure of the Islamic Resistance Movement in South Lebanon |Member of the Supreme Council of Lebanese Shia}}
}}

'''Sadeq Nablusi''', Lebanese [[Shia Islam|Shia]] cleric, professor at Lebanese International University, Manager of Sayyida Zahra Complex in Sidon, official representative of [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah]], and one of the prominent figures of the [[Hezbollah|Islamic Resistance Movement]] in southern [[Lebanon]] and member of the Supreme Council of Lebanese Shia.

== Biography ==

Sadeq Nablusi was born in 1975 CE. He completed his undergraduate studies in Political Science at the Lebanese University in [[Beirut]], and his master's and doctoral studies in International Relations at the Islamic University of Beirut. In 2003 CE, he was ordained by [[Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah]].

== Academic Activities ==

Dr. Sadeq Nablusi published numerous articles and research papers in Lebanese and Arab magazines and newspapers, participated in several conferences inside and outside Lebanon, and was a professor at the Lebanese International University. Some of his works include:
* ''Ashura and the Possibilities of Missionary Utility'';
* ''Imam Hussein and His Madinan Cry in the Wilderness of History'';
* ''Imam al-Sadr and the Construction of the Shia Self'';

== Responsibilities ==

* Manager of Sayyida Zahra Complex in Sidon;
* Manager of Imam Sadeq Seminary;
* Member of the Supreme Council of Lebanese Shia;
* Official Representative of Hezbollah Lebanon;
* One of the prominent figures of the Islamic Resistance Movement in southern Lebanon.

== Death ==

Sheikh Sadeq al-Nablusi was martyred on 8 April 2026 CE, in an Israeli airstrike on the Sayyida Zahra Complex in the city of Sidon[citation needed]<ref>His Eminence Sheikh Dr. Sadeq al-Nablusi (may God protect him), website of the Islamic Radiation Center for Islamic Studies and Research.</ref>.

== Viewpoint ==

=== Unjust US Interference in the Constitution and Governance of Lebanon ===

Sheikh Sadeq Nablusi, one of the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] clerics of [[Lebanon]], said: Lebanon must emerge from pressure through wisdom, expediency, and fulfilling its responsibilities to end the dangerous crisis.

Stating that if protesters do not cooperate with other pillars of the country, it will lead to complexity and continuous crisis, he said: The formation of a new government will be the beginning of exiting the crisis and the start of political and economic reforms.

Sheikh Nablusi, noting that we should not allow foreigners to write the country's history, emphasized: [[United States|Americans]] have no right to write the constitution and method of governance of Lebanon; in such a way that Lebanese people have no choice but to read and follow it.

The Lebanese cleric concluded: At this stage, we need courage, confrontation, and the use of new options that lead to a new future for Lebanon.

=== Martyrs Paving the Way for Victory ===

Sheikh Sadeq al-Nablusi, at the funeral ceremony of his martyred brother, [[Mohammad Afif]], emphasized that with every martyrdom offered, we get closer to victory and great achievement.

Expressing the family's pride in the martyrdom of the media leader martyr Mohammad Afif, Sheikh al-Nablusi said: This martyrdom should strengthen us and increase our determination to continue the path, and we will certainly be victorious.

Sheikh Sadeq al-Nablusi emphasized: The blood of martyrs accelerates the process of exposing the enemy and its crimes, and this battle is the battle of humanity against savages.

=== Emphasis on Deepening Coexistence Between Muslims and Christians ===

Sheikh Sadeq Nablusi, one of the Lebanese clerics, in a meeting with Bishop Eli Haddad and Elias Kfour in the Catholic and Greek Orthodox Church, said: If in the past we believed that there are common values between [[Islam|Muslims]] and [[Christianity|Christians]], and this value must be established in coexistence relations based on faith foundations; today we need this coexistence not only based on faith foundations but based on existential foundations.

He emphasized: If we do not emphasize deepening Islamic-Christian relations, we will all be threatened in [[religion]], belief, [[freedom]], security, stability, and our existence; therefore, we must respond to all [[Takfiri]] terrorists who destroy, create division, and kill people in the name of religion by deepening relations.

He also added: Coexistence is no longer just a faith need but an existential and human necessity, and we must understand coexistence on this basis in the face of these challenges that our nations face<ref>Sheikh Sadeq Nablusi (7), Hawza News Agency website.</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[Category:Lebanese Shia clerics]]
[[Category:Hezbollah members]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Lebanese International University]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]

[[fa:صادق نابلسی]]

== Reactions ==
=== Statement by the Jabal Amel Scholars Association ===
The text of the statement by the Jabal Amel Scholars Association condoling the martyrdom of Sadeq Nablusi is as follows:

With full satisfaction with the decree of God Almighty and with a heart filled with pain and anger, we mourn the high-ranking martyr Dr. Sheikh Sadeq al-Nablusi, to the dear people of [[Lebanon]], the [[Islamic Ummah]], and all free people of the world. The martyr Dr. Sheikh Sadeq al-Nablusi was martyred on 8 April 2026 CE, at the age of fifty-one, as a result of a treacherous attack by [[Israel]] on the Sayyida Zahra Complex in the city of Sidon, which is a religious complex including a [[Mosque]], Hussainiya, and the Imam Sadeq Seminary for Religious Sciences, where he managed and taught. He was martyred along with a large number of workers and displaced persons, some of whom were martyred and others injured.
Martyr Nablusi, the son of the late [[Afif Nablusi|Ayatollah Allamah Sheikh Afif Nablusi]], is one of the prominent figures of the [[Jabal Amel]] Seminary and one of the prominent figures of the [[Hamas|Islamic Resistance Movement]] in southern [[Lebanon]]. He is also the brother of [[Mohammad Afif|Martyr Haj Mohammad Afif Nablusi]] and the uncle of Martyr Mohammad Baqir Nablusi, in a house that made great sacrifices and in which knowledge was mixed with [[Jihad]] and speech with action.
Martyr Nablusi created a scientific and intellectual voice in the fields of defending rights and an informed pulpit in confronting aggression and injustice. He combined the word of truth with a decisive position until [[God|God]] decreed his martyrdom in the path that he always invited to and had [[Faith]] in.
While bidding farewell to this world of struggle, we condemn and denounce in the strongest terms the horrific massacre that [[Israel]] committed today. This massacre, which exceeded 134 air strikes and resulted in more than a thousand martyrs and injured, was carried out by intentionally and savagely targeting gatherings of displaced persons, without the slightest respect for human sanctity or the sanctity of place. These attacks targeted places of worship and religious houses and were a blatant violation of all divine values and international covenants.
This savage aggression, with its dangerous consequences, once again confirms the criminal nature of the Israeli regime and its disregard for all norms and laws, and is a stain on the forehead of international silence and Arab and Islamic inaction, which have become partners in this crime through their silence and inaction.
Therefore, we hold the Israeli enemy fully responsible for these massacres and their serious consequences. We emphasize our commitment to the option of resistance as a legitimate right in the face of occupation and aggression and a guarantee for the protection of land, nation, and sovereignty. In the escalation of the enemy's crimes, we see what necessitates greater decisiveness in response and escalation of confrontation to prevent aggression and curb its excesses. We also ask the Government of [[Lebanon]] to fulfill its national responsibilities in protecting its people, caring for the wounded and families of martyrs, and preserving national dignity. We ask international and humanitarian institutions to take immediate action to stop these crimes and hold the perpetrators accountable. We ask free nations to raise their voices against this injustice and support the oppressed with all legitimate means.
We ask God Almighty to have mercy on the martyr Dr. Sheikh Sadeq al-Nablusi and gather him with the [[Prophets]], the righteous, the martyrs, and the good, grant speedy recovery to the wounded, and grant [[Patience]] and forbearance to the families of the martyrs<ref>[https://alahednews.news/post/96550/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3 Jabal Amel Scholars Association Mourns Sheikh Sadeq al-Nablusi and Confirms Steadfastness on the Option of Resistance, Al-Ahed News website].</ref>.

=== Hezbollah Lebanon ===
[[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]], in a statement, condoled the martyrdom of Sheikh Sadeq al-Nablusi, who was martyred in an air strike by [[Israel]] on the Al-Zahra Complex in the city of Sidon.
In this condolence message, it stated: He hastened to depart to meet his elder brother, [[Mohammad Afif|Martyr Mohammad Afif]]<ref>[https://farsnews.ir/fgholami/1775654739750877256/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF Israel Assassinated Sheikh Sadeq al-Nablusi, Mehr News Agency website].</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Beirut]]
* [[Mohammad Afif]]
* [[Shia Islam]]
* [[Hezbollah]]
* [[Afif Nablusi]]
* [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

{{Islamic scholars}}
{{Martyrs}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Shia scholars]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Shia martyrs]]
[[Category:Lebanon]]
[[Category:Israeli crimes]]

[[fa:صادق النابلسی]]

Draft:Sadeq Salam

2026-08-17T08:21:40Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sadeq Salam
| image =
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| religion =
| denomination =
| notable_works = ''Islam and Muslims in France''
| occupation = Historian of Islamic history from [[France]]
| website =
}}
'''Sadeq Salam''' is a historian of Islamic history from [[France]].

== Most Important Activities ==
'''"Sadeq Salam"'''<ref>Sadeq Salam; a Muslim researcher who is known for his bold writings about Islam in France. Books: 1. ''Islam and Muslims in France''. 2. ''To Be a Muslim Today''. are among his authored works. In addition, Sadeq Salam, along with several other authors, has authored books about the current situation of Muslims in Algeria, the history of the liberation war, and the thought of Malik Bennabi.</ref> in the introduction he wrote for the book: '''"Islam and Muslims in France"''', states: The work he has done is the result of long experience and research that has been able to offer various products that raise essential questions away from pre-prepared images.

He intended in his new book (''France and Muslims'') to shed light on the real grounds of conflict that fuel negative perceptions towards [[Islam]]. He also stated regarding [[secularism]]: that its essence is the separation between [[religion]] and state and encouraging freedom of expression and [[human rights]]; but in [[France]] in interaction with [[Muslims]] and their religion, it is not so, and [[Islam]] and Muslims are treated in a way that contradicts the mission of [[secularism]] which France boasts of — as a brilliant human and civilizational achievement. Such behavior towards [[Muslims]] and [[Islam]] in [[France]] is astonishing.

== Purpose of the Book Title "France and Muslims" ==
He says this about choosing the title of his book: I have studied a specific aspect of contemporary Islamic history and [[France]] together. Unlike some researchers who have accustomed themselves to politicizing Islamic studies over the past quarter-century regarding what happens in [[Afghanistan]], [[Egypt]], [[Chechnya]], etc., I have addressed [the actual situation]. Some of them have published several volumes of books and named it an examination of the situation of [[Muslims]] in [[France]]; but they have only addressed fundamentalist and extremist movements; however, I have tried to answer this question: How has France behaved towards Muslims who have no tendency towards the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] movement, nor the [[Wahhabi]] trend, nor the [[Salafi]] movement, and only wish to enjoy civil rights and the implementation of the principle of equality for followers of the [[Islamic religion]]?

== History of Islam in France ==
What is published regarding the subject of [[Islam]] in [[France]] focuses on extremist and terrorist movements. These options are scientifically criticizable. The best way to compensate for this deficiency is to examine the subject from a historical perspective. This is quite possible given the long history of direct relations between the French and Muslims dating back to the time of the invasion of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] to [[Egypt]]. Besides this, tens of thousands of [[Muslims]], after being expelled from [[Spain]], from 1609 CE onwards, settled in [[France]].

== Personality of General Jacques Abdullah Menou ==
The invasion of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] to [[Egypt]] marked the beginning of a new period in Islamic history; because many [[Muslims]] from this period began to study how to accept aspects of European modernity; simultaneously, the number of French people who became interested in studying [[Islam]] increased. In some of these individuals, this interest moved from the intellectual and historical sphere to the spiritual and belief sphere, and as a result, from this time; meaning the time of the invasion of [[Napoleon]] to [[Egypt]], a large number of French people turned to Islam and became Muslims. The most famous of these French converts is ''General Jacques Abdullah Menou'' who after converting to Islam, instead of "Kléber", took command of the French army in [[Egypt]]. ''Abdullah Menou'' married a Muslim woman named Lala Zubayda and had a child from her whom he named Ali. [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] paid special attention to the wife and child of ''General Abdullah Menou'' after his death, who had settled in [[Italy]] with him after his return from Egypt. Lala Zubayda lived in [[Paris]] for many years, and after death was buried in ''Père Lachaise'' cemetery. She always maintained her Islamic cover ([[hijab]] black color), and this means that politics does not govern the inner tendencies of individuals.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[fa:صادق سلام]]

== Islam Magazine and its Role in France ==

'''«Islam Magazine»''' began operations in 1895 CE. At that time, the Caston ''Doujaric'' Institute felt the importance of Islamic issues in securing France's supreme interests. He encouraged directing Islamic studies to improve relations between [[France]] and its Muslims, and this magazine encouraged French officials to establish an Islamic residential complex in [[Paris]] so that France would be among the countries helping new Muslims in [[Europe]]. ''Doujaric'' criticized Orientalists who exaggerated terror in describing political or military Islamic movements. They had financial motives behind these descriptions and images; but ''Doujaric'' called them to improve their relations with Muslims, help their social and scientific growth, and grant them full citizenship rights. He predicted that if his advice was not followed, anti-colonial movements would emerge.

=== A Platform for Thinkers ===

This magazine opened its columns to [[Muslim]] thinkers; thinkers such as ''Said Halim'' from the [[Ottoman Empire]], ''Qasim Amin'' from [[Egypt]], ''Mustafa Kemal Ibn Khoja'' from [[Algeria]]. These Muslim scholars wrote articles in Islam Magazine. This magazine was active for ten years in the field of Islamic studies and specifically in determining the policy line of [[France]] in interaction with Islam, in a manner different from the policy of the colonial era; because this magazine encouraged dialogue between cultures, [[Religion|religions]], and civilizations, which remains a worthy subject of attention today. Nowadays, crises similar to those that forced ''Doujaric'' and his colleagues such as ''Lamiras'' to study [[Islam]] and [[Muslims]] are raised.

== Ernest Renan's Theory on Islam ==

''Ernest Renan'' had a negative and extremely spiteful stance towards Islam; because he had based his analysis of Islam on the unfortunate conditions of Muslims. He mixed these conditions with the teachings of the Islamic religion and influenced several generations of French intellectuals and educated individuals with this incorrect view, the effects and sediments of which still remain. However, the positivist flow and followers of ''Auguste Comte'' disagreed with ''Ernest Renan'' regarding the type of view he had on Islam; although he was happy about leaving the field of theology and criticizing the [[Church]], just as ''Loisy'' also left the field of theology. ''Charles de Mesmer'' strongly responded with several philosophical and historical arguments to the accusations that ''Ernest Renan'' made against Islam in 1883 CE, during the dispute with [[Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi|Sayyid Jamal al-Din]] in [[Paris]]. ''Mesmer'' believed and had faith in the renaissance of [[Islam]] and the ability of [[Muslims]] in the field of new sciences.

== Marginalization of Islam in France ==

Due to the fact that French society considered [[Islam]] a foreign element from long ago and over decades, it has remained marginalized. Although statistics obtained in the early 1990s show that the [[Islam|Islamic religion]] holds the second rank in terms of population in [[France]]. Perhaps the mentalities left in memories from the liberation wars of [[Algeria]] have forced French officials not to admit this new reality. They prefer to consign the shocks and psychological damages resulting from that war to the abyss of oblivion.

== Dual and Discriminatory Behavior ==

Article 43 of the 1905 CE law, which separates religion and state, stipulates the execution of this principle in Algeria, which was then part of French soil; but colonial forces forced the French Republic not to execute this foundational text of [[Secularism]] regarding the [[Islam|Islamic religion]]; because colonialism feared that Islam independent from the state would continue to grow and flourish; thus it preferred that the dominance of secular power over this [[Religion|religion]] continue. This dual and discriminatory behavior sent a flood of criticisms from [[Muslims]] towards colonial [[Secularism]] of [[France]]; as if this verse from Basiri was the tongue of their state which says: (I seek forgiveness from God from he who says without action); I seek forgiveness from God for speech without action.

== Laws Specific to Muslims ==

The 1907 CE regulation emphasizes the execution of the 1905 CE law regarding Islam and its followers; but the Interior Administration in the government delayed the execution of this law for ten years. Instead of executing it at the promised time at the end of this transition period, military and political officials formed the association (''Habas al-Haramayn al-Sharifayn'') in 1917 CE for non-religious purposes. When this association was mandated to establish the [[Paris Mosque]]<ref> Details regarding the construction of this mosque are explained in detail in the article: [[Paris Mosque]].</ref> in 1920 CE, the flow of issuing (Algerian Islam) to [[France]] and in the heart of [[Paris]] started. (Algerian Islam) was the result of the non-execution of Republic laws on the [[Islam|Islamic religion]], and this flow led to the decline of the reformist movement friendly to Islam which tried to make the Paris Islamic Institute a symbol of break from coercive and oppressive interactions towards Islam and Muslims.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Islam in France]]
[[Category:Islamic magazines]]

[[fa:مجله اسلام و نقش آن در فرانسه]]

== September 11th Incident ==

Failure to implement the 1905 CE law regarding [[Islam]] and obstructing the Islamic Studies Center project in 1920 CE, along with rejecting the proposals of the great French orientalist Louis Massignon to revive this studies center in 1947 CE, are all negative precedents that interpret the difficulties hindering the normalization of relations between the [[secular]] government and [[Islam]]. This indicates the existence of opposing forces and obstructions against implementing the principle of equality regarding Islam and Muslims. These forces demonstrated their power when Socialist Prime Minister Guy Mollet in 1957 CE allowed himself to appoint his party colleague Hamza Boubaker to the leadership of the [[Paris Mosque]]. The cabinet considered this action an insult to [[secularism]] laws and condemned it, but the one who benefited from this illegitimate interference in religious affairs administered the [[Paris Mosque]] for twenty-five years. This dangerous incident indicates that the relationship between [[secularism]] and [[Islam]] is not subject to law, and the negative effects of these actions were fully observable in the political society before the [[September 11th attacks]]<ref>September 11th incident; terrorist and suicide attacks that the terrorist group [[Al-Qaeda]] carried out on the soil of the [[United States]]. In this incident, nineteen Al-Qaeda members hijacked four commercial passenger planes. The hijackers crashed two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in [[New York City]] at different time intervals. As a result of these two collisions, all passengers along with many people in the buildings were killed. Both buildings were completely destroyed after two hours and caused extensive damage to surrounding buildings. The group crashed the third plane into the [[Pentagon]], located in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth plane crashed near Shanksville, in the state of [[Pennsylvania]].</ref> and even before the [[Islamic Revolution]].

== Proper Islamic Studies ==

The politicization of Islamic studies following the victory of the [[Islamic Revolution]] in [[Iran]] led political science specialists to monopolize this subject and influence public opinion by employing fear of fundamentalist and terrorist movements; however, studying the subject from a historical perspective dispels many illusions and reminds the government of its secular responsibilities which it has forgotten regarding Islam. It is very difficult for the flow of accusations against the majority of Muslims to continue aiming to forget the mistakes of the secular flow; a flow that has never accepted to face Islam with fairness. One must focus on objective and real facts—as Marxists also say—so that the irrational and illusory dimensions of the crisis of Islamic studies at the end of the colonial era are rooted. Studying Islam necessitates interaction with the customs of the nation and the Muslim masses to understand the developments of Islamic society and link it with the [[Islamic Civilization]] movement in the long term. Political science specialists exaggerate in this aspect and forget its scientific dimensions; because they suffice with accompanying security policies adopted against Muslims; but with the arrival of another generation of young Muslim intellectuals in the future, this painful situation will inevitably change. This new generation can emulate great scholars and orientalists, such as Massignon, Corbin, and Jacques Berque, who have left a valuable heritage in Islamic studies in the French language.

== Councils and Associations ==

The French Council of the Muslim Faith strives to gather a group of Muslim speakers and preachers that the French government has selected based on moral and intellectual necessities arising from the Islamic heritage. If the government truly wants to organize a group that truly represents Muslims, it should encourage those who can create a religious power that interacts with the scholars of [[Al-Azhar]], [[Zitouna University|Zitouna]], [[University of al-Qarawiyyin|Qarawiyyin]], [[Najaf]], and perhaps the University of the Emir in [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]]. Such a council would be obliged to establish its legitimacy by offering solutions to problems, especially financing [[mosque]]s and opening the doors of [[ijtihad]]; naturally, the discussion of exercising ijtihad is not very pleasing to those who have accepted following official (traditional) Islam. These associations have played a positive role in organizing religious life; because [[Muslims]] of [[France]] await further efforts in intellectual fields. This necessitates the distribution of roles. We know that the [[Baghdad]] Caliphate created a distance between the [[mosque]] and the school, and the [[secular]] government should provide financial aid for free Islamic education, just as it provides such aid to other religions. Muslims must prove that Islam can participate with other currents in solving spiritual crises and not remain confined within the narrow circle of [[ideology]].

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:France]]

Draft:Sadiq al-Mahdi

2026-08-17T07:51:54Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sadiq al-Mahdi
| image = صادق المهدی.jpg
| full_name = Al-Sadiq Al-Siddiq Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi
| birth_date = 25 December 1935
| birth_place = [[Omdurman]], [[Sudan]]
| death_date = 2020
| death_place = [[United Arab Emirates]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| notable_works = {{flatlist|''The Future of Islam in Sudan''|''Islam and the New World Order''|''Whither Sudan?''}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|Former [[Prime Minister of Sudan]]|President of the [[Umma Party (Sudan)|Umma Party]]|Founding member of the [[Global Union for the Rapprochement of Political Activists' Institutions]] and the [[World Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Sects]]}}
}}

'''Sadiq al-Mahdi''' was the former [[Prime Minister of Sudan]], head of the [[Umma Party (Sudan)|Umma Party]], and a founding member of the [[Global Union for the Rapprochement of Political Activists' Institutions]] and the [[World Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Sects]].

== Birth ==
Sadiq al-Mahdi was born on 25 December 1935 in Omdurman, Sudan.

== Al-Mahdi: A Statesman of Thought and Reform ==
Sadiq al-Mahdi, a renowned politician and head of the Umma Party (Al-Umma) of Sudan, passed away in November 2020 at the age of 85 due to COVID-19. During his relatively long political career, Sadiq al-Mahdi served twice as the head of the vast land of Sudan in the capacity of Prime Minister (the highest government post in the parliamentary system): his first term of leadership was in his youth after Sudan's independence (1956) from [[Colonialism|British colonial rule]] and between the years 1966 and 1967.

The military coup of [[Jaafar Nimeiry]] and his rule until 1985 kept Sudan under the yoke of his dictatorship until in that year, due to the deterioration of the economic situation and the intensification of the civil war in the south, [[Jaafar Nimeiry|Nimeiry]] was ousted from power by the [[Coups d'état in Sudan|coup]] of General Swar al-Dahab. Swar al-Dahab, who was a well-regarded military figure, quickly handed the country over to civilians, and thus Sadiq al-Mahdi was elected to this position by the parliament for the second time between the years 1986 and 1989.

The coup of General [[Omar al-Bashir]] in 1989, which was carried out in collusion with the country's second most influential party ([[Muslim Brotherhood in Sudan|Muslim Brotherhood]]), which [[Hasan al-Turabi]], another prominent politician, was leading, overthrew the legal and elected government of Sadiq al-Mahdi. Contrary to Turabi's expectation, who aspired to leadership, the country's political system, like the period of General Jaafar Nimeiry (1969-89), came under the dominance of the military.

Sadiq al-Mahdi was arrested and imprisoned several times during his political life, the last of which was in 2014 during the rule of and in criticism of the government of Omar al-Bashir.

He had previously been arrested and imprisoned several times in the years 1969, 1973, 1983, and 1989. Interestingly, Hasan al-Turabi, who played a key role in overthrowing Sadiq al-Mahdi's government, also spent some time in General al-Bashir's prison. Sadiq al-Mahdi was a graduate of the [[University of Oxford]].

== Works ==
Numerous works remain from him, including ''The Future of Islam in Sudan'', ''Islam and the New World Order'', and ''Whither Sudan?''.

[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Sudan]]
[[Category:Sudanese politicians]]
[[Category:University of Oxford alumni]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslims]]

[[fa:صادق المهدی]]

== Special Characteristics of Sadiq al-Mahdi ==
# The al-Mahdi family holds a special status in the religious-political arena of Sudan. [[Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi|Imam Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi]], known as the "[[Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi|Sudanese Mahdi]]," the grandfather of Sadiq al-Mahdi, between the years 1881 to 1885 under the name "Mahdist Movement," undertook the leadership of struggles against the Turkish ([[Ottoman]]) - [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egyptian]] occupiers who had ruled over the vast land of Sudan since 1820, raising the banner of struggle. Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi, claiming [[Mahdism]], gathered many supporters around himself and with a movement titled "Mahdists," defeated the occupiers and expelled them from Sudan. After the death of the Sudanese Mahdi in 1885, [[Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi]], the grandfather of Sadiq al-Mahdi and founder of the Ansar Party, engaged in struggle against General Charles George Gordon, who was first appointed as Governor-General of Sudan by the Khedive of the [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Egypt]] and after Sudan's separation from Egypt (1884) by the [[United Kingdom]], until 1886 and his defeat against British and [[France]] forces who had attacked Sudan from two fronts, north and west, it became a British colony until 1965. The Mahdist sect and its political party, known as "Ansar," alongside the "Khatmiyyah" sect under the leadership of the Mirghani family, are the two great [[Sufism|Sufi]] families in Sudan.
#
#
# Sadiq al-Mahdi is a graduate with a master's degree in Philosophy and Economics from Oxford University (1957), who from the very beginning of his youth started the struggle against [[Colonialism|colonialism]] of the [[United Kingdom|British]]. Al-Mahdi, following his ancestors, was a devout and committed Muslim and while believing in people's freedom in religious rituals, considered Islam a factor of national unity in the vast country of Sudan, and despite affiliation with the Mahdist sect, was a free-thinking intellectual, reformist, and believer in governance based on [[Democracy|democracy]] and popular sovereignty through free elections. Al-Mahdi during his second premiership intended to solve the "South Sudan" problem, which had started since Nimeiry and at the instigation of the [[United Kingdom|England]] and neighboring [[Christian]] governments, through solutions based on autonomy and preserving the territorial integrity of Sudan. The coup of Omar al-Bashir and the removal of Sadiq al-Mahdi, provided the opportunity for the rebel leaders of the South to establish a country under the name "South Sudan" separated from the main land in 2011, under the incompetent government of General Omar al-Bashir and with international pressure, a large part of the Sudanese land where most of the oil resources, Nile water reserves, and forests of this country are located. A country that despite immense wealth, currently ranks among the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world.
#
#
# The people of Sudan due to historical and civilizational characteristics and despite poverty enjoy a high level of culture and influence. In fact, Sudan geographically is an extension of Egypt and culturally alongside this country is a major cultural producer of the [[Arab World|Arab world]]. Until a few years ago, a significant portion of university professors, employed engineers, and even physicians of the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] countries were formed by Sudanese graduates. This characteristic, as we witnessed, caused the formation of resistance and protest against the normalization of relations with the [[Zionist regime|Israel]] in Khartoum and other major cities of Sudan. [[Sadiq al-Mahdi]] himself also had a deep belief in the issue of Palestine and opposed any "normalization" of Arab relations with Israel. He had stated in a meeting titled "Dangers of Compromise with the [[Zionist regime]]" in Khartoum, "The current normalization plan has no connection with peace. Israel is not a natural state but something contrary to the norm and imposed, and we must take the same position that we had against [[Apartheid]] in [[South Africa]], now against the [[Racism|racism]] of the Zionist regime." Al-Mahdi evaluated the normalization of relations of Arab countries with the [[Zionist regime|Israel]] as strengthening the chance of [[Donald Trump]], President of the [[United States|America]] in the next elections and saving [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and also paving the way for [[War|war]] with the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]]. [[Hezbollah Lebanon]] in issuing a statement remembered Sadiq al-Mahdi as a personality of "Thought and [[Jihad|struggle]] in the way of [[God]], supporter of the cause of [[Palestine]] and [[Axis of Resistance|Resistance]] and opponent of any kind of normalization of relations with the Zionist regime especially normalization of relations between Khartoum and [[Tel Aviv]]."
#
#
# Sadiq al-Mahdi was among the loyal friends of [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Imam Khomeini]] and serious supporters of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Islamic Revolution]]. He traveled to Iran after assuming premiership. He also traveled to Iran after the premiership period and was among the politicians supporting the Dialogue Among Civilizations plan of [[Mohammad Khatami|Sayyid Mohammad Khatami]] (President of the Reformist period). For this reason, wealthy and compromising Arab countries did not support him during his reign in the years 1986 to 1989. Unfortunately, after the overthrow of Sadiq al-Mahdi, Iran with the assumption of "coming to power of an Islamic government" supported [[Omar al-Bashir]] and multiple visits were conducted between the two countries at the level of presidents.
Iran placed generous aids at the disposal of a government that not only due to incompetence caused the separation of a large part of a large Islamic country, but ultimately cut relations with Iran, joined the [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] coalition in the attack on [[Yemen]] and finally as mentioned, agreed to establish relations with the [[Zionist regime|Israel]]<ref>Author: Dr. Javad Ghorbanoghli (Director General of Africa at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Reformist Government)</ref><ref>Adapted from the Shargh Newspaper website [https://www.magiran.com/article/4119263 Adapted from Shargh Newspaper Archive]</ref>.

== Presence at the Islamic Ummah Unity Conference ==
[[Islamic Ummah Unity Conference Tunisia|The Islamic Ummah Unity Conference in Tunisia]] was held with the efforts of the [[Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Sects|Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Sects]], the Iranian Cultural Counsel, and the Global Moderation Association in [[Tunisia|the country of Tunisia]].

In this conference, dozens of religious, cultural, and academic scholars and elites, as well as some heads of Tunisian parties, [[Sadiq al-Mahdi|Sadiq al-Mahdi]], the former Prime Minister of Sudan, and Ayatollah [[Mohsen Araki|Mohsen Araki]], the Secretary-General of the Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Sects, participated.

The Secretary-General of the Assembly for Approximation of Islamic Sects, at the "Islamic Ummah Unity" conference held in Tunisia, said: "Would it not be better for [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi|Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] and others like him, instead of fanning the flames of [[war|war]] in [[Syria|Syria]], to draw people's attention to the real enemy, namely the usurping [[Zionism|Zionist]] regime?"<ref>[http://www.qudsonline.ir/news/132644/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C-%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%85 Quoted from Quds Online News Agency]</ref>.

== Sadiq al-Mahdi's Support for the Actions of the Islamic Republic of Iran ==
[[File:صادق المهدی و خامه یار.jpg|frameless|left]]
Abbas Khamahyar, the Cultural Counsel of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] in [[Lebanon|Lebanon]], wrote in a note on the occasion of the death of [[Sadiq al-Mahdi|Sadiq al-Mahdi]], the former Prime Minister of Sudan: "Perhaps there are few among my contemporaries who do not know 'Sadiq al-Mahdi', the former Prime Minister and head of the 'Ummah' Party of Sudan, who passed away on early Thursday morning, 6th of Azar (26 November 2020 (CE)), due to coronavirus at the age of 85, and are not aware of his prominent presence in the regional and international political arena.

Sadiq al-Mahdi and his political party played a prominent and influential role in the developments of [[North Africa|North Africa]] and the Arab Maghreb in the last half-century. In addition to the presidency of the 'Ummah' Party in Sudan, he held the position of Prime Minister of that country from 1986 to 1989, which was overthrown in 1989 following the coup of '[[Omar al-Bashir|Omar al-Bashir]]', and thereafter, al-Bashir abolished the position of Prime Minister of Sudan.

The Ummah Party, which Sadiq al-Mahdi headed, is the largest political party in Sudan and has always been considered a strong opponent of the normalization of relations between this country and the [[Zionist regime|Zionist regime]].
He stood firmly, bravely, and honestly on this position until the last moments of his life, despite numerous threats and bribes from regional powers, and no threat or encouragement could shake his will.

Sadiq al-Mahdi was very intelligent, witty, realistic, and real-world. He knew the popular movement and the Islamic Revolution of Iran and had special and particular respect for the Iranian nation and always supported the positions of the Islamic Republic; both when he was within the government and when he was outside it.

I had known Sadiq al-Mahdi for years and met with him in [[Tehran|Tehran]], Khartoum, and Doha. The last time was when we were both guests of the Qataris to participate in the annual symposium of the [[Al Jazeera Center for Studies|Al Jazeera]] Center for Studies in [[Qatar|Qatar]] on 15 and 16 April 2017 (CE) for the conference 'Crisis of the State and the Future of the Regional System in the Middle East'."

What reminds me of him most in these difficult regional conditions and in his sad absence is a sentence he said to me after the end of my speech at the conference.

The topic and title of my speech was, "A Review of One Hundred Years of the [[Balfour Declaration|Balfour Declaration]]: The Reason for the Existence of the Future of Israel in the Region", which faced a reaction from a number of Syrian opponents who had gathered at that conference from various countries.
The late Sadiq al-Mahdi sat me next to himself (as shown in the photo below) and while praising and confirming my remarks and repeating the sentence: "Bravo upon you", stated: "Doctor! Do not be sad! Two-thirds of the crowded population of this hall are heartfeltly with Iran and you. But what can we do that..." (He continued his sentence by rubbing two fingers of his hand together, which is a common gesture for receiving money).
I nodded and asked: "Your Excellency the President! Does it mean, in the words of the Master of Martyrs (peace be upon him): 'Their hearts are with us, but their swords are upon us'?". With a nod of his head, he gave me his answer.
<ref>[https://iqna.ir/fa/news/3937554/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF Quoted from IQNA News Agency]</ref>.

== Death ==
[[File:تشییع صادق المهدی.jpg|frameless|left]]
Sadiq al-Mahdi passed away on 26 November 2020 (CE) (early Thursday morning, 6th of [[Azar|Azar]]) due to coronavirus at the age of 84.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:صادق المهدی]]

== Condolence messages on the occasion of the death of Sadiq al-Mahdi ==

=== Message of Hezbollah Lebanon Movement ===

The [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]] movement announced in a statement on Thursday that Sadiq al-Mahdi was one of the figures of thought and jihad in the way of God and a defender of the cause of [[Palestine]] and the path of the [[Axis of Resistance|Resistance]].

Hezbollah offered condolences to his family and supporters on the death of al-Mahdi, who was previously the Prime Minister of Sudan, and emphasized that he was opposed to any kind of normalization of relations with the Zionist regime, especially the normalization of relations between Sudan and this regime.

The Hezbollah statement stated: "The late al-Sadiq was known for his great care and attention to the unity and integrity of the people of Sudan and the preservation of their national and Islamic identity."

Sudanese media reported that the former Prime Minister of Sudan died early Thursday morning at the age of 84 due to infection with the coronavirus.

The [[Hamas|Islamic Resistance Movement of Palestine]] ([[Hamas]]) also offered condolences in a statement and appreciated his positions in support of Palestine and the rights of the people of this country.

Sadiq al-Mahdi, in a note in response to the possibility of Sudan's normalization with the [[Israeli regime|Tel Aviv regime]] in exchange for lifting [[United States|America]] sanctions against Khartoum, had written: "Compromise with Israel will never financially help Sudan and will not lift the imposed sanctions against it."

The head of the Umma Party of Sudan had emphasized: "Those who say that compromise with Israel serves Sudan's interests are delusional." According to al-Mahdi, relations with Israel are acceptable under the shade of a just peace, but under the shade of the Deal of the Century, it is a national, ethnic, Islamic, and international betrayal<ref>[https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/1017553/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA Source text of the statement]</ref>.

=== Islamic World Assembly of Approximation of Islamic Sects ===

The [[Islamic World Assembly of Approximation of Islamic Sects]] offered condolences on the death of Sayyid Sadiq al-Mahdi, head of the [[Umma Party (Sudan)|Umma Party of Sudan]] and former Prime Minister of this country, by publishing a message.

The text of the message is as follows:

Inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un (We belong to God and to Him we return)

The soul of Sayyid Sadiq al-Mahdi, the great mujahid, after spending a life of intellectual, cultural, educational, and political leadership of the Islamic Ummah, departed to the divine mercy.

The entire [[Islamic world]] and especially the Sudanese community have lost this prominent figure and the resistant Sudanese leader who stood firm against challenges for a lifetime.

Sadiq al-Mahdi (may God have mercy on him) in his positions relied on three "nos": no to normalization of relations with Israel, no to surrender, and no to defeat. He had inherited the slogan "Hayhat minna al-dhilla" (Humiliation is far from us) from his fathers and ancestors and was a brave preacher for the dignity of Sudan and the [[Islamic Ummah]].

The rejection of normalization of relations with the Zionist regime and the strengthening of the spirit of resistance in all his positions was evident in that late Sayyid, and his voice and his resistant spirit in Sudan will remain to fight against the traitors to the rights of the Sudanese nation and the Islamic Ummah.

We convey our condolences to the family of that great deceased in the brotherly country, Sudan, and the friends and people of this country, and we ask God Almighty to hand over the flag of dignity and honor and the rejection of normalization and surrender to the generation that was educated by him, and may his soul be satisfied in the vicinity of his Lord. May God's pleasure be upon him and may God gather him with the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt]] of [[Infallibility]] and [[Purity|Purity (peace be upon them)]] and grant patience to his family<ref>[https://www.ilna.news/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-3/1004187-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA-%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA According to ILNA News Agency]</ref>.

=== Arab League ===

[[Ahmed Aboul Gheit]], Secretary-General of the [[Arab League]], today (Thursday) in a message offered condolences on the death of "Sadiq al-Mahdi", head of the Umma Party of Sudan and former Prime Minister of this country due to infection with the coronavirus.

He said: History will remember Sadiq al-Mahdi as a great and wise president who believed in political dialogue as a means to advance the affairs of his country and sacrificed his life in defense of his homeland and Arab identity.

Aboul Gheit added: We offer condolences on the death of Sadiq al-Mahdi to the government and people of Sudan, as well as the Umma Party of Sudan and his family and lovers.

"Sadiq al-Mahdi", the former Prime Minister of Sudan who headed the "Umma" Party, passed away last night at the age of 85 in a hospital in the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] due to infection with Corona.

He was the leader of the Umma Party and the last Prime Minister of Sudan before the coming to power of Omar al-Bashir, the former president of this country in 1989 CE, because after that the position of Prime Minister of Sudan was dissolved by order of al-Bashir.

Sadiq al-Mahdi spent more than 7 years of his life in Sudanese prisons and also spent several years in exile. The Umma Party under his presidency is the largest political party in Sudan and is strongly opposed to the normalization of relations of this country with the Zionist regime.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[Category:Deaths from COVID-19 in Sudan]]
[[Category:Sudanese politicians]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]

[[fa:پیام‌های تسلیت به مناسبت درگذشت صادق المهدی]]

[[Sadiq al-Mahdi]] announced his opposition to the normalization agreement by issuing a statement a few days before the announcement of the normalization of relations between [[Sudan]] and [[Israel]]. He said: "The position of the [[Umma Party]] regarding the process of normalizing relations with the Zionist regime is a principled position and is not based on the position of Arab countries. It is a form of 'blackmail' that Sudan has undertaken by bargaining to receive negligible financial aid in exchange for normalizing relations with [[Tel Aviv]]."<ref>[https://fa.shafaqna.com/news/1052317/ Source mentioning the statement]</ref>.

== Succession of Sadiq al-Mahdi ==

Following his death, Sadiq al-Mahdi, the leader of the Sudanese Umma Party, party officials appointed [[Fadlallah Burmah Nasir]], his first deputy, as the interim successor to the deceased leader of the party.

According to this report, Fadlallah Burmah Nasir will head the party until the Umma Party's general conference is held.

Burmah Nasir stated in this regard: "Sadiq al-Mahdi established capable institutions and organizations that are able to fulfill their roles."

He emphasized the unity of the Umma Party, continuing the path and implementing Sadiq al-Mahdi's vision, as well as holding the party's general conference as soon as possible.

The Sudanese official further stated that "Abdalmahmoud Abu" will serve as the prayer leader for the party's supporters until the Umma Party's general conference is held<ref>[https://www.isna.ir/news/99090805706/%D8%AA%D8%B9%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%BE%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C Quoted from ISNA news agency]</ref>.

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Members of Islamic Unity Unions]]
[[Category:Sudan]]

[[fa:صادق المهدی]]

Draft:Sahib ibn Abbad

2026-08-17T07:19:30Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sahib ibn Abbad
| image = عالمان شیعه.jpg
| birth_name = Abu al-Qasim Ismail ibn Abbad
| other_names =
| birth_date = 326 AH (938 CE)
| birth_place =
| death_date = 385 AH (995 CE)
| death_place =
| teachers = {{plainlist|[[Ibn al-Amid]]|[[Ibn Faris]]}}
| students =
| religion =
| sect =
| notable_works =
| occupation = Prominent scholar and one of the viziers of the [[Buyid dynasty]]
| website =
}}
'''Sahib ibn Abbad:''' "Abu al-Qasim Ismail ibn Abbad (326–385 AH)" was a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] scholar and one of the viziers of the [[Buyid dynasty]].

== Birth and Early Education ==
"Abu al-Qasim Ismail ibn Abbad", son of Abbad, kunya-ed as Sahib and known as Sahib ibn Abbad, was born in Isfahan in 326 AH (938 CE). Sahib's father and ancestors were among the nobles and prominent figures of [[Isfahan]] and held the rank of vizier. His father, Abbad, had reached such a status that people called him "Shaykh Amin".

Sahib's first teacher was his father, who, in addition to being a father, was a kind and compassionate mentor to him. After learning the basics, "Sahib" pursued studies in [[Islamic jurisprudence|jurisprudence]], [[Hadith]], [[Tafsir]], [[Islamic theology|theology]], and other common sciences.

After some time, when he felt he no longer needed the professors and elders of Isfahan, he migrated to "Ray", which was one of the centers of science and literature of that time, and in that city, he joined the study circle of "Ibn al-Amid", the learned and famous vizier of the Buyids. When Ibn al-Amid observed Sahib's ability in composing literary texts, he appointed him as the scribe of the vizierate department.

== Sahib's Position Among the Buyids and His Services ==

The [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid]] family originated from the northern region of [[Iran]] and ruled over vast areas of [[Iran]] during a period of the country's history (320 AH (932 CE)).

During the Buyid era, many of the restrictions and hardships faced by Shias were removed. Testifying to the Wilayah of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in the Adhan, commemorating the event of Karbala and its martyrs, and openly declaring other slogans and religious ceremonies of the Shias are among the services of this family to Islam. Mu'izz al-Dawla – one of the Buyid kings – promoted the Shia sect in Iraq. By his command, during the first ten days of Muharram, the markets of Baghdad were closed, and people would mourn in black clothing.

Commemorating Eid al-Ghadir and holding magnificent celebrations for the birth of the Infallible Imams (peace be upon them) and promoting the virtues of the Shia Imams (peace be upon them) are among the services of this family. Rebuilding the holy shrine of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and constructing domes and sanctuaries over their tombs are among the activities of the Buyids.

In the year 347 AH (958 CE), Sahib went to Baghdad along with Mu'ayyad al-Dawla and his vizier Abu Ali ibn Abul-Fadl Kashani. In this city, which was the most important center of Islamic sciences at that time, he attended the presence of famous professors and elders. During his short stay in Baghdad, he went to the presence of men such as Sirafi, Qadi Abul-Sa'ib, Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Kamil, Muhallabi the Caliph's vizier, Abu Bakr Zakariya Yahya ibn Alawi, and many others, and benefited greatly from them.

In the year 366 AH (976 CE), Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, the ruler of Isfahan, chose Sahib, who had been his scribe for 13 years, as vizier. Sahib spread the carpet of science and literature in that city during his residence in Isfahan and engaged in publishing and promoting virtue and knowledge and encouraging scholars and sages. Gradually, his name became famous for patronizing knowledge, and many speakers, literati, and writers went to his presence and settled in Isfahan.

During Sahib's residence in Isfahan, many great figures of science and literature emerged from this city. These individuals included: Abu Ali Marzuqi, the famous literati, Hallaj Abu Mansur Isfahani, a student of Abu Ali Farisi, Abu Abdullah Khatib Iskafi, Ibn Furak Isfahani, the famous traditionist and historian Abu Nu'aym Hafiz Isfahani, the famous traditionist, and some others.

He was famous in Isfahan for his firm belief in Shiism and also promoted his belief and sect. He exerted much effort in this path. He debated with jurists and scholars on doctrinal issues and in most cases prevailed over them. Many students attended his lecture sessions in Isfahan. Abul-Nandi Muhammad ibn Ahmad is one of the famous literati who attended one of Sahib's dictation sessions and debated with him.

After the death of Rukn al-Dawla in the year 366 AH (976 CE), his son Mu'ayyad al-Dawla took charge of the governance of Ray and Isfahan. After some time, he dismissed his father's vizier Abul-Fath ibn al-Amid, who was a young, inexperienced but arrogant man, and chose Sahib ibn Abbad as vizier. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, who had complete knowledge of Sahib's virtues and kindness and had observed his abilities in statecraft and administration, after conferring the position of vizier upon him, granted him full authority, such that Sahib could dispose of the treasury funds in any way he deemed appropriate and apply his opinion in all matters. Also, Sahib made great efforts in spreading justice and good customs, prospering the country, public welfare, economic prosperity, and promoting knowledge and art, and established his scientific and literary circle in Ray just as in Isfahan.

In the year 370 AH (980 CE), Sahib ended the conflict between Mu'ayyad al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla, who had marched from Baghdad to Hamadan, with his prudence and established peace and harmony between them. Also, Sahib's management and wisdom caused the troops of Adud al-Dawla and Mu'ayyad al-Dawla to defeat the soldiers of Khorasan and the army of Qabus ibn Wushmgir. This victory occurred in the year 371 AH (981 CE). After the death of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, through Sahib's management and persistence, the government of Ray and the areas under its influence passed to Fakhr al-Dawla. Sahib's greatness and high status reached its peak during Fakhr's era. He, who still held the position of vizier, gained more freedom of action during this period. Sahib's awe and grandeur at this time was such that Fakhr al-Dawla also treated him with caution and did not dare to joke with him much.

During Fakhr al-Dawla's government, Sahib, with much pursuit, was able to conquer many regions and add to the lands under Fakhr al-Dawla's influence and suppress the seditions that had arisen in Tabaristan.

[[fa:صاحب بن عباد]]

== Religion of the Sahib ==

Many great figures have explicitly affirmed his Shi'ism, and some his Twelver Shi'ism. Sayyid Ibn Tawus, Shaykh Saduq, Allamah Majlisi, Shaykh Hurr Amili, Shaykh Bahai, Shaykh Aqa Buzurg Tehrani, Shaykh Abbas Qomi, Allamah Amini, and many others are among this group, but one cannot definitively opine regarding his sect. Even scrutinizing the poetry remaining from the Sahib, which conveys his zeal and love for the wilayah and friendship of the Infallible Imams (peace be upon them), cannot be a solid proof of his being Shi'a. For example, some Shi'a scholars such as those named above have considered the following poems as the best evidence for the Shi'ism of this great personality:
«ابا حسن لو کان حبک مدخلی * جهنم، ان الفوز عند جحیمها»
«فکیف یخاف النار من هو مؤمن * بأن امیرالمؤمنین قسیمها»
O Abu al-Hasan, if love for you causes me to enter Hell, verily the fire of Hell will bring about my salvation. How can one who considers you the divider of Paradise and Hell fear the Fire?

== Ethics and Conduct of the Sahib ==

Through his commendable ethics, the Sahib had made scholars of knowledge and literature and the general public enamored of him. Generosity and chivalry are among the most prominent moral attributes of the Sahib, regarding which many anecdotes have been narrated from him. He also benefited greatly from humility and modesty, and especially honored Sayyids and scholars. While possessing humility and modesty, the Sahib also possessed majesty and greatness. Forgiveness and leniency, insight, courage, and many other moral virtues can be found in the Sahib.

== Politics and Statecraft ==

When the Sahib reached the position of vizierate, he sought to reform affairs, and in the first step, he abolished undesirable innovations and oppressive customs. He was very diligent in implementing justice and removing oppression from the people. He also paid attention to the development of cities, repair and reconstruction of ruins, and the construction of good works; among which the prosperity of the cities of Qazvin, Qom, and Isfahan can be mentioned. The Sahib had special attention for the city of Qom, which was the main base of Shi'as at that time. The author of ''History of Qom'', who dedicated this book to the Sahib, says: "I found nothing more select for the Sahib than a composition on the news of Qom and its people".
<br>The Sahib prospered the country's economy during his vizierate and raised the treasury's assets to a high level. He also paid great attention to sports and encouraged athletes. He did not entrust the affairs of the divan except to people of virtue and knowledge. And whenever he became aware that a deserving and competent individual was unemployed, he would take a job from those who held multiple jobs and assign it to him.

== Sahib's Role in the Expansion of Knowledge and Establishment of the Library ==
Sahib ibn Abbad was born into an environment enamored with knowledge and literature, and until the last moments of his life, he did not neglect knowledge and science for a moment. Sahib's efforts in teaching and learning were not limited to a specific time, such that even after reaching the position of vizier, he did not forget the acquisition of knowledge and gnosis. Whether during his residence in the cities of [[Isfahan]], [[Baghdad]], and [[Ray, Iran|Ray]], or during travel, he was never separated from scholars and great men of science, and even during military missions, he held councils of discussion and dialogue.

Providing the grounds for the expansion of science among the general public was one of Sahib's important policies during his vizierate. In pursuit of this important matter, he invited scholars from [[Baghdad]] to [[Isfahan]] and [[Ray, Iran|Ray]]. Sahib knew that the prosperity of the country and the boom of the economy, in the first stage, depended on the people being freed from the chains of ignorance and unawareness, and perceiving the light of knowledge and virtue.

Sahib paid special attention to the writings of men of the pen. Whenever he became aware of the compilation of a new book, with great effort and endeavor, he procured a copy of it and placed it for study in his own library. Through his numerous efforts, he managed to form a vast and unparalleled library. Sahib's library contained most of the works and scientific compilations of that era, and numerous scholars and writers benefited from that valuable treasure. "Al-Muqaddasi", the famous and renowned geographer of the 4th century, has stated that he is among those who have benefited greatly and extensively from Sahib's great library. The list of the names of the books available in the said library alone contained ten volumes, and the number of the books themselves was countless. According to some researchers, the volume of books in this library in the 10th century CE was equal to the sum of books available in the libraries of Europe.

Sahib honored the status of the greats of religion, science, and literature, and did not refrain in the slightest from respecting them. Some of the greats appeared in his service and were counted among his companions, and others expressed devotion to him through correspondence; such as Al-Sabi, the famous writer of that era. Sayyid Radi also composed odes in [[Baghdad]] and praised Sahib.

Ibn Abbad sent five thousand dinars to [[Baghdad]] every year to be distributed among the jurists and literati of that land. Some of the scholars and literati who were companions of Sahib were as follows:
# Abul-Qasim al-Zafrani
# Abul-Qasim ibn Abi al-Ala
# Abul-Abbas al-Dabbi
# Abu Sa'id al-Rustami
# Abu Dulaf al-Khazraji
# Abu Muhammad Khan al-Isfahani
# Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani ... and many others.

Yaqut in ''Mu'jam al-Udaba'' writes: Five hundred poets possessing a diwan praised Sahib ibn Abbad, and it has been narrated from Sahib that he said: "Poets have praised me in one hundred thousand verses of Persian and Arabic."

He also bestowed his favors upon the scholars and greats of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], and every year with the Hajj caravan, he sent gifts to each of them commensurate with their status.

== Sahib's Scientific Status ==
Sahib had mastery and expertise in sciences such as Quranic sciences and exegesis, hadith, theology, lexicography, grammar, prosody, literary criticism, history, and medicine. Perseverance and enthusiasm for learning the sciences and arts common in that era compelled him to acquire various knowledge, such that he became an authority in many sciences.

== Works ==
Numerous works in the field of the above sciences remain from Sahib, which are as follows:
# ''Al-Iqna'' (on the science of prosody)
# ''Al-Amthal al-Sa'ira'' (on literary sciences)
# ''Al-Tadhkira'' (on theology and principles of religion)
# Diwan of Poems
# ''Rasa'il Sahib'' (ethical, creedal, and social discussions)
# A treatise on the virtues of Hazrat Abd al-Azim al-Hasani (peace be upon him)
# A treatise on the science of medicine
# ''Unwan al-Ma'arif''
# ''Al-Farq bayn al-Dad wa al-Za''
# ''Al-Muhit'' (on the science of lexicography)
# ''Al-Manzuma al-Farida''

== Sahib's Lost Works ==
Sahib ibn Abbad had compilations which unfortunately have not reached us:
# ''Al-Anwar''
# ''Al-Ruznamaja''
# ''Al-Imama''
# ''Tarikh al-Malik wa Ikhtilaf al-Duwal''
# ''Al-Hajar''
# ''Al-Zaydiyya''
# ''Al-Shawahid''
# ''Al-Fusul al-Muhadhdhaba lil-Qawl''
# ''Al-Qada wa al-Qadar''
# ''Al-Wuzara''
# ''Al-Waqf wa al-Ibtida''
# ''Al-Kafi fi al-Tarasul'' and some others.

== Books Dedicated to Sahib ==
# ''Uyun Akhbar al-Rida'' (peace be upon him): By the venerable Sheikh and high-ranking jurist Saduq (may God have mercy on him)
# Book of Rijal, by Husayn ibn Ali ibn Babawayh, brother of Sheikh Saduq
# ''Tarikh Qom'', by Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Qummi
# ''Lata'if al-Ma'arif'', by Al-Tha'alibi (famous literatus)
# ''Al-Sahib'', by Ibn Faris
# ''Al-Tahdhib'', by Qadi Abd al-Aziz al-Jurjani
# ''Al-Hajar'', by Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Abi Sulayman

== Sahib's Teachers ==
Precise information is not available regarding the specifications of all of Sahib's teachers. Some of his important teachers are as follows:
# Abbad (his father)
# Ibn Amid
# Ibn Faris
# Abul-Fadl Abbas ibn Muhammad al-Nahwi, known as Saddam
# Abu Sa'id Hasan ibn Abdullah al-Sirafi
# Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yaqub
# Qadi Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Kamil
# Abu Zakariya Yahya ibn Adi
# Abu Amr al-Sabbagh

[[fa:صاحب بن عباد]]

== Students ==
The names of some of his students are as follows:
# [[AbdulQahir Jurjani|Shaykh AbdulQahir Jurjani]]
# [[Abu Bakr ibn Muqri]]
# [[Qadi Abu Tayyib Tabari]]
# [[Abu al-Fadl Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Nasawi Shafi'i]]
# [[Abu Bakr Ali Dhakwani]]

== Poetry ==
Al-Sahib composed poems in all genres and arts of poetry, such as praise, elegy, satire, admonitions, and others, demonstrating his poetic power in each art by bringing forth new meanings and fresh, precise themes. He composed numerous poems describing the [[Imams]] and [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali]] (peace be upon him), expressing their lofty status. Al-Sahib composed 27 odes in praise of the [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Commander of the Faithful]] (peace be upon him), in each of which one letter was not used.
<br>The "art of omission" in the twenty-eighth ode, which was devoid of the letter "waw", remained unfinished. [[Ibn Shahr Ashub]], in ''Ma'alim al-Ulama'', listed al-Sahib among [[Shia Islam|Shia]] poets and quoted poems from him, considering him one of the poets who were fearless in expressing their Shia affiliation and devotion to the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Household of the Prophet]] (peace be upon him and his progeny).
<br>Some of his compositions are as follows:
<br>Love for Ali ibn Abi Talib
<br>He is the one who guides to Paradise
<br>If preferring him is an innovation
<br>Then may God's curse be upon the Sunnah
<br>Friendship with Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) is the guide for all to Paradise.
<br>If preferring him over the [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]] is an innovation and contrary to [[Sunnah]], then may God's curse be upon this Sunnah.
<br>And he also recites:
<br>A Nasibi said to me: Muawiyah is your maternal uncle
<br>The best of uncles and maternal uncles
<br>Indeed, he is the maternal uncle of all believers
<br>I said: Yes, he is an uncle, but empty of goodness
<br>A Nasibi said to me: Muawiyah is your maternal uncle, the best of uncles and maternal uncles.
<br>In fact, Muawiyah is the maternal uncle of all believers! I said: Yes, he is an uncle, but he is empty of goodness.

== Prose ==
Al-Sahib possessed strange skill in the art of writing and books, and in this field, he had his own style and method. [[Thaalibi]] considered al-Sahib's compositions to be near the limit of magic and miracle in terms of beauty of wording and meaning.
<br>Al-Sahib adorned his writings with Quranic verses, proverbs and admonitions, and words and poems of famous poets. The sentence: "O Judge of Qom, verily we have dismissed you from judgeship, so rise" is among al-Sahib's famous literary sentences. Al-Sahib's numerous decrees are also among other signs of his eloquence, rhetoric, and skill in literary arts.

== Al-Sahib and the Persian Language ==
Some suppose that al-Sahib exhibited bias by preferring Arabic literature over Persian literature, whereas examining his circumstances refutes this belief. Our best witness and evidence is al-Sahib's relationship with Persian-speaking poets such as "Bandar Razi", "Ghada'iri", and "Junaydi", and al-Sahib's special respect in honoring them.
<br>Investigation and reflection in what scholars have stated shows that al-Sahib was never opposed to the Persian language and Persian speakers; rather, he was hostile towards racism, disbelief, and return to [[Zoroastrianism]] that was carried out under the pretext of defending the Persian language. He was concerned about the promotion and expansion of Zoroastrianism, especially since in the [[Buyid dynasty]], some [[Daylamites]] nobles remained on the Zoroastrian faith and held important positions, and al-Sahib was displeased with them due to his commitment to his own religion and sect. Therefore, he sometimes spoke of his displeasure with them, and this stance cannot be counted as opposition to the Persian language.

== Death ==

Towards the end of his life, Sahib became ill and bedridden, yet even while confined to bed, he did not neglect the affairs of the country. During his illness, people visited him, and twice a day they would stand before his residence and pray to God for his recovery.
<br>Finally, on the night of Friday, 24 Safar 385 AH (June 995 CE), he surrendered his soul to his Lord and departed to the eternal abode.
<br>In the morning, the people of Rey learned of the passing of the loyal vizier of their land. All city markets were closed, and the gates of Rey were shut. A large crowd gathered for Sahib's funeral procession. Abu al-Abbas Dabbi, one of the scholars of Rey who was Sahib's student, led the funeral prayer over the master's body. Fakhr al-Dawla and the army commanders, wearing black garments, participated in the mourning ceremony for this learned vizier. Sahib's coffin remained in his house in Rey for a while, and was eventually transferred with honor and buried in his birthplace, Isfahan. Since then, Sahib's shrine has become a pilgrimage site for both specific devotees and the general public, and every year many enthusiasts of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) visit Sahib's shrine (his shrine is located in Toqchi Square, next to the tomb of Ayatollah Tayyeb).
<br>News of the passing of the learned and religious Shia vizier spread rapidly throughout all major centers of the world, such as Baghdad and Isfahan. Those who were grieved and those who knew the depth of the tragedy expressed their inner pain and heartache through poetry, composing heart-rending elegies in mourning of this precious personality of Islam.
<br>Some of his contemporaries composed 112 verses of poetry in mourning of Sahib, and Abu al-Fath Uthman ibn Jinni wrote a commentary on those verses in one volume.
<br>Regarding the greatness of Sahib ibn Abbad's personality, it suffices that Allamah Hilli says regarding him: He is among those whom no matter how literary and eloquent a writer is, they are incapable of expressing his virtues and nobilities, and the speaker's tongue dries up in speech.

{{Islamic Scholars}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Scholars]]
[[Category:Iran]]

Draft:Shimon Peres

2026-08-16T07:18:32Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Shimon Peres
| image = Shimon Peres.jpg
| birth_date = 2 August 1923
| birth_place = Vishnyeva, Second Polish Republic (now Belarus)
| death_date = 28 September 2016 (aged 93)
| death_place = {{flatlist|Israel|Tel Aviv|Sheba Medical Center}}
| religion = [[Judaism]]
| office = 9th President of [[Israel]]
| known_for = Nobel Peace Prize, Oslo Accords
}}
'''Shimon Peres''' was the ninth President of occupied [[Palestine]]. He served as a representative from 1959 to 2007, holding the longest tenure in the [[Knesset]]. Many believe that instead of receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, he should have been tried and punished as a war criminal. Shimon Peres served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Israel in the second government of [[Yitzhak Rabin]] and played a key role in the negotiations between [[Yasser Arafat]] (Chairman of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]]) and Yitzhak Rabin. Following these negotiations, the Government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization recognized each other, and the Oslo Accords were signed between them in 1993. Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin, and Yasser Arafat received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1995 following these negotiations.

== Who is Shimon Peres ==
Shimon Peres is a politician and statesman of the [[Israel|Zionist regime]] with seven decades of professional activity. During this period, he served as deputy, held ministerial positions, served as President for 7 years, and was simultaneously the oldest head of state. In addition to political activities, Peres became known for books, publications, and articles regarding the conflict between [[Arabs]] and Israel.

This politician was born on 2 August 1923 in the [[Republic of Poland]] (this territory now belongs to [[Belarus]]). In childhood, he was named Senya Persky. His father was a timber merchant and his mother was a librarian and Russian language teacher. In addition, he also had a famous distant relative, Lauren Bacall, who is known as one of the biggest stars of Hollywood.

However, in numerous interviews, Shimon Peres said that his maternal grandfather, who held the scientific title of [[Rabbi]] and was a descendant of the famous founder of [[Volozhin Yeshiva]], had the greatest influence on his life.

=== The Qana Criminal ===
According to the [[Alalam News Network]], Peres committed a horrific crime in southern [[Lebanon]] in 1996, known as the "Qana massacre". In this crime, dozens of Lebanese including several women and children were martyred. This occurred while he had received the Nobel Peace Prize two years prior to this crime in 1994!
Peres was born in [[Poland]] in 1923 and went to the occupied lands of [[Palestine]] in 1934. He was one of the founders of the [[Israel|Zionist regime]].

=== The Criminal Who Received the Peace Prize ===
Engineer and designer of the Zionist regime's nuclear program:

Shimon Peres was known as the designer and engineer of the Zionist regime's nuclear program, but he gained international fame after signing the Oslo Treaty between the Zionist regime and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] after long secret and hidden negotiations in Oslo – the capital of [[Norway]] – in 1993.
Peres jointly received the Nobel Peace Prize with [[Yitzhak Rabin]], the then Prime Minister of the Zionist regime, and the martyr [[Yasser Arafat]], the late leader of Palestine<ref>[https://fa.alalam.ir/news/1866567/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA According to the website of the Palestine Information Center]</ref>.

=== The Bloody History of the Criminal Peres ===
The skills and abilities that the criminal Shimon Peres possessed turned him from the very beginning into one of the hopes of the Zionist regime to advance the [[Zionism]] project in the land of Palestine, which [[David Ben-Gurion]], the first Prime Minister of the Zionist regime, said in this regard that his wish was for Shimon Peres and [[Ariel Sharon]] to take the helm of this regime such that Peres would be Prime Minister and Sharon would be Minister of War.

To express the peak of the devilish alliance of Peres and Sharon and how they committed wild and horrific crimes against the Palestinian and Arab nations, one can refer to two days of their alliance. First, 18 April 1996, when the first Qana crime occurred, and the day 30 July 2006, when the second Qana massacre took place, and both crimes were committed against innocent and non-combatant individuals in refugee camps in the town of Qana located in southern Lebanon.

On these two days, the criminal Peres and Sharon shed the blood of thousands of children and innocents and tore apart the buds of their lives. This is the same Shimon Peres that some Arab leaders imagine was the only person with whom negotiations could be entered and peace and reconciliation achieved in the [[Middle East]], but in reality, he was a poisonous and stinging scorpion<ref>[https://fa.alalam.ir/news/1866567/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA According to the website of the Palestine Information Center]</ref>.

== Migration to Israel ==
Shimon Peres was 8 years old when his father went to [[Palestine]] for grain trade. After 3 years, his wife and children followed him. His grandfather did not go with them and after 7 years was burned by the Germans along with the rest of his relatives in the [[Synagogue]]. Shimon went to high school in [[Tel Aviv]]. After graduating from there, he entered the Kibbutz work school. There he met Sonia Gelman and married her in 1945. After learning his first studies, Peres engaged in farming and joined the Unity and Revival movement of the [[Jewish people]].

At the age of 18, he served as secretary of the [[Socialist Organization]] of Youth, then joined the MAPAI party and at the age of 24 worked in the management of the underground military organization Haganah.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[Category:Israeli politicians]]
[[Category:Presidents of Israel]]
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]

[[fa:شیمون پرز]]

== First Steps on the Career Ladder ==

His commitment to his cause helped Shimon Peres become the assistant director-general of the Israeli Ministry of Defense. During the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War|Arab-Israeli War]], he purchased weapons and equipment, and recruited military forces. In 1948, he became the head of the Naval Group, and a year later - head of the Ministry of Defense delegation, sent to [[United States|America]]. He successfully combined his work with studies at New York and Harvard universities. At 28, he became Deputy Director-General and a year later assumed the position himself.

Although Peres was the youngest Director-General in the history of the Israeli Ministry of Defense, he performed his duties successfully, improved relations with [[France]], controlled the country's budget and production, and placed the latter on a war footing. This politician understood the importance of developing science and technology; he supported research in the military field and contributed to the creation of nuclear research centers.

== Strategic Alliance with France ==

Shimon Peres not only established military relations with France - but also helped in arming and supplying tanks to Israel. He soon replaced [[United Kingdom|England]] as the main source of ammunition, and after Peres's secret visit to the French Air Force commander, Israel obtained two of the most modern fighter aircraft, additional tanks, radar, and weapons.

Close relations with France were not easy. Peres had to work hard to overcome the hostility of some dignitaries and adapt to frequent government changes. But the results exceeded all expectations; Israel had the opportunity to purchase military equipment worth millions of dollars, and a strategic alliance was created.

== Sinai Campaign ==

France not only helped Israel arm itself. Representatives of the French Ministry of Defense management provided active assistance in the attack on [[Egypt]]. This was interesting for the senior management, and soon a meeting of delegations from [[Israel]], [[France]], and [[United Kingdom|England]] was held. They coordinated their forces' actions and prepared an operational plan. The subsequent Suez Crisis ended with Egypt's military defeat, and Peres was awarded the Legion of Honour.

At the end of the Sinai Campaign, Shimon Peres began to strengthen the army and prepare new scientific research. He began to improve relations with the Federal Republic of [[Germany]]. Continuing the purchase of foreign equipment, Peres decided to develop military production within Israel itself, and soon the first training aircraft was produced there.

His next goal was to achieve [[Nuclear weapons|nuclear weapons]]. The construction of reactors and production for separating radioactive metals was carried out with French support. All information regarding bomb designs was classified.

== First Ups and Downs ==

The political rise in Shimon Peres's biography began in 1959, when he became Deputy Minister and a month and a half later, Deputy Minister of Defense. In his new position, he continued the path he had taken: he did not abandon his intention to create a military industry in Israel and develop the nuclear program, and increased the supply of French weapons and technologies.

However, when conflict began within the Mapai political party, Shimon was forced to retreat from it. After leaving his position as Deputy, he became one of the founders of a movement called the Israeli Workers' List. Thus, he found himself in opposition to the government.

Shimon Peres's quote about this time well demonstrates the fundamentality of the changes that occurred in his life. He recalled how he sat in a small, stressful room, engaged in worries and trivial matters and collecting funds for his movement's performance, while only six months earlier he was responsible for the Ministry of Defense apparatus and unimaginable money passed through his hands.

== Ministerial Positions ==

Disputes in Mapai were resolved, and soon he united along with the "Israeli Workers' List" and another Jewish political party to create Avoda. Another name for the new organization was the "Labor Party"; Peres took one of the two secretary positions.

When Avoda won the elections, Peres became Minister of Absorption, then Transport, and then Communications. This politician actively took on new responsibilities, improving Israel's accession to satellite communications and telephone lines.

[[fa:شیمون پرز]]

== Political Setbacks ==

Peres did not intend to retreat and again ran at the head of the [[Israeli Labor Party|Labor Party]] in the elections. However, this time he faced failure. The third election also did not end in victory for Peres and his Labor Party, and he took the Prime Minister in the [[National Unity Government (Israel)|National Unity Government]], the position of Minister of Interior and simultaneously Religious Affairs. Here he achieved a specific success: forces were withdrawn from [[Lebanon]] and the country's internal political situation was stabilized. Then he took the position of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance.

In his new position, he decided to plot against the right-center [[Likud]] party, which nullified negotiations with the Palestinians. In this matter, the ultra-religious parties were supposed to help him, but they broke the agreement after the fall of the government and a new leadership was formed without the participation of the Labor Party.

Many people inside the party were dissatisfied with this situation and, without diminishing Peres's right as a prominent politician, believed that he was not suitable for the role of their leader. [[Yitzhak Rabin|Rabin]] returned to leadership. Then Shimon took over the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Improving relations with the Middle East and concluding agreements with [[United Nations]]{{citation needed}} and [[Jordan]] was mainly due to Shimon Peres, for which he received the [[Nobel Prize]] in 1994.

== Forever Second ==

The series of failures in Shimon Peres's biography, which began with his first election as leader of the Labor Party, did not end with resignation from the party. After working as Minister of Regional Cooperation, he again led the Labor Party, but a year later lost the party to another candidate. While he was Deputy Prime Minister, the party leadership changed, and after the resignation of its next leader, the position again went to Shimon. But this did not last long: after a while, the politician failed again in the elections and moved to the [[Kadima]] party, where he only achieved the second position. He repeatedly missed opportunities to secure leadership positions in various parties, but he has always remained in high politics.

== Death ==

The decline in health of the former president began in 2016 when he suffered a heart attack. Peres was immediately hospitalized and underwent arterial catheterization there. After the operation, he recovered, but in September this politician suffered a stroke and after that his condition was assessed as critical by doctors. Peres had to be placed in a medically induced coma and connected to a life support device.

This method did not create the expected effect; new problems appeared in the form of kidney failure and other pathologies. Doctors could not do anything and the politician died on 28 September 2016.

== References ==

* [https://fa.drunkentengu.com/shimon-peres-biografiya-lichnaya-jizn-interesnyie-faktyi-foto-100e2 Derived from the website Shimon Peres: Short Biography, Personal Life, Interesting Facts]. Retrieved 10 April 2025.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Heads of State]]
[[Category:Zionist Regime]]

[[fa:شیمون پرز]]

Draft:Shirin Saeidi

2026-08-16T06:56:09Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Shirin Saeidi
| image = شیرین سعیدی.jpg
| birth_year = 1980 (CE)
| birth_place = [[Iran]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| notable_works = ''Women and the Islamic Republic''
| occupation = Assistant Professor of Political Science, Researcher, Director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Arkansas
}}

'''Shirin Saeidi''' is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Arkansas and an Iranian-American researcher who has conducted research on political and social analyses of [[Iran]], particularly regarding the status of women, gender, and religious politics. She became the first woman to head the [[King Fahd Center for Middle East Studies]] at the University of Arkansas in Shahrivar 1401 SH (August 2022 CE), and remained in this position until December 2025 CE<ref>[https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/847695/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88-%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86 The story of the Iranian professor residing in America who found out in San Francisco that he is imprisoned in Evin, Hamshahri Online website].</ref>.
She was dismissed from her management position at the University of Arkansas Center for Middle Eastern Studies due to her political views regarding the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] and support for [[Ali Khamenei|Imam Khamenei]] and criticism of [[Israel]].

== Education and Career ==
[[File:شیرین سعیدی2.jpg|frameless|right|]]
Shirin Saeidi received her PhD in Political Science from the University of Cambridge, [[United Kingdom|England]] in 2012 CE<ref>[https://tirdadname.ir/shirin-saeidi/ Who is Shirin Saeidi?, Tirdad Nameh website].</ref>. Since then, she has been extensively active in various fields of Iranology and women's studies. Saeidi has been teaching as an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Arkansas and has been active in the field of fieldwork research in [[Iran]] for years.

== Works ==
Saeidi has published one of her prominent works titled ''"Women and the Islamic Republic''", which was published by Cambridge University Press in 2022 CE. This book analyzes the status of women in the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] after the [[Islamic Revolution]].

== Controversies and Dismissal ==
[[File:شیرین سعیدی1.jpg|frameless|right|]]

In December 2025, Shirin Saeidi was dismissed from her management position at the University of Arkansas Center for Middle Eastern Studies due to her political views regarding the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] and support for [[Ali Khamenei|Imam Khamenei]] and criticism of [[Israel]], and her page on the X network was also blocked. This decision was made following the formation of a public campaign against her political positions. Shirin Saeidi defended the Islamic Republic of Iran on her social networks and specifically praised the leader of Iran, Imam Khamenei. She also called the [[United States|America]] sanctions against the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] illegal and took strong positions against [[Israel]]. In this regard, the spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] criticized the freedom of speech law in the West and condemned this behavior by the US government.

== External links ==
* [https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/847695/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88-%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86 The story of the Iranian professor residing in America who found out in San Francisco that he is imprisoned in Evin, Hamshahri Online website].

* [https://tirdadname.ir/shirin-saeidi/ Who is Shirin Saeidi?, Tirdad Nameh website].

== See also ==
* [[Iran]]
* [[Palestine]]
* [[Israel]]
* [[Ali Khamenei]]
* [[King Fahd Center for Middle East Studies]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/847695/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88-%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86 The story of the Iranian professor residing in America who found out in San Francisco that he is imprisoned in Evin, Hamshahri Online website], Published: 28 April 2024 (CE), Retrieved: 14 December 2025 (CE).

* [https://tirdadname.ir/shirin-saeidi/ Who is Shirin Saeidi?, Tirdad Nameh website], Published: 13 December 2025 (CE), Retrieved: 14 December 2025 (CE).

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Iran]]

[[fa:شیرین سعیدی]]

Draft:Sheikh Maqbool

2026-08-16T06:53:22Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sheikh Maqbool
| image = شهید.jpg
| birth_name =
| other_names = Shahidullah Shahid
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 2015
| death_place = Pakistan
| education =
| religion =
| sect =
| notable_works =
| occupation = Prominent member of [[Taliban]] and [[Islamic State|ISIS]]; former senior spokesman for [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]]
| website =
}}

'''Sheikh Maqbool''', known as Shahidullah Shahid, was a prominent member of the [[Taliban]] and [[Islamic State|ISIS]] in both [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]].

== Military activities ==
Shahidullah served as the senior spokesman for the [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] since the group's formation in 2006. Shahidullah was expelled from the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan on 21 October 2014, one week after pledging allegiance to [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], the leader of [[Islamic State|ISIS]],<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-taliban-idUSKCN0IA1EC20141021 Pakistan Taliban]</ref>.

== Death ==
On 9 July 2015, he was killed in a [[United States]] airstrike in Haska Mina District, [[Nangarhar Province]], Afghanistan. Another ISIS commander named Gul Zaman, who was from the Orakzai region of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan, was also killed in this strike<ref>[https://afghanusadoosti.com/fa/america-and-afghanistan-news/%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B4/ A prominent member of ISIS group killed in Afghanistan]</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Taliban]]
[[Category:Islamic State]]
[[Category:Pakistan]]

[[fa:شیخ مقبول]]

Draft:Shaykh Mufid

2026-08-16T06:42:17Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Shaykh Mufid
| image = محمد بن نعمان.jpg
| birth_name = {{flatlist|Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man|Ibn al-Mu'allim}}
| other_names = Shaykh Mufid
| birth_date = 336 or 338 AH (948 or 950 CE)
| birth_place = {{flatlist|Suwayqah village|Ukbara|[[Baghdad]]|[[Iraq]]}}
| death_date = 413 AH (1022 CE)
| death_place = Baghdad
| teachers = {{plainlist|[[Shaykh Saduq]]|Ibn Junayd al-Iskafi|[[Ibn Qulawayh]]}}
| students = {{plainlist|[[Sayyid Murtaza]]|[[Sayyid Radi]]|[[Shaykh Tusi]]}}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| notable_works = {{flatlist|''Al-Irshad''|''Al-Amali''|''Al-Uyun wa al-Mahasen''}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|[[Muhaddith|Hadith scholar]]|[[Faquih|Jurist]]|Theologian}}
}}

'''Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man''' (336–413 AH / 948–1022 CE), known as [[Shaykh Mufid]], was one of the prominent scholars of [[Shia Islam|Shia]]. He was a pioneer in codifying [[Shia Islam|Shia]] theology and [[Principles of Islamic jurisprudence|Usul al-Fiqh]] of the [[Twelver Shia Islam|Imamiyyah]]. One of the matters indicating his high status among Shia scholars is that he was honored to receive three letters (tawqiʿat) from [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Imam al-Mahdi (may Allah hasten his reappearance)]] over a period of three years. Shaykh Mufid trained great students, among whom were [[Sayyid Murtaza|Sayyid Murtaza]], [[Sharif al-Radi|Sayyid Radi]], and [[Shaykh Tusi]].

== Historical Context of Shaykh Mufid's Era ==
The 4th century AH (10th century CE) in Islamic history is the century of science and knowledge, coinciding with the establishment of the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid state]] which began in [[Baghdad]]. During this era, various sciences flourished and numerous books were written in most scientific fields.

Many governments, such as the Buyids in [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]], the Samanids in [[Khorasan]], [[Turkestan]], and [[Transoxiana]], the Ziyarids in [[Tabaristan]], and other Islamic states played a significant role in the growth and flourishing of science. During this period, [[Baghdad]] was titled the scientific center of the [[Islamic world]], and within the domain of Islamic states, prominent scholars and thinkers emerged in various scientific fields.

Adud al-Dawla al-Daylami played an important role in this flourishing. As the scholar-sultan of the [[Buyid dynasty]], he is considered the founder of the valuable Adud al-Dawla library in Shiraz and the libraries of Sahib Ibn Abbad and Ibn al-Amid in Ray. A minister of the Buyids named Shapur ibn Ardashir built a large library called Dar al-Ilm in 381 AH (991 CE), which after his [[death]] came under the management of Shaykh Mufid. The historical importance of this period is that due to the rise of independent [[Shia Islam|Shia]] governments such as the Buyids in Iran, [[Shia Islam|Shia]] were able to express their beliefs quite freely<ref>Sayyid Muhammad Jawad Shubayri, "Untold Stories of Shaykh Mufid's Life Welcoming the Mufid Millennium", (Journal): ''Nur-i Ilm'', 1989, No. 33, pp. 133-134.</ref>.

== Lineage, Kunya, and Birth ==
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man<ref>Al-Najashi, ''Rijal'', 1407 AH, p. 399, No. 1067.</ref> was born on 11 [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]] 336 AH or 338 AH<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, ''Al-Fihrist'', 1971 CE, p. 197; Al-Tusi, ''Al-Fihrist'', 1417 AH, p. 239.</ref> in Ukbara near Baghdad.

His father had the profession of teaching, and for this reason, Shaykh Mufid was known as "Ibn al-Mu'allim". Ukbari and Baghdadi are two other kunyas of his. Regarding his kunya "Mufid", it is said: In a debate he had with Ali ibn Isa al-Rummani, a Mu'tazili scholar, he was able to refute the opponent's arguments; thereafter, al-Rummani called him "Mufid"<ref>Shubayri, ''A Glimpse into the Life of Shaykh Mufid'', 1413 AH, pp. 8-9.</ref>.

Historical sources mention two children for Mufid; one was Abu al-Qasim Ali and the other a daughter whose name is not mentioned in sources and was the wife of Abu Ya'la al-Ja'fari<ref>Shubayri, ''A Glimpse into the Life of Shaykh Mufid'', 1413 AH, p. 37; Shubayri, ''Untold Stories of Shaykh Mufid's Life'', 1413 AH, p. 118.</ref>.

== Biography ==
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man was born on the eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah in the year 336 or 338 AH in the village of Suwayqah ibn Basri, a dependency of Ukbara, ten farsangs north of [[Baghdad]] near the city of Dijil, into a noble family deeply rooted in the Shia faith<ref>Nassaji Zavareh, Ismail, "Shaykh Mufid, the Document of Pride for the Shia School", ''Maktab-i Islam'', No. 10, 2002.</ref>.

Since his father was a pious and religious person engaged in teaching and education, he was given the kunya ''Ibn al-Mu'allim''. Shaykh Mufid began his studies from childhood and before the age of twelve, he narrated from some Muhaddithun, and before the age of twenty, he heard hadith from his teacher, [[Shaykh Saduq]].

Shaykh Mufid benefited scientifically from the presence of more than seventy elders. He learned theology and beliefs from the presence of Muzaffar ibn Muhammad, Abu Yasir, and [[Ibn Junayd al-Iskafi]], and benefited from the lessons of Husayn ibn Ali al-Basri and Ali ibn Isa al-Rummani. He learned [[Faquih|Jurisprudence]] from [[Ibn Qulawayh|Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Qulawayh]] and learned the science of narration from the adept literateur and historian Muhammad ibn Imran al-Marzubani, and Ibn Hamza al-Tabari, Ibn Dawud al-Qummi, Safwan, and Shaykh Saduq were among his other teachers. His diligence in study caused him to become the head of scholars of his time in theology, jurisprudence, and principles after a while<ref>Anniversary of the Death of the Great Shia Scholar Shaykh Mufid (may Allah have mercy on him), Hawza Website (Publication Date: 28 November 2007).</ref>.

Shaykh Mufid lived in the Karkh neighborhood of Baghdad, which was the center of Shia, and the famous Baratha [[Mosque]] in that neighborhood, which still remains and is a pilgrimage site for Shia, was his place of teaching<ref>Shaykh Mufid (may Allah have mercy on him), Ali Davani, ''Collection of Articles from the Shaykh Mufid Congress'', 1992 CE.</ref>.

== Education ==
Mufid learned the Quran and preliminary sciences from his father. Then, to continue his studies, he went to Baghdad with him and was able to benefit from prominent Muhaddithun, theologians, and jurists of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].

Shaykh Saduq (d. 381 AH), Ibn Junayd al-Iskafi (d. 381 AH), Ibn Qulawayh (d. 369 AH), [[Abu Ghalib al-Zarari]] (d. 368 AH), and Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Umar al-Ja'abi (d. 355 AH) were among his most famous Shia teachers<ref>Gorji, ''History of Fiqh and Fuqaha'', 2006 CE, p. 143.</ref>.

Shaykh Mufid learned theology from Husayn ibn Ali al-Basri, known as Ju'al, one of the great teachers of the [[Mu'tazila]], and Abu Yasir, the student of the famous theologian Abu al-Jaysh Muzaffar ibn Muhammad al-Khorasani al-Balkhi. He also, at the suggestion of Abu Yasir, participated in the lecture session of [[Ali ibn Isa al-Rummani]], the famous Mu'tazili scholar.
He undertook the leadership of the Shia in jurisprudence, theology, and hadith from around the age of 40 and debated with scholars of other sects in defense of Shia beliefs<ref>Shubayri, ''A Glimpse into the Life of Shaykh Mufid'', 1413 AH, pp. 23-24.</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:شیخ مفید]]

== Scientific Status of Sheikh Mufid ==
Sheikh Mufid held the leadership and [[Marja'|religious authority]] of the Shia in his era. He established a new jurisprudential approach based on [[Ijtihad]] founded on systematic rules and principles, which was later continued by his students, Sayyid Murtada and Sheikh Tusi. This method of Ijtihad was a middle path between the hadith-based method of Sheikh Saduq and the analogical method of Ibn Junayd in [[Fiqh]]. Initially, to deduce rulings, he compiled principles in the book ''al-Tadhkirah bi-Usul al-Fiqh'', and Sayyid Murtada in the book ''al-Dhari'ah'' and Sheikh Tusi in the book ''al-Uddah'' followed this innovation of their teacher<ref>Gorji, ''History of Fiqh and Jurists'', p. 145.</ref>.

He also holds a distinguished position in the history of Shia theology, to the extent that [[Ibn al-Nadim]] considers him the pioneer of theologians and the head of theologians in his time<ref>Ibn al-Nadim, ''al-Fihrist'', 1988 CE, p. 226.</ref>. He was highly skilled in the art of debate and defended Shia beliefs against opponents effectively. His book ''[[al-Fusul al-Mukhtarah]]'' is evidence of this claim.

== Sheikh Mufid's Innovations in Shia Jurisprudence ==
The influences and innovations of Abu Nu'man can be shown in Fiqh in three areas: foundations, jurisprudential opinions, and its education. In terms of foundations, one of his important influences was attention to the source of consensus. Jurisprudential opinions before him were full of approaches contrary to consensus, fame, and remedial narrations. Sheikh Mufid, with a broader approach, was able to adopt a different view and approach in this regard.

Among these cases, one can mention the invalidation of [[Wudu]] while sleeping in a sitting position, considering [[Ghusl]] for [[Ihram]] as [[Mustahabb]], and so on. Such that before him, fame and [[Ijma]] were not attended to, but after him, much attention was paid to fame and consensus. Many incorrect fatwas in the opinions of Shia jurists before him, such as [[Ibn Aqil]], al-Nasir, and Sheikh Saduq, were raised due to opposition to consensus; opinions such as the permissibility of Wudu and Ghusl with rose water, the impermissibility of paying [[Zakat]] to one's wife, etc. [[Fadil Astrabadi]] believes that reliance on fame and consensus is among the innovative opinions of Sheikh Mufid, such that in Sheikh Mufid's fatwas, no opinion contrary to fame and consensus is seen. The use of rational proofs is another of his influences. Such that after him, reason is mentioned as one of the sources of religious rulings in Shia Fiqh.

Among his other influences, one can refer to the discussion of preferences of conflicting narrations or preferencers of conflicting narrations, where based on criteria such as the authenticity of the hadith chain, alignment with the famous and consensus, and incompatibility with the [[Sunni]], one narration was preferred and given superiority over other narrations.
In the field of Fiqh education, one can point out that before him, the method of teaching Fiqh was not proposed in a classic and organized manner and was mainly based on holding classes for the transmission of hadith texts. Organization contributed significantly to the fame of Sheikh Mufid and the jurists after him and the conflict of opinions among them<ref>''Sheikh Mufid and the Renovation of Shia Fiqh (Part 1)''. http://ebookshia.com/books/pdf/945/شیخ+مفید+و+نوسازی+فقه+شیعه+(بخش+1).</ref>. According to Ahmad Pakatchi in the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, the issue of cooperation with the Sultan, which was a common issue in Imami circles at that time, indicates in some of Sheikh Mufid's notes in the book ''al-Muqni'ah'' a new look at the political life of the Imamiyyah, such that it can be said a type of [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist]] is embodied in this perspective<ref>Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Ahmad Pakatchi. https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/publication/entryview/4697</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:شیخ مفید]]

== Sheikh Mufid from the Perspective of Others ==
Sheikh Mufid holds a lofty status in the view of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars, as we refer to some words from the greats:

=== Najashi ===
His famous and trusted student ([[Al-Najashi|Najashi]]) says about him: "Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man ibn Abd al-Salam ibn Jabir ibn Nu'man ibn Sa'id ibn Jubayr is our Sheikh and teacher - (may God be pleased with him) - his virtue in jurisprudence and hadith and his reliability are more famous than can be described. He has numerous writings".

=== Sheikh Tusi ===
His distinguished student from his school writes about the teacher in ''Al-Fihrist'': "Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Nu'man, known as Ibn al-Mu'allim, is among the Imami theologians. In his era, leadership and [[Marja|authority]] of the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] devolved to him. He was superior to everyone else in jurisprudence and theology. He had a good memory and a precise mind and was quick to answer questions. He has more than 200 volumes of small and large books<ref>Aqiqi Bakhshayishi, ''Famous Shia Jurists'', p. 53.</ref>".

=== Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani ===
About Sheikh Mufid he says: "He was very devout and ascetic, full of humility and night prayers, and persisted in knowledge and science. Many groups benefited from his presence. He has a right over all Shia. His father lived in 'Wasit' and worked as a teacher and was killed in 'Ukbara'. It is said that Adud al-Dawla hastened to meet him and visited him during his illness<ref>Aqiqi Bakhshayishi, ''Famous Shia Jurists'', quoting from ''Lisan al-Mizan'', vol. 5, p. 368.</ref>".

=== Imad Hanbali ===
One of the other [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars says about him: "He is one of the greats of the Imamiyyah and the head of jurisprudence, theology, and debate. He engaged in debate and disputation with followers of every creed. He had a notable position in the structure of the Buyid government. He gave abundant charity. He was very much given to humility and night prayers and given to [[Prayer|prayer]] and [[Fasting|fasting]] and wore nice clothes<ref>Aqiqi Bakhshayishi, ''Famous Shia Jurists'', quoting from ''Shadharat al-Dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 199.</ref>."

=== Khatib Baghdadi ===
[[Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi|Khatib Baghdadi]], who lived shortly after him, mentioned him in ''Tarikh Baghdad'' with regard to his specific bias and said inappropriate words which are not unexpected from a person like Khatib.<ref>Khatib Baghdadi, Ahmad ibn Ali, ''Tarikh Baghdad'', vol. 3, p. 449.</ref>

The words of Khatib clearly show how much opposing zealots feared the personality of Sheikh Mufid and his writings and school in the spread of the religion of the Ahl al-Bayt of Infallibility and Purity. As is also clear from the words of later [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars.

=== Ibn Abi Tayy ===
[[Ibn Abi Tayy]] says: "He supported the needy greatly, his humility and devotion were high, his prayer and fasting were abundant, and his clothes were coarse." Another said: Sometimes Adud al-Dawla would visit Sheikh Mufid. Mufid was a Sheikh of medium height, thin-bodied, and wheat-colored [complexion]. He lived for seventy-six years. He composed more than two hundred books. The story of his funeral is famous, as eighty thousand [[Rafida|Rafidis]] and Shia participated in his funeral. May God relieve the Sunnis from his evil! His death occurred in the [[Ramadan|month of Ramadan]]<ref>Yafi'i, Abdullah ibn As'ad, ''Mir'at al-Jinan'', vol. 3, p. 22.</ref>.

== Works of Shaykh Mufid ==
According to Najashi's list, Shaykh Mufid's writings consist of 175 books and treatises<ref>Najashi, ''Rijal al-Najashi'', 1407 AH (1987 CE), pp. 399-402.</ref>. It is said that half of these works are regarding the Imamate<ref>Farmayan and Sadiqi Kashani, ''A Look at the History of Imami Thought'', 1394 SH (2015 CE), p. 54.</ref>. The most famous work of Shaykh Mufid in jurisprudence is ''al-Muqni'ah'', in theology ''Awa'il al-Maqalat'', and in the biography of the Imams, ''al-Irshad''<ref>Gurji, ''History of Jurisprudence and Jurists'', 1385 SH (2006 CE), pp. 143-144.</ref>.

The collection of Shaykh Mufid's written works has been published in a fourteen-volume set titled ''Musannafat Shaykh Mufid''. This collection was published in 1371 SH (1992 CE) for the holding of the World Congress of Shaykh Mufid.

Shaykh Tusi, in the book ''al-Fihrist'', names twenty of his books. He writes: Among his books are the book ''al-Muqni'ah'' in jurisprudence, the book ''al-Arkan'' also in jurisprudence, a treatise in jurisprudence which he wrote for his son and is incomplete, the book ''al-Irshad'', the book ''al-Iidah'' regarding the Imamate, the book ''al-Ifsah fi al-Imamah'', the book refuting Ibn Abbad regarding the Imamate, the book refuting Ali ibn Isa (al-Rummani) regarding the Imamate, the book refuting Ibn Qutaybah regarding narration and reported speech, the book ''Ahkam Ahl al-Jamal'', the book ''Munir'' regarding the Imamate, ''Masail al-Saghaniyah'', ''Masail al-Jurjaniyah'', ''Masail al-Dinawariyah'', ''Masail al-Mazandaraniyah'', ''Masail Manthurah'' (scattered), approximately one hundred issues, the book ''Fusul min al-Uyun wa al-Mahasin'', the book ''Ahkam al-Mut'ah'', and others which are registered in the list of his books. Also the book ''Masalat al-Kafiyah'' in the invalidation of repentance for error, the book ''al-Jamal wa al-Nusrah li-Sayyid al-Itrah fi Harb al-Basrah''. We have heard all these books from him. Some through recitation to him, and some which were recited to him multiple times and he listened, we have heard.

Shaykh Mufid has compositions in all Islamic arts and sciences, and has spoken about almost all scientific and religious topics, engaging in analysis, refutation, affirmation, criticism, and approval of them. As is evident from the multitude of his valuable compositions, most of them were responses to various scientific questions asked of him from Islamic cities and countries, and were refutations of the beliefs and opinions of famous scholars of the era from non-Shi'a sects. Muhaddith Hajj Mirza Husayn Nuri writes: Rarely is it found in the books of Shi'a scholars who came after him that there is no matter related to the Imamate and proofs of its establishment from the Book and Sunnah, whether in terms of derivation or narration, even with a reference to them in the books of Shaykh Mufid, and that is the grace of Allah which He gives to whom He wills<ref>Muhaddith Nuri, Husayn, ''Mustadrak al-Wasa'il'', Vol. 3, p. 517.</ref>.

[[Al-Dhahabi]] – who himself is among the elders and scholars of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] – mentions the books of this Shi'a scholar with the phrase "innovative and numerous compositions"<ref>Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, ''Mizan al-I'tidal'', Vol. 4, p. 30.</ref>.

[[Ibn Shahrashub]] in his book counts 52 books and in addition to what Shaykh Tusi and Najashi have mentioned, names 15 other books; on this basis, the count of Shaykh's books is stated as 190 titles<ref>Al-Khoei, Sayyid Abu al-Qasim, ''Mu'jam Rijal al-Hadith'', Vol. 18, p. 217.</ref>.

=== Jurisprudence ===
# ''al-Muqni'ah''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''al-Muqni'ah''.</ref>;
# ''al-Fara'id al-Shar'iyyah'';
# ''Ahkam al-Nisa''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''Ahkam al-Nisa''.</ref>.

=== Principles of Jurisprudence ===
# ''Mukhtasar al-Tadhkirah bi-Usul al-Fiqh''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''Mukhtasar al-Tadhkirah bi-Usul al-Fiqh''.</ref>.

=== Quranic Sciences ===
# ''al-Kalam fi Dala'il al-Quran'';
# ''Wujuh I'jaz al-Quran'';
# ''al-Nusrah fi Fadl al-Quran'';
# ''al-Bayan fi Ta'lif al-Quran''.

=== History ===
# ''Masar al-Shi'ah fi Mukhtasar Tawarikh al-Shari'ah''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''Masar al-Shi'ah fi Mukhtasar Tawarikh al-Shari'ah''.</ref>;
# ''al-Irshad''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''al-Irshad''.</ref>;
# ''al-Jamal''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''al-Jamal''.</ref>.

=== Theology and Beliefs ===
# ''Awa'il al-Maqalat''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''Awa'il al-Maqalat''.</ref>;
# ''Naqd Fadilat al-Mu'tazilah'';
# ''al-Ifsah fi al-Imamah''<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Muhammad ibn Nu'man, ''al-Ifsah''.</ref>;
# ''al-Iidah'';
# ''al-Arkan''.

== Death of Shaykh Mufid ==
Shaykh Mufid died in 413 AH (1022 CE) in [[Baghdad]], after 75 years of life, and was subject to great honor by the people and appreciation by scholars and elites. According to the expression of his student Shaykh Tusi, who was present at the scene, the day of his death was unparalleled due to the multitude of friends and enemies attending to perform [[Prayer]] and weep over him. Eighty thousand of the [[Shia Muslims|Shi'a]] participated in his funeral procession, and [[Sayyid Murtada|Sayyid Murtada]] led the prayer over him. He was buried in the shrine of [[Imam al-Jawad]] (peace be upon him), at the feet of His Holiness and near the grave of his teacher Ibn Qulawayh<ref>Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hasan, ''al-Fihrist'', p. 158.</ref>.

Najashi, the student of Shaykh, says this about the time of his teacher's departure: "Mufid (may God have mercy on him) passed away three nights before the end of the [[Ramadan|month of Ramadan]] in the year 413 AH. His birth was on the eleventh day of [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]] in the year 336 AH (948 CE). [[Sayyid Murtada|Sharif Murtada Abu al-Qasim Ali ibn Husayn]] ([[Sayyid Murtada|Sayyid Murtada]]) led prayer over his body in Maydan Ashnan. Despite the great width that the field had, it became crowded due to the multitude of attendance. After the prayer, his pure body was buried in his house. Several years later, he was transferred to the Quraysh cemeteries next to the shrine of [[Imam Musa al-Kadhim]] (peace be upon him)<ref>Najashi, Ahmad ibn Ali, ''Rijal al-Najashi'', p. 402.</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Transoxiana]]
* [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]]
* [[Mosque]]
* [[Ibn al-Nadim]]
* [[Abu Ghalib al-Zurari]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

{{Islamic scholars}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Scholars]]
[[Category:Shia scholars]]

[[fa:شیخ مفید]]

Draft:Sheikh Mohammad Khalid

2026-08-15T08:21:44Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sheikh Mohammad Khalid
| image = محمد خالد.jpg
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| birth_year = 1964
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kuwait]]
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| known_for = Member of [[Taliban]] [[Afghanistan]]
| website =
}}

'''Sheikh Mohammad Khalid''' is a politician from [[Afghanistan]]. He was appointed as the acting head of the Ministry of Vice and Virtue, [[Commanding the Good and Forbidding the Evil]] of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 7 September 2021<ref>[https://www.independenturdu.com/node/77971 Independent Urdu website]</ref><ref>{{efn|Translator's Note: There is a significant factual contradiction in this article. The lead paragraph describes Sheikh Mohammad Khalid Hanafi, appointed by the Taliban in 2021. However, the body of the article describes Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the Al-Qaeda operative arrested in 2003. These are two different individuals.}}</ref>.

== Life ==
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was born in 1964 in [[Kuwait]] to a Pakistani father and mother. He joined the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in his youth and studied mechanical engineering at North Dakota State University. He has a history of fighting against Soviet Union forces in Afghanistan alongside the country's mujahideen. He met "[[Osama bin Laden]]", the former leader of [[Al-Qaeda]], in Afghanistan for the first time in 1987.

According to The Daily Telegraph, in 1998 or early 1999, bin Laden approved the plan to attack the World Trade Center towers in New York, and Khalid Sheikh was responsible for selecting individuals to carry out these attacks and contributed significantly to the hijacking of airplanes that crashed into the towers on 11 September 2001.

In addition, Khalid is accused of carrying out attacks in [[England]], attempting to explode an airplane on the Paris to Miami route, as well as in Pakistan and Bali. In March 2002, he had ordered a former resident of Baltimore to assassinate "Pervez Musharraf", the former President of [[Pakistan]], by wearing a suicide vest.

Khalid Sheikh has confessed to beheading "Daniel Pearl", an American journalist who was kidnapped in Karachi by Al-Qaeda.

In total, for these terrorist actions, the FBI (US Federal Police) set a $25 million reward for Khalid Sheikh's arrest, and finally managed to detain Khalid in the city of "Rawalpindi" in 2003.

In addition to Khalid, several of his accomplices were also supposed to be tried. One of these individuals was "Majid Khan", 32, from Pakistan. Majid was educated in the US and confessed that he was selected by Khalid to carry out attacks against US interests on US soil. Majid confessed that after the 11 September attacks, he was supposed to carry out attacks on [[United States]] soil, including a plan to explode an underground fuel source.

Majid also confessed that he participated in other actions such as participating in a car bombing at the Jakarta hotel in 2003, which left 11 dead, and also participated in the assassination plot against "Pervez Musharraf", the former President of Pakistan<ref>[https://www.asriran.com/fa/news/204373/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%E2%80%8E%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB%D9%87-11%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%B3 Asr-e Iran website]</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Taliban]]
[[Category:Afghanistan]]

[[fa:شیخ محمد خالد]]

Draft:Sheikh Shamil

2026-08-15T08:13:45Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sheikh Shamil
| image = امام_شامل.jpg
| other_names = Sheikh Shamil Dagestani
| birth_date = 1797 CE
| birth_place = Dagestan
| death_date = 1871 CE
| death_place = Medina
| religion =
| denomination =
| notable_works =
| occupation =
| website =
}}

'''Sheikh Shamil''' was from the "Avar" people and was the leader of the resistance movement against Tsarist Russia.

== Biography ==

He was from the "Avar" people and was born in the mountainous village of Gimry, located in northeastern Dagestan, in 1212 AH / 1797 CE.

His father, Abdulaziz, in addition to farming, was also involved in medicine.

From a young age, Shamil was known for his piety and firm belief in Islam, as well as his extraordinary physical endurance, which was notable even among the hardy people of [[Dagestan]].<ref>[http://wikifeqh.ir/ Adapted from the article Sheikh Shamil]</ref>

== Education ==

Sheikh Shamil learned reading, writing, and the fundamentals of Islamic sciences during his adolescence in his home province of Dagestan, which was at that time the most important Islamic scientific and cultural centre.

From the beginning of his youth, Shamil was influenced by the sermons of [[Qazi Muhammad]] — one of the Naqshbandi Sufi shaykhs.

The Russian conquests in the Caucasus coincided with the spread of the Naqshbandi order in that region.

Therefore, resistance against foreign invaders turned into a kind of "[[Ghazwah]]" or "[[Jihad|Holy Jihad]]" against the Russian infidels.

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

[[fa:شیخ شامل]]

== Political and Military Activities ==

Qazi Muhammad and Sheikh Shamil engaged in [[mobilisation]] and organising the people of Dagestan against the Russian occupiers.

Within a short time, rebellion and uprising spread across all of Dagestan, and [[Qazi Mullah Muhammad]] was chosen as the leader of the resistance movement in the capacity of "Imam".

With the help of his fighting forces, who were obedient and devoted to him, he attacked Russian military bases and their native allies.

In 1246 AH / 1830 CE, Qazi Muhammad along with Shamil attacked [[Khunzakh]], the centre of [[Avaristan]], but were defeated.

In 1248 AH / 1832 CE, while Mullah Muhammad and Shamil were near Vladikavkaz, the Russians under General von Rosen attacked Chechnya and Avaristan. In this battle, Qazi Mullah Muhammad was martyred and Shamil was severely wounded but managed to escape the scene.

After the martyrdom of Qazi Mullah Muhammad, [[Hamza Bek]] was chosen as his successor, and after his murder in Jumada al-Awwal 1250 AH / September 1834, Shamil reached the position of "Imamate" and took command of the Muslim forces of Dagestan.

Shamil was chosen as "Imam" when he was in very difficult conditions. [[Haji Murad]], the ruler of Avaristan, who was well aware of the strength and agility of his new rival, sought help from the Russian Tsar, and the Russians accepted this request generously, and soon Russian auxiliary forces poured into Khunzakh.

=== Defeat of Shamil's Movement ===

The fall of Chechnya in 1275 AH / 1859 CE was a major defeat for Shamil's Islamic movement. Thus, the borders of Shamil's movement collapsed further, and Dagestan became a battlefield from all sides. The moment of the end had arrived. The fall of the Vedeno fortress, which Shamil had entrusted to his son Qazi Muhammad, severely shook the confidence and loyalty of Shamil's followers.

Baryatinsky proceeded to Gunib via Chechnya, which was Shamil's last refuge in Dagestan. At this time, the mountain tribes who once obeyed him had rushed to plunder the last remnants of their leader's assets. Shamil, in such a situation, alone reached Gunib, which still controlled northern Dagestan. His family and children, Qazi Muhammad and Muhammad Shafi, joined him a few days later. In this fortress, four hundred of his loyal companions gathered.

On 30 Muharram 1276 AH / 30 August 1859, the Russians under the command of Baryatinsky reached the vicinity of the fortress. Shamil rejected the Russian proposal for surrender and desperately resisted against their attacks which started from 4 Safar / 4 September, but the resistance of men whose number had decreased to one hundred due to enemy fire was not effective against fourteen equipped Russian battalions.

Sheikh Shamil, seeing the lives of women, children, and other companions at risk of destruction in case of resistance, surrendered along with two of his sons on the condition of securing their lives, and presented his sword as a sign of surrender. At that time, thirty years had passed since the day Qazi Mullah Muhammad and Shamil had declared jihad against the Russians.

=== Fate of Sheikh Shamil After the Defeat ===

He fought with Russia for 25 years. But eventually, he was defeated in this struggle and surrendered to Russian authorities in a village known as Gunib.

The Tsarist government treated this prisoner with utmost respect by order of the Tsar, but could not keep him in the Caucasus as they feared he would continue his struggle. Therefore, the authorities decided that Sheikh Shamil and his family be exiled to another location.

First, Imam Shamil was taken to the city of [[Saint Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]], and there he was informed that henceforth he and his family would reside in a small town known as [[Kaluga]] near the city of [[Moscow]].

[[Artsimovich|Artsimovich]], the governor of Kaluga, was ordered by the Russian government to find a house for the Imam and his family. After a long search, the governorate employees found a suitable house in exchange for an annual rent of 900 rubles.

The aforementioned house was a three-story brick building with additional blocks located in the courtyard. There were 13 rooms in the three stories of the house.

On 10 October 1859, Imam Shamil entered Kaluga accompanied by his son Qazi Muhammad, two servants, and [[Colonel Boguslavsky]], the officer assigned to monitor him.

Imam Shamil liked the city of Kaluga very much and happily kept saying: This is [[Chechnya]]! With hills and bush-covered outskirts and small rivers and picturesque villages.

[[fa:شیخ شامل]]

Imam Shamil did not know the Russian language and spoke with the locals through a translator named Gromov.
Sheikh Shamil had a very attractive appearance, and the townspeople liked him very much.
Sheikh Shamil was given an annual salary of 15,000 rubles, which was a considerable sum at the time; a carriage and four horses were also gifted to him.
The Sheikh visited hospitals and schools.
On 26 August 1866, Sheikh Shamil swore an oath of loyalty and allegiance to Russia at the Assembly of Nobles in Kaluga. He committed that he and his family would forever be subjects of the Tsarist Empire of [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]], the Crown Prince, and the Russian government.
On 25 November 1876, Sheikh Shamil moved to the city of [[Kiev]] with his family.<ref>{{efn|There is a chronological contradiction in the source text: Sheikh Shamil died in 1871, yet this passage states he moved in 1876.}}</ref>

== Death ==

In 1870, he traveled to the cities of [[Medina|Medina]] and [[Mecca]], and on 4 February 1871, he passed away in Medina and was buried near the Prophet's tomb.

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Russia]]
[[fa:امام شامل]]

Draft:Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani

2026-08-15T07:53:27Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani
| image = Hamad tamim sani.jpg
| birth_date = 3 June 1980
| birth_place = Doha, Qatar
| occupation = Emir of Qatar
| known_for = Current Emir of Qatar
}}
'''Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani''' (born 3 June 1980 in Doha) is the current Emir of [[Qatar]]<ref>"Amir of Qatar's wish for recovery for leadership". Khordad News Analysis Base. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2014.</ref> and also the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Qatar Investment Authority<ref>Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg». www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 21 May 2019</ref>. Sheikh Tamim is the fourth son of [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]] from his second wife, Sheikha Moza bint Nasser. Tamim has been the youngest reigning monarch among the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] countries since 2018.

== Education ==
Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani completed his secondary education in 1997 at Sherborne School in Dorset and Harrow School in London, [[England]]. He subsequently graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst [[England]]. He is fluent in three languages: Arabic, English, and French<ref>"Young Amir of Qatar and his wife + Photo". Aftab. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2014.</ref>.

== Political Activity ==
After graduating from Sandhurst, Sheikh Tamim was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Qatar Armed Forces. In 2005, Sheikh Tamim was appointed as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Qatar Armed Forces.

== Crown Princehood ==
He was appointed as Crown Prince of Qatar on 5 August 2003. At this time, his older brother, Sheikh Jassim, waived his claim to this title. Since then, Sheikh Tamim has attended a number of international conferences as his country's representative.

== Reign ==
On 25 June 2013, following the abdication of his father, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, he was appointed as the 8th Emir of Qatar.

== Sports Activity ==
Sheikh Tamim considers sports as part of the most important priorities for Qatar to enhance the international image of his country. He founded the Qatar Sports Investments fund. In 2006, he chaired the committee for the 15th Asian Games in Doha. Under his leadership, all member countries participated in this event for the first time in their history. That year, the Egyptian Al-Ahram newspaper selected Tamim as the "Best Sports Personality in the Arab World".

The Egyptian Al-Watan newspaper, quoting the book "Qatar, Treasure of Secrets" written by Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot, two French journalists, writes about Sheikh Tamim: Sheikh Tamim oversees and supervises all sports affairs in the country and currently heads the Qatar Olympic Committee. They believe that Sheikh Tamim's success in securing the hosting of the 2022 World Cup competitions greatly helped to consolidate and strengthen his power and authority within the ruling family of Qatar.

Under the supervision and guidance of Sheikh Tamim, Qatar won the hosting rights for the 2014 World Swimming Championships and the 2022 World Cup. He is also a member of the International Olympic Committee and President of the National Olympic Committee. Now, with his efforts, Qatar will host the Football World Cup in 2022<ref>[https://www.irna.ir/news/83621907/About-Tamim-bin-Hamad-Al-Thani About Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.].</ref>.

== Other Activities ==
Chairman of the Supreme Council for Environment and Nature Conservation, Chairman of the Supreme Council for Environment and Natural Reserves, Chairman of the Supreme Council for Education, Chairman of the Supreme Council for Information and Communication Technology, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Public Affairs Authority (Employment) and Urban Planning Administration (UPDA), Chairman of the Board of Directors of Qatar University, Deputy Chairman of the Ruling Family Council, Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council for Economic Affairs and Investment, Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Committee for Coordination and Follow-up are among the other executive responsibilities that Tamim holds.

== Family Life ==
According to The Economist, Sheikh Tamim's personality has been described by those close to him as friendly, confident, and candid. He is also referred to as an intelligent and calculative individual. He is known in politics as a pragmatic leader.

Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani has three wives and 12 children<ref>[http://www.royalark.net/Qatar/qatar7.htm Royal Ark Site].</ref>.

Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani married Jawaher bint Hamad bin Suhaim Al Thani in 2005 and has four children from her:

Mayassa, born 15 January 2006 (15 years), Hamad, born 10 October 2008 (12 years), Aisha, born 2010 (10–11 years), Jassim born 12 June 2012 (8 years).

In 2009, he married Al-Anoud bint Manea Al Hajri for the second time and has five children from her:

Naila, born 27 May 2010 (10 years), Abdullah, born 29 September 2012 (8 years), Rawda, born 2014 (6–7 years), Qaqa, born 3 October 2015 (5 years), Moza, born 19 May 2018 (2 years)

In 2014, he married Noura bint Hathal Al Dosari for the third time and has three children from her named as follows:

Juwan, 27 March 2015 (5 years), Mohammed, 17 July 2017 (3 years), Fahd, 16 June 2018 (2 years)

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Heads of state]]
[[Category:Heads of Islamic states]]
[[Category:Qatar]]

[[fa:شیخ تمیم بن حمد آل ثانی]]

Draft:Shehbaz Sharif

2026-08-15T07:28:19Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Shehbaz Sharif
| image = Shehbaz Sharif.jpg
| full_name = Mian Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif
| other_names =
| birth_date = 23 September 1951
| birth_place = Lahore, Punjab, [[Pakistan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|[[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|President of Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] | Chief Minister of Punjab from 1997 to 1999, 2008 to 2013, 2013 to 2018 | Prime Minister of [[Pakistan]] in 2022 | Re-elected as Prime Minister in 2024}}
| website =
}}

'''Shehbaz Sharif''' is a [[Pakistan|Pakistani]] politician. He is the President of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] and also served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2024.

== Biography ==
[[File:محمد شریف.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Muhammad Sharif]]
Shehbaz Sharif was born on 23 September 1951 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. His father, [[Muhammad Sharif]], was a businessman and industrialist. His family had migrated from Anantnag, [[Kashmir]] for business. His maternal family was from Pulwama. Following the movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1947 to establish the country of Pakistan, his parents migrated from Amritsar to Lahore. His father later founded the Ittefaq Group Pakistan. <br>He obtained his bachelor's degree from Government College Lahore. During the same period, he entered the steel business and in 1985 reached the position of President of the Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
His brother, [[Nawaz Sharif]], served three terms as Prime Minister of Pakistan. '''Kulsoom Nawaz''', the wife of Nawaz Sharif who passed away in 2018, was once the First Lady of Pakistan. Kulsoom Nawaz was the First Lady of Pakistan three times and spent most of her time in this position in Pakistan. [[Hamza Shehbaz Sharif]], his son, is currently a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan.

== Political Activities ==
His political activity began in the 1980s, during the presidency of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]], which coincided with the election of his brother, [[Nawaz Sharif]], as the Finance Minister of Punjab Province.<br> In 1988, he was elected as a member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab and in 1990, as a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan. In 1993, he was again elected as a member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab and Leader of the Opposition. He was elected to the Assembly for the third time in 1997. and on 20 February 1997, he was sworn in as Chief Minister of Punjab<ref>[https://af.sputniknews.com/20220411/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-9872749.html Retrieved from Sputniknews site]</ref>.
=== 1999 Pakistan Military Coup and His Imprisonment ===
Nawaz Sharif attempted to incite some commanders against [[Pervez Musharraf]], the Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan. The military generals of the army preferred obedience to an unofficial senior military commander over obedience to the command of an official non-military authority; Nawaz Sharif had dismissed Pervez Musharraf from his position. A bloodless coup was designed and led by Pakistan Army Ground Forces personnel at the General Headquarters under the command of General Pervez Musharraf.

The coup leaders took control of the government of the elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, on 12 October 1999, dissolved the Nawaz Sharif government, and entrusted the simultaneous command of the army and the Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan to General Musharraf. [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]] issued a controversial ordinance as the head of state on 14 October 1999 and effectively suspended the Constitution of Pakistan. Pro-Musharraf coup leaders took control of all key government positions and arrested him and his brother Nawaz Sharif and several other government officials, placing them under house arrest.
=== Exile ===
[[File:نواز شریف.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Nawaz Sharif]]
He and his brother were exiled to [[Saudi Arabia]]. According to the then government of Pervez Musharraf, this happened based on an agreement with [[King Abdullah]], the King of [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref>[https://dunyanews.tv/ Dunya News]</ref>. However, the Sharif family denied this claim and the government had failed to provide any evidence. When the Lahore High Court ruled that he was free to come to Pakistan, he attempted to return to Pakistan on 11 May 2004, but was arrested at [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] and deported back to Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia subsequently sent him to London, where he engaged in political activities<ref>[https://dailytimes.com.pk/ Retrieved from Daily Times]</ref>. He returned from exile in 2007 to resume his political activities in Punjab again.
=== Allegations of Financial Corruption ===
He was arrested and imprisoned on charges of financial corruption in the Ashiana Housing Case, Ramadan Sugar Mill Case, and Drinking Water Production Case, but no crime was proven and he was released<ref>[https://www.express.pk/story/1518381/1/ Retrieved from Urdu-language Express News site]
. </ref>. After Nawaz was convicted in 2017 CE on charges of concealing assets related to the Panama Papers leak, he entered the national political arena. Since then, he has become the leader of the Pakistan Muslim League (N)<ref>[https://fararu.com/fa/news/543290/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA Retrieved from Fararu site]</ref>.<br>He and his brother Nawaz Sharif have faced multiple corruption cases in the National Accountability Bureau of Pakistan, including during the premiership of [[Imran Khan]], but he has not been convicted of any charges.
=== Political Positions ===
* President of Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry) 1985
* Member of Punjab Assembly 1988-1990
* Member of National Assembly 1990-1993
* Member of Punjab Assembly and Leader of the Opposition 1993-1996
* Member of Punjab Assembly and Chief Minister of Punjab from 20 February 1997 to 12 October 1999
* President of PML-N group from August 2002, to present
* After the February 2008 elections, he won in the by-elections and became Chief Minister of Punjab.
* After the May 2013 elections, he again became Chief Minister of Punjab.
* Prime Minister of Pakistan in 2022
* Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly <ref>[https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81 Retrieved from Urdu Wikipedia site]</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Punjab (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]

[[fa:شهباز شریف]]
[[ur:شہباز شریف]]

== His views on Palestine ==

Shehbaz Sharif, in the National Assembly of Pakistan on 12 May 2021, regarding the issue of the attack by Israeli forces on [[Palestinians]] in Gaza, stated: I call upon the international community, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Arab League to take immediate actions to prevent the commission of Israeli crimes.

A summit of Islamic countries must be convened to stop this massacre. Israel is willing to turn all of Palestine into a graveyard. Stating that if Israeli oppression and tyranny are not halted, the entire region and the world will descend into a hell of destruction and ruin, and innocent women and martyred children demand justice from all humanity. He also said: "Statements from the entire civilized world, including the European Union, are not enough; practical steps must be taken to save the innocents." Israel's inhumane action has turned the Muslims' [[Eid al-Fitr]] into sorrow <ref>[https://jang.com.pk/news/925793 Taken from the Urdu-language Jang website]</ref>.

== His views on Iran ==

He traveled to Mashhad in 2021 and during a meeting with the Consul General of [[Iran]], he stated: Relations between Pakistan and Iran are based on ancient and solid foundations, and he was very impressed by the Mashhad health system <ref>[https://www.islamtimes.org/ur/news/966360/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81-%D8%B3%DB%92-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%84-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA Taken from the Urdu-language Islam Times website]</ref>.<br> Also, after being elected as Prime Minister, while outlining his new government's plans to strengthen relations with neighboring and regional countries at a press conference, he said: "We support strengthening relations with the friendly and brotherly country of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], especially in the trade sector" <ref>[https://www.salameno.com/news/55348210/%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 Taken from the Salamo No news website]</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Prime Ministership ==
'''Shehbaz Sharif''' was elected as the 23rd Prime Minister of Pakistan by the Assembly with 174 votes on 11 April 2022, following a vote of no confidence by the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] against [[Imran Khan]]<ref>[https://www.yjc.news/fa/news/8108907/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%AF Young Journalists Club]</ref>.

=== His first speech in the National Assembly of Pakistan after being elected as Prime Minister ===
'''Shehbaz Sharif''', in his first speech in the National Assembly of Pakistan after being elected as Prime Minister, said: The prayers of millions have saved Pakistan. For the first time in history, the vote of no confidence was a victory of truth and a successful defeat of falsehood. Today is a great day for the entire nation of Pakistan, as this Assembly, through the Constitution and the law, showed the way home to the elected Prime Minister. The people are happy, and what example could be better than today where the rupee has increased by eight rupees against the dollar, reaching from 190 to 182 rupees. They said what is its name? 22 crore people trust the Assembly.

I congratulate the Supreme Court on behalf of myself and millions for burying the doctrine of necessity, and no doctrine of necessity can be resorted to in the future. This day should be celebrated as the day of the supremacy of the Constitution in the country. They shamelessly lie that a letter came from somewhere and was waving in this Assembly. But I did not see that letter, and they did not show it to me. In my opinion, there must be clarity in this matter. My meeting with the leadership of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|People's Party]] took place before 8 March. It was decided that the no-confidence motion would proceed. First in the party's central committee, and then we took it to the [[Pakistan Democratic Movement|PDM]], which resulted in the vote of no confidence on 7 March.

As Prime Minister, I ask the Parliamentary Security Commission to hold these briefing sessions behind closed doors. This includes the heads of the armed forces, the head of the security agency, and the ambassador who wrote the letter, and the members of the Assembly who all know the truth of his letter. If there is evidence that we have become victims of a foreign conspiracy, I invite you here as a witness and I say I will resign from the Prime Ministership and go home. There has been no traitor here and no one is a traitor. If [[Democracy]] and the economy of this country are to progress, work must be done through dialogue, not deadlock; a balm on wounds must be applied through understanding, not division.

Change does not come from words; if change comes from words, we will become the best country. Now it will take years to clean this poisoned water. The difference in the Assembly is that he was there that day and the former Prime Minister was here, and I had said that I proposed the economic charter, but I will not say anything about what happened to him. That if it was not rejected, Pakistan's economy would not be like this.

Unfortunately, Pakistan will face the highest budget deficit and trade deficit in the current fiscal year. Similarly, the current account deficit will be at its highest level. Inflation is at its highest level in history, 6 million people have become unemployed, and 20 million people live below the poverty line. In the past four years, loans were cunningly taken, but not even a brick was laid. In the 71 years of this country, 25,000 billion rupees were borrowed, but during the Imran Khan government, this debt increased to 20,000 billion rupees. Shehbaz Sharif now calls himself the servant of Pakistan and says that he will lead the country towards improvement.

[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] laid the foundation of Pakistan's nuclear program in 1974, while Nawaz Sharif made Pakistan invincible by keeping pressure and greed out of defense discourse. The granting of medical and educational allowances to orphaned children began during Nawaz Sharif's term. In this period, inflation does not change everything overnight; only for the weak classes, we will increase the minimum monthly wage to 25,000. God bless our capitalists, let them invest more here, God willing, we will turn our country into an investment paradise<ref>[https://jang.com.pk/news/1073059 Adapted from the Urdu-language Jang website]</ref>.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Foreign relations ==
=== Relations with Saudi Arabia, China, and the United States ===
He stated that Pakistan has faced successive defeats on the external front; our strategic partners did not stay with us, our friends left us. [[China]] has always stood by Pakistan in the international arena; this friendship is eternal, this friendship is rooted in the hearts of both nations, but he regrets the actions taken by the previous government to weaken this friendship. We are very grateful to the President and leadership of China. [[Saudi Arabia]] was our dearest friend, and when Pakistan conducted its nuclear tests in response to India's nuclear explosions, Pakistan was sanctioned. In that situation, Saudi Arabia said that it would supply your oil needs, do not worry. We will never forget the generous supports and kindness of Saudi Arabia. We are grateful to the Saudi royal family for always standing by Pakistan.

Pakistan and [[United States|America]] relations are historic; there have been ups and downs, but this does not mean ruining them; these relations must improve.
=== Relations with Afghanistan ===
He said: Millions of [[Muslim]]s in [[Afghanistan]] are living in difficult conditions, and there is a risk of famine. Now that we have limited resources, we need peace in [[Afghanistan]].
=== Relations with India ===
Since the establishment of Pakistan, our relations cannot be improved, but today I want to say that if Nawaz Sharif had extended a hand of peace towards [[India]], it was Nawaz Sharif who gave [[Kashmir]] its right. He stated firmly that he desires good relations with India, but peace will not be established without a just solution to the Kashmir issue. He advised '''Narendra Modi''': Why do we want to destroy the future of coming generations? Let us solve the Kashmir issue in light of UN resolutions.
=== Relations with Palestine ===
He said: We continue to raise our voice for the rights of the people of [[Palestine]] in every forum.
=== Emphasis on national unity ===
He said: It is our duty to save the nation from division; we must move towards national unity without delay and end the line of difference<ref>Ibid.</ref>.

== Former Prime Minister's remarks after his election as Prime Minister ==

'''Imran Khan''', after being removed from the premiership and the election of Shehbaz Sharif as Prime Minister, stated in a tweet: We demand immediate elections because this is the only way forward and allows the people to decide through free and fair elections who they want as the Prime Minister of their country.

I will have a meeting in Peshawar on Wednesday. This is my first meeting since I was removed due to regime change by foreigners. I want all our people to come because Pakistan is an independent and sovereign country, not a scarecrow and puppet of foreign powers<ref>Adapted from Madar One Channel, 20 minutes.</ref>.

== Second premiership in 2024 ==
In the public session of the Parliament of Pakistan, members of the assembly in Islamabad elected Shehbaz Sharif, the nominee of the coalition front including [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Peoples Party]], Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz), Balochistan National Party, Qaumi Muslim League, Istehkam-e-Pakistan Party, and Muttahida Qaumi Movement, to hold the office of Prime Minister of the country by majority vote.

On the other hand, the opposition faction consisting of representatives affiliated with the party of [[Imran Khan|Imran Khan]] protested during the voting session for the election of the new Prime Minister and claimed election fraud. Holding pictures of Imran Khan, they declared the election of the new Prime Minister illegal.

Members of the National Parliament of Pakistan elected the country's new Prime Minister while some parties, including the Justice Movement (PTI), [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]], Jamaat-e-Islami, and Awami National Party, claim election fraud and accuse their rival parties, especially the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz), of collusion with powerful institutions in the country to change election results.
<ref>[https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/1879911/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%AF Shehbaz Sharif became Prime Minister of Pakistan], Khabar Online, Published: 4 March 2024, Retrieved: 4 March 2024.</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Pakistan]]

== External links ==
* [https://dailypakistan.com.pk/12-Apr-2022/1426071 Shehbaz Sharif, Prime Minister-elect]
* [https://urdu.dunyanews.tv/index.php/ur/Pakistan/648721 Guard of honor in honor of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif]
* [https://www.urdunews.com/node/660641 First order of new Prime Minister: reduction of food items prices in the holy month of Ramadan]
* [https://dailypakistan.com.pk/07-Dec-2021/1374935 Sharif family is an organized mafia]
* [https://juraat.com/15/07/2019/35923/ Request to interrogate Saudi Crown Prince over Shehbaz Sharif's financial corruption]

[[fa:شهباز شریف]]

Shavkat Mirziyoyev

2026-08-11T10:18:39Z

Translationbot: افزودن لینک‌های بین‌زبانی موقت (تا زمان هماهنگی ویکی‌بیس)

{{Infobox person
| name = Shavkat Mirziyoyev
| image = شوکت میرضیایف.jpg
| full_name = Shavkat Mirmiyon o'g'li Mirziyoyev
| other_names = Shavkat Mirziyoyev
| birth_year = 1957 BC
| birth_date = 24 July 1957
| birth_place = {{hlist| [[Uzbekistan]]| Jizzakh Region}}
| death_year =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| advisors =
| students =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Sunni]]
| education = [[Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization]] (Doctor of Technical Sciences)
| occupations = {{hlist| President of Uzbekistan | Prime Minister of Uzbekistan | Governor of Jizzakh | Governor of Samarkand}}
| website = https://president.uz/
}}

'''Shavkat Mirziyoyev''' is an Uzbek politician and engineer who has served as the second President of [[Uzbekistan]] since independence, starting in 2016. Prior to his presidency, he served as the Prime Minister of Uzbekistan (2003–2016) and as the governor of the Jizzakh and [[Samarkand]] regions. During his tenure, Mirziyoyev initiated reformist policies both domestically and internationally, leading to the reopening of borders, improved relations with neighboring countries, the release of political prisoners, and efforts to address human rights violations (such as forced labor in cotton harvesting).

== Biography ==
Mirziyoyev was born on July 24, 1957, in the Jizzakh region of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Soviet Union). He is married and has five children. He graduated from the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization in 1981 and holds a Doctorate in Technical Sciences. In the late 1980s, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and in the early 1990s, he was elected as a deputy to the Supreme Council of Uzbekistan. Mirziyoyev's executive record includes serving as the governor of the Jizzakh region (1996–2001) and the governor of the Samarkand region (2001–2003). In December 2003, he was appointed Prime Minister by then-President Islam Karimov, a position he held until September 2016. He is known as a technocrat with a pragmatic approach to economic and infrastructural issues.

== Premiership ==
During Mirziyoyev's premiership, Uzbekistan expanded its economic relations with countries such as South Korea. In 2006, agreements were signed for the export of uranium ore from [[Uzbekistan]] to South Korea, eliminating the need for American intermediary companies. However, his tenure was marked by serious criticism regarding [[human rights]], particularly concerning forced labor involving both children and adults in cotton harvesting. Reports from organizations such as Human Rights Watch indicated that he, as the official responsible for major cotton-producing regions, had direct oversight of this system.

== Presidency ==
[[File:شوکت میرضیایف 1.jpg|thumb|left|]]

Following the death of Islam Karimov in September 2016, Mirziyoyev was first appointed as the head of the funeral committee and subsequently as interim president. He won the presidential election in December 2016 and officially entered the presidential palace. Mirziyoyev came to power with reformist promises and launched a program titled "New Uzbekistan."

=== Domestic Reforms ===
Mirziyoyev implemented a series of extensive reforms in political, economic, and social spheres:
* Release of political prisoners: He ordered the release of hundreds of political prisoners, which was widely welcomed domestically and internationally.
* Economy: Efforts to attract foreign investment, reduce state monopolies in the economy, and reform the banking system.
* Cultural heritage: Emphasis on reviving Uzbekistan's cultural identity and hosting international art and culture festivals with support from [[UNESCO]].
* Women's and minority rights: Establishment of councils to support women and granting citizenship to stateless individuals who had lived in Uzbekistan for years.

=== Foreign Policy and Regional Relations ===
One of Mirziyoyev's most significant achievements was shifting Uzbekistan's approach from isolation to regional engagement:
* '''Restoration of relations with neighbors''': He resolved long-standing border and water disputes with [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Tajikistan]]. Regular flights between Tashkent and Dushanbe resumed after years of suspension.
* '''Transit projects''': Mirziyoyev proposed the "Mazar-i-Sharif–Kabul–Peshawar" railway project to connect Central Asia with South Asia and boost regional trade.
* '''ECO''': Under his leadership, Uzbekistan played a more active role in the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and hosted major summits, including the ECO Heads of State Summit in 2021.
* '''Cultural diplomacy''': Hosting the international forum "Central Asia at the Crossroads of World Civilizations" in the historic city of Khiva demonstrates his effort to introduce Uzbekistan's rich culture to the world.

== Diplomatic Relations with Iran ==
The [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] and Uzbekistan maintain diplomatic relations. The Ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Iran is active in Uzbekistan. Both countries are members of numerous international organizations, including the [[United Nations]].

=== Reaction to the Martyrdom of Imam Khamenei ===
In response to the martyrdom of [[Ali Khamenei|Imam Khamenei]] and the outbreak of the [[Ramadan War]], Mirziyoyev stated in a message: "The sad news of the passing of [[Ali Khamenei|His Eminence Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei]], the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, and his family members has deeply saddened our hearts."<ref>[https://eitaa.com/vahdat_islam Analyses, Channel of the Martyred Imam on Eitaa].</ref>

== See Also ==
* [[Human rights]]
* [[Uzbekistan]]
* [[Samarkand]]

== Notes ==

== References ==
*[https://www.sharghdaily.com/بخش-روزنامه-100/280690-آقای-شوکت-میرضیایف-دومین-رئیس-جمهور-ازبکستان-مستقل Mr. Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the Second President of Independent Uzbekistan, Sharq Daily Website], Date of publication: 14 April 2021 (Solar Hijri), Date accessed: 2 May 2026 (Solar Hijri).

[[Category:Figures]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Uzbekistan]]


[[ar:شوكت ميرضيائيف]]
[[fa:شوکت میرضیایف]]
[[ur:شوکت میرضیایف]]

Draft:Martyr of Fakh

2026-08-11T10:16:50Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Martyr of Fakh
| image = شهید فخ.jpg
| full_name = Hussein bin Ali bin Hasan bin Hasan bin Hasan bin Ali (peace be upon him)
| other_names =
| birth_date =
| death_date = 169 AH
| death_place =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| known_for = Uprising against the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]]
}}

'''Hussein bin Ali''', known as the [[Martyr of Fakh]], was a grandson of [[Hasan bin Ali (al-Mujtaba)|Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba]] (peace be upon him). He was one of the prominent, virtuous, and courageous [[Notable figures|figures]] of the [[Banu Hashim|Hashemite]] lineage. He was a devout, generous, and noble man, considered a famous and distinguished figure in terms of sublime human qualities.

He was born to a virtuous and chaste father and mother, who were known as the "Righteous Couple" due to their sublime human qualities, and was raised in a family of virtue, piety, and courage.

His father, uncle, grandfather, maternal uncle, and several other relatives had been martyred by [[Al-Mansur|Al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]], and this great family, which had sacrificed several of its men in the fight against the enemies of [[Islam]], was constantly immersed in deep grief and sorrow.

Hussein, having been raised in such a family, never forgot the memory of the martyrdom of his father and relatives at the hands of the executioners of "[[Al-Mansur|Al-Mansur]]", and the remembrance of their martyrdom deeply distressed his passionate and brave heart, which was filled with anti-Abbasid sentiments, but due to unfavorable conditions and circumstances, he was forced into a painful silence.

His feelings had been previously hurt, the tyrannies of Al-Hadi and especially the governor of [[Medina]], overflowed his cup of patience and led him to rise against the government of Al-Hadi.

He rose up in Medina and took control of it, then went to [[Mecca]] to utilize the gathering of the [[Hajj]] season against the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Banu Abbas]], but he faced Al-Hadi's army in the land of Fakh and in an unequal war, he and his companions were martyred.

== Who Was the Martyr of Fakh ==
Hussein bin Ali bin Hasan al-Muthallath, a descendant of [[Hasan bin Ali (al-Mujtaba)|Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba]] (peace be upon him), was born in the year 143 AH in [[Medina]]. He is one of the devout and exalted figures of the family of [[Muhammad|the Prophet]] (peace be upon him and his progeny), whose virtue and courage were evident to all. History regards him as a devout, generous, and noble man who was considered a famous and distinguished figure in terms of sublime human qualities.

His father and mother were known as the Righteous Couple, and their virtue and chastity were renowned among both the elite and the common people. Many of the Martyr of Fakh's relatives, including his father, uncle, and maternal uncle, were martyred by [[Al-Mansur|Al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]].

[[fa:شهید فخ]]

== Background of the Uprising of Martyr Fakh ==

The martyrdom of relatives and close kin of this honorable man, and the oppression and tyranny of the Abbasid dynasty, always deeply distressed his passionate and courageous soul, which was filled with anti-Abbasid sentiments, but due to unfavorable conditions, he was forced into a painful silence. However, the tyranny of Al-Hadi Abbasid and the Governor of Medina, who was a descendant of [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|Umar ibn al-Khattab]], overflowed his cup of patience. This was because Al-Hadi Abbasid had increased pressure and hardship on the [[Alavids]] to the highest level, cutting off all allowances and grants that his father, Al-Mahdi Abbasid, had given them, and wrote to all regions to pursue them and send them to him.

Also, the new governor of Medina had ordered that the Alavids go to the Dar al-Imarah every day and be roll-called in a humiliating manner. All these tyrannies committed against the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and Alavids caused Hussein and his companions to decide to start an uprising during the Hajj season, but after threats from the Governor of Medina, the uprising began on the 13th of [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]].

The Martyr of Fakh, in the morning during prayer, along with 26 of the Alavids and several pilgrims and clients, entered the [[Mosque]] of Medina with the slogan "Ahad, Ahad" and compelled the [[Muezzin]] to recite the [[Adhan]] in the Shia style with the mention of "Hayya ala khayril amal". The Governor of Medina, upon hearing the sound of the [[Adhan]], was terrified and fled Medina. The morning [[Prayer]] was held with the [[Imam (leadership)|imamate]] of Hussein bin Ali in the Medina Mosque, and people pledged allegiance to him after the prayer, but after a few hours, Khalid Barbary, the commander of the city's forces, attacked the mosque. This attack also resulted in the defeat of the forces and Khalid Barbary, and according to historians, in the year 169 AH (785 CE), in a battle that took place in Medina, Hussein and his companions achieved victory and managed to take control of the city of Medina.[citation needed]

It is said that the Uprising of Fakh occurred ten months after Al-Hadi Abbasid came to power. When news of the Uprising of the Martyr of Fakh reached Al-Hadi Abbasid, he ordered some of the Abbasid elders who had gone for Hajj to confront Hussein bin Ali and placed the command of the war in the hands of Muhammad bin Sulayman.[citation needed]

The Martyr of Fakh, who after taking control of Medina intended to depart for the [[Kaaba|House of God]] with his companions, reached a place called Fakh, located north of Mecca and four kilometers from the [[Masjid al-Haram]], on the 8th of the month of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. On the other hand, the Abbasids faced Hussein's army at Fakh with a force of 4,000 soldiers.[citation needed] It is said that Hussein bin Ali and his companions were martyred after reciting prayer and while in the state of [[Ihram]]. The Abbasids, according to their savage nature, severed the heads of the martyrs from their bodies, and the people of Mecca were able to bury the bodies of the martyrs after three days.[citation needed] The greatness of the Uprising of Fakh is sufficient in that Hazrat [[Muhammad al-Jawad|Imam al-Jawad (peace be upon him)]] said: After the event of Karbala, there was no greater battlefield of martyrdom for us than Fakh.

And [[Musa al-Kadhim|Imam Musa al-Kadhim (peace be upon him)]] also wept for the martyrs of Fakh and requested severe [[Death|death]] and punishment from [[God|God]] the Exalted upon their killers, and always comforted the survivors of the martyrs of Fakh.

This incident is considered one of the bitterest incidents in the history of [[Shia Islam|Shiism]] and the uprisings of the Alavids. After the Uprising of the Owner of Fakh, the Governor of Medina set fire to the houses and palm groves of Hussein and his companions and confiscated some of them.[citation needed]

== The Prophet's Foretelling of the Event of Martyr Fakh ==

During the Abbasid Caliphate, many of the [[Hasanid Sayyids]] were martyred. Mr. Hussein bin Ali bin Hassan Muthallath is among the Hasanid Alavids who fought for the survival of Islam and were martyred with his companions. The interesting point in his martyrdom is that years before, the event of his martyrdom had been announced by [[Gabriel]] to [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]].[citation needed]

In a narration from [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (peace be upon him)]], it is reported that he said: When Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny) passed through the location of Fakh, he stopped and prayed. After reciting the second rak'ah, he wept heavily, and the [[Companions]] also wept heavily. When they asked the reason, Hazrat said: Gabriel brought me news that O Muhammad, a man from your descendants will be killed here, whose reward for every martyr accompanying him is equal to two martyrs.[citation needed]

Also in another narration, [[Musa al-Kadhim|Imam al-Kadhim (peace be upon him)]] says: By [[God|God]]'s [[Oath|oath]], he went and was martyred while he was a pious Muslim, [[Fasting|fasting]], and [[Enjoining good and forbidding evil|enjoining good and forbidding evil]]; indeed, he is not found in his family.[citation needed]

[[Category:Uprisings against the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Shia Islam]]
[[Category:History of Medina]]
[[Category:History of Mecca]]
[[fa:قیام شهید فخ]]

== Tomb of the Martyrs of Fakh ==
The burial place of the Martyrs of Fakh is located on the slope of Mount Fakh; however, nothing remains of their tomb except ruins, as it was destroyed by [[Wahhabism|Wahhabis]]. The portion that remained intact was hidden from view forever in 1381 SH (2002–2003 CE) by a wall constructed around it.

== See also ==
* [[Al-Mansur|Al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]]
* [[Hasan ibn Ali|Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him)]]
* [[Bay'ah]]

== References ==
* [https://atlaspress.af/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%AE-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA/ Excerpt from the website Who is the Martyr of Fakh? - Atlas News Agency]

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Historical figures]]
[[Category:Shia figures]]

[[fa:مقبره شهدای فخ]]

Draft:Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi

2026-08-09T06:46:45Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Shihab al-Din Umar Suhrawardi
| image = شهاب‌الدین سهروردی.jpg
| other_names = {{flatlist|Shaykh al-Ishraq|Shihab al-Din|Nur al-Anwar|Shaykh al-Maqtul|Shaykh al-Shahid}}
| birth_date = 549 AH (approx. 1154 CE)
| birth_place = Zanjan, Suhraward village
| death_date = Last Friday of Dhu al-Hijjah, 587 AH (approx. 1191 CE)
| death_place = Syria, Aleppo, prison of Al-Zahir Ghazi
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| known_for = Founder of the Illuminationist philosophical school (Hikmat al-Ishraq)
| notable_works = {{plainlist|''Hikmat al-Ishraq''|Philosophical works|Mystical works|Translations|[[Quranic exegesis]]|[[Hadith]] commentary}}
| teachers = {{plainlist|Majd al-Din Jili|Zahir al-Din Qari}}
| students = Shams al-Din Shahrazuri
}}

'''Shihab al-Din Umar Suhrawardi''', titled Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi, known as Shaykh al-Ishraq, Shaykh al-Maqtul, and Shaykh al-Shahid, is one of the greatest figures of [[Wisdom]], [[Philosophy]], and [[Mysticism]] in [[Iran]].<ref>The biography section records his name as Yahya ibn Habash, while the infobox and lead state Umar.</ref> He is a renowned Iranian philosopher from the city of Suhraward, Khodabandeh county, Zanjan province. After extensive travels and acquiring and disseminating knowledge, Suhrawardi headed to Aleppo, where due to the enmity of a group of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars, he passed away in prison in 587 AH (approx. 1191 CE) by order of Al-Zahir, son of [[Saladin]]. Several works by Suhrawardi remain in the fields of philosophy, mysticism, translations, [[Quranic exegesis]], and [[Hadith]] commentary. His most important work is the book ''Hikmat al-Ishraq''.

== Biography ==
Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi was born in one of the villages of Zanjan. Most biographers have recorded his full name as "Abu al-Futuh Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash ibn Amirak Suhrawardi", titled Shaykh al-Ishraq and al-Maqtul. There is a discrepancy among biographers regarding Suhrawardi's birth year, and his birth date should be considered around 549 AH.

The short life of al-Ishraqi can be divided into three periods:
1. First period: The period of residence in Suhraward, the details of which are not specified.
2. Second period: His travels, during which he met with scholars and sages and engaged in learning and philosophizing.
3. Third period: Residence in Aleppo and the writing of important works such as "al-Mashari' wa al-Mutarahat" and ''Hikmat al-Ishraq''.

== Early Education of Suhrawardi ==
At the beginning of his youth, Suhrawardi went to Maragheh for education and studied wisdom under Majd al-Din Jili. He then went to [[Isfahan]] to benefit from the knowledge of teachers who were present in the most important scientific center of that time, [[Isfahan]], and in this city, he read the book "al-Basa'ir al-Nasiriyyah" authored by Umar ibn Sahlan Savi under Zahir al-Din Farisi.

After residing in Isfahan, Suhrawardi went to present-day [[Turkey]] and [[Syria]] to become acquainted with other schools of thought, and in the city of Mardin, he befriended Fakhr al-Din Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Abd al-Salam Mardini, a great philosopher of Turkey.

== Suhrawardi's Thoughts ==
As an Illuminationist philosopher, Suhrawardi defended a type of nationalism and also a political approach that considers the "Sultanic Philosopher" as the rightful ruler. He was also contemporaneous with one of the most sensitive periods of the activity of the Nizari Ismailis of Iran, and it is probable that during his travels he became acquainted with Nizari missionaries and preachers.

== Intellect from Suhrawardi's Viewpoint ==
Suhrawardi considers the Active Intellect as an important factor in the acquisition of virtues by the soul and emphasizes especially its connection with [[Asceticism]] and purification. He believes that the Active Intellect acquaints souls with right teachings and divine knowledge.

== Fate of Suhrawardi ==
In the final period of his life, Suhrawardi engaged in debate with [[Hanbali]] jurists and after overcoming them, gained access to the court of Al-Zahir. His abundant intelligence and vast knowledge caused the hostility of the court jurists, and ultimately, he was imprisoned and passed away there. Suhrawardi's death was as mysterious as his life, and he did not leave many works that would clarify the story of his life.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://www.irna.ir/news/83887745/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C Shihab al-Din Suhrawardi, Renowned Iranian Philosopher and Reviver of Khosrovani Wisdom, Islamic Republic News Agency website], Published: 30 July 2020 CE, Retrieved: 9 December 2025 CE.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[fa:شهاب‌الدین سهروردی]]

Draft:Shahabuddin Dawar

2026-08-09T06:39:07Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Mawlavi Shahabuddin Dawar
| image = مولوی شهاب الدین دلاور.jpg
| birth_name = Shahabuddin Dawar
| birth_date = 1962 (CE)
| birth_place = Logar, Afghanistan
}}

'''Mawlavi Shahabuddin Dawar''' is a member of the [[Taliban]]. He was a member of the [[Taliban]] negotiation team with the government of [[Afghanistan]].

==Birth==

'''Shahabuddin Dawar''' was born in 1962 (CE) in Logar Province in eastern [[Afghanistan]].

==Biography==

He received his initial religious education in his birthplace, then went to Peshawar, [[Pakistan]] with his family, and graduated from Haqqania Academy Akora Khattak there with higher Islamic and religious studies. He is fully proficient in the [[Arabic language|Arabic]], English, Dari, and Pashto languages.

He currently resides with his family in [[Qatar]].

==Activities==

# Consul General of the [[Taliban]] group in Peshawar city, [[Pakistan]];
# Ambassador of [[Afghanistan]] in Islamabad and [[Saudi Arabia]];
# Member of the Leadership Council of the Political Office;
# Head of the Court of Cassation of Kandahar (the Court of Cassation is the highest judicial organ of the Taliban government after the Supreme Court);
# Member of the [[Taliban]] Political Office in [[Qatar]];
# Membership in the [[Taliban]] negotiation team with the government of [[Afghanistan]] is his latest position.

==References==

#http://www.afghanpaper.com/nbody.php?id=53979
#https://pajhwok.com/fa/2020/09/10/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%81/
#54136617#:~:text=%D8%A8%D9%87%20%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%20%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-,%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%87,-%D9%88%20%D8%AF%D8%B1%20%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Taliban]]
[[Category:Afghanistan]]

[[fa:شهاب الدین دلاور]]

Draft:Shimon Azarzar

2026-08-09T06:31:33Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Shimon Azarzar
| image = شمعون ازرزر.jpg
| birth_date = 1998 (CE)
| birth_place = Kiryat Yam
}}

'''Shimon Azarzar''' (Hebrew: שמעון אזולאי) is an Israeli citizen residing in the city of Kiryat Yam who was arrested and legally prosecuted in November 2025 CE by the Israel Security Agency (Shin Bet) on charges of intelligence cooperation and espionage for intelligence organisations of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]].

== Biography ==
Limited information has been published regarding Azarzar's personal life. He resided in the city of Kiryat Yam in Israel and was 27 years old at the time of his arrest. Further details regarding his profession, education, or political affiliations were not mentioned in initial media reports.

== Background and Arrest ==
In November 2025, Israeli Channel 12 reported that a serious security case had been revealed and Shimon Azarzar, a 27-year-old man, was arrested on suspicion of intelligence cooperation with [[Iran]] over approximately the past year. The investigation of this case was conducted by the Shin Bet organisation. According to Israeli officials, Azarzar was in direct contact with Iranian agents and is accused of transferring information, images, and sensitive locations of Israeli military bases and other strategic sites.

== Arrest and Security Charges ==
The main charges raised against Shimon Azarzar include the following:
# Espionage for a hostile country (Iran).
# Collecting and transferring classified information regarding Israeli military infrastructure and facilities.
Israeli authorities claimed that this arrest was in line with dozens of other arrests on suspicion of cooperation with Iran carried out by the intelligence agencies of this regime since the beginning of the [[2023 Gaza War|Gaza War]]. In mid-November 2025, Israeli media, citing a Shin Bet announcement, reported the neutralisation of a serious security case and the arrest of an individual named Shimon Azarzar. The main charge raised against him was cooperation with Iranian intelligence agencies over approximately one year. Based on news reports published by Hebrew-language media:
* Related agency: The investigation in this case was conducted by Shin Bet in cooperation with other security agencies.
* Nature of charges: Azarzar is accused of collecting and sending information, images, and specific geographical locations of Israeli military bases and other strategic infrastructures to Iranian agents in exchange for receiving financial amounts.

Security agencies of the [[Israel|Israeli regime]] claimed that this individual had sent information including photos, coordinates, and data related to sensitive facilities across the occupied territories to the Iranian side. According to Shin Bet's claim, this settler had offered Iranian agencies that he could provide more information from military bases. This claim states that Shimon Azarzar, using the professional position of his fiancée as a reserve force of the Israeli regime's air unit, obtained details about the activities and bases of the army and sent them to the Iranian side<ref>[https://farsnews.ir/vadoudi/1763278434826409727/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B8%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 Arrest of an Israeli on Suspicion of Transferring Sensitive Information to Iran, Fars Website].</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Iran]]
* [[Israel]]

== External links ==
* [https://farsnews.ir/Parshang_Khakpour/1763448467418151280/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D9%87%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%AF Cooperation with Iran Became a Source of Pride for Israeli Youth, Fars Website].

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://farsnews.ir/politics/1763365426894893849/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 One-Year Connection of Israeli "Shimon Azarzar" with Iranian Intelligence Agents, Fars Website], Publication Date: 17 November 2025 CE, Access Date: 19 November 2025 CE.

* [https://akharinkhabar.ir/politics/10730953/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%80-%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86 Claim of One-Year Connection of Israeli "Shimon" with Iranian Intelligence Agents, Akharin Khabar Website], Publication Date: 17 November 2025 CE, Access Date: 19 November 2025 CE.

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:2020s events]]

[[fa:شمعون ازرزر]]

Draft:Shamsuddin Pahlawan

2026-08-09T06:28:15Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Shamsuddin Pahlawan
| image = شمس الدین پهلوان.jpg
| birth_place = [[Afghanistan]]
| occupation = Politician from [[Afghanistan]] and one of the leaders of the Taliban
}}

'''Shamsuddin Pahlawan''' (born c. 1968) is a Mawlawi and politician from [[Afghanistan]] and one of the leaders of the Taliban.

== Positions ==

He has been serving as the Acting Deputy Minister of Agriculture of Afghanistan since 4 October 2021<ref>[https://bakhtarnews.af/%d8%af-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%aa-%d9%be%d9%87-%d8%aa%d8%b4%da%a9%db%8c%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%88-%da%a9%db%90-%d9%86%d9%88%d9%8a-%da%a9%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88/ Bakhtar News]</ref>.

== Background and Activities ==

He was the Governor of Maidan Wardak between 1996 and 2001. Shamsuddin Pahlawan was appointed as the Attorney General (Loy Saranwal) of the Taliban by the order of the leader of the [[Taliban]]<ref>[https://shahed.news/2022/01/news-afg-359847-34/ Shahed News Agency]</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Taliban]]
[[Category:Afghanistan]]

[[fa:شمس‌الدین پهلوان]]

Draft:Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan

2026-08-09T06:22:14Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan
| image = شمر بن ذی الجوشن.jpg
| full_name = Shimr bin Shurahbil (Dhil-Jawshan) bin A'war bin Amr
| other_names = Abu Sabigha, Shimr
| death_date = 66 AH (c. 685 CE)
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| known_for = {{flatlist|
* Commander of the left wing of the army of [[Umar ibn Sa'd|Umar ibn Sa'd]]
* One of the carriers of the heads of the martyrs of [[Karbala]] to [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad|Ibn Ziyad]] and [[Yazid]]
* One of the companions of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (peace be upon him)]] in the [[Battle of Siffin]]
* Testified against [[Hujr ibn Adi]]
* Dispersing people from around [[Muslim ibn Aqil]]
* Interrupting the speech of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) on the day of [[Ashura]]
* Shooting an arrow towards [[Zuhayr ibn Qayn]]
* Martyrdom of Nafi' ibn Hilal
* Role in the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)
* Decision to martyr [[Ali ibn Husayn (Zayn al-Abidin)|Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him)]] and burning the tents
* Order to martyr the wife of Abdullah ibn Umayr Kalbi
}}
}}

'''Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan''', was among the Tabi'un and commanders of the army of [[Umar ibn Sa'd|Umar ibn Sa'd]] in the [[Battle of Karbala|Event of Karbala]], who is among the detested figures among [[Shia Islam|Shiites]] due to the severity of his violence in this event. Shimr was in the army of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (peace be upon him)]] during the [[Battle of Siffin]]; but later joined the enemies of the Imam and his family. He was defeated against [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] and was beheaded.

== Name and Lineage ==
Biographers have described the name and lineage of Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan with differences: Shurahbil bin Aws, Shurahbil bin A'war, Uthman bin Nafi', Aws bin A'war<ref>''Al-Jarh wa al-Ta'dil'', vol. 4, p. 337; ''Tarikh Dimashq'', vol. 23, p. 186; ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'', vol. 5, p. 212.</ref>, al-Dababi<ref>Al-Dababi with fatha and two unpointed letters to al-Dabb, a branch of Banu Harith and from Quraysh. ''Lubab al-Albab'', no. 2543.</ref>, al-Amiri, al-Hanzali<ref>''Al-Isti'ab'', vol. 2, p. 701.</ref>, al-Saluni<ref>''Manaqib Al Abi Talib'', vol. 4, p. 107.</ref>, al-Sakuni<ref>''Kashf al-Ghummah'', vol. 2, p. 226.</ref> and al-Kalabi.
However, historians have recorded his fame as such: Abu al-Sabigha, Shurahbil Amiri Kalabi, nicknamed Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan<ref>''Tarikh al-Sahabah'', p. 132; ''Al-Tarikh al-Kabir'', vol. 4, p. 250; ''Al-Iqd al-Farid'', vol. 3, p. 306; ''Akhbar al-Tiwal'', p. 239; ''Al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat'', vol. 16, p. 180.</ref>. The fame of his nickname is such that few historians have mentioned his name and have used only his nickname to introduce him<ref>''Ishtiqaq'', p. 296.</ref>.

His father, who was nicknamed "Dhil-Jawshan" due to his swollen and armor-like chest<ref>''Al-Isti'ab'', vol. 2, p. 467; ''Al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat'', vol. 16, p. 180.</ref>, was from the Levantines<ref>''Al-Jarh wa al-Ta'dil'', vol. 4, p. 337.</ref> residing in [[Kufa]]<ref>''Al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat'', vol. 16, p. 180.</ref>. He had witnessed the presence of [[Muhammad|the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] and was counted among his [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]]. [[Ibn Kathir]] in ''Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah'' writes about him: "Dhil-Jawshan was among the noble and great [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]] of [[Muhammad|the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]]<ref>''Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah'', vol. 8, p. 204.</ref>."

Although the fluent nature and good poetry<ref>''Al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat'', vol. 16, p. 180.</ref> of Dhil-Jawshan caused his name to be placed among the speakers of his time, but no more knowledge of him has been recorded in history.

== Era of the Caliphs ==
Shimr did not have much role during the government of [[Abu Bakr|Abu Bakr]]; because even if we consider him among the [[Companions of the Prophet|Companions]] of the Prophet of God (peace be upon him and his progeny), he did not have much age during this period to be able to take on an important and decisive role. During the time of [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|Umar]] and [[Uthman]] also no name of Shimr has been recorded in history. With the killing of Uthman in the year 35 AH, [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him)]] was chosen for the [[Caliphate|caliphate]]. His Holiness chose Kufa as the capital of his government and resided there. With the arrival of the [[Caliph]] to Kufa, Shimr, who was counted among the chiefs and elders of Kufa, went to His Holiness and was in the retinue of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali (peace be upon him) in wars and conflicts.

== Presence in the Battle of Siffin ==
Shimr was present in the [[Battle of Siffin]] and showed many braveries among the soldiers of the Imam (peace be upon him). In this war, due to the conflict with Adham bin Mahrez Bahili, he was severely injured, such that Adham split his forehead bone with a sword. Shimr also stabbed him with a spear in revenge and threw him off the horse. However, Adham escaped death with the help of the Levantines. After the Battle of Siffin, Adham spoke with his friends in a place called "Udhraj" about the braveries and courage he had performed in the [[Battle of Siffin|Siffin]]. He asked his friends: Do you know Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan? They answered: Yes, we know him. Adham said: Have you recently met him and seen the effect of the sword strike on his face? "Abdullah bin Kibar Nahdi" and "Sa'id bin Hazim Saluni" answered: Yes, we have seen the wound that is on his forehead. Adham said proudly: By God [[Oath|I swear]]! I inflicted that fatal blow on him in the Battle of Siffin and marked the wound on his face<ref>''Safinah al-Bihar'', entry Shimr; ''Tarikh al-Tabari'', vol. 5, p. 28; ''Al-Kamil'', vol. 2, p. 377; ''Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah by Ibn Abi al-Hadid'', vol. 5, p. 213.</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:شمر بن ذی الجوشن]]

== Deviation and Affiliation with the Kharijites ==

The end of the Battle of Siffin marked the beginning of the deviation of a group ostensibly [[Muslim]] known as the [[Kharijites]]. The initial cores of this deviant group, known as the [[Kharijites|Kharijites of Nahrawan]] and [[Mariqin]], were dismantled during the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny), but during the time of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali (peace be upon him), they reached the stage of emergence with the slogan "'''La hukma illa lillah'''". The names of some leaders and individuals who were members of this movement have been recorded in historical sources, but in none of these sources is the name of Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan seen among these individuals. Only [[Sheikh Ahmed Yasin|Sheikh Yasin]] in the valuable book ''Sulh al-Hasan (peace be upon him)'' has written thus: The leaders of the Kharijites in Kufa were: Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi, Shayth ibn Rub'i, Abdullah ibn al-Kawwa', al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, and Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan<ref>''Sulh al-Hasan'', pp. 60 and 70.</ref>.

The author of ''Hidayat al-Kubra'' narrates from [[Hasan ibn Ali (al-Mujtaba)|Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him)]] such that: [[Hasan ibn Ali (al-Mujtaba)|Hasan ibn Ali (peace be upon him)]] said to his brother Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) at the time of his death: "Indeed, my father Ali (peace be upon him), after the Battle of Siffin, informed the people of my [[Martyrdom]] and yours in a sermon. Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, the father of Ja'dah—the killer of Imam Hasan (peace be upon him)—who was present in the assembly, stood up and said: You are reporting news that even the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny) did not claim. Where have you obtained this knowledge? My father replied: O inciter of the battlefield! Indeed, your son, Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath, is also among the killers of Husayn (peace be upon him). By God! Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan, Shibth ibn Rub'i, Zubaydi, and Amr ibn Hurayth are also among them<ref>''Hidayat al-Kubra'', p. 184.</ref>."

In this sermon, he named a number of Kharijites and included Shimr among them. Perhaps his intention was to say: You Kharijites who claim piety are the ones who will kill the daughter of the Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny).

After that, Shimr became among the associates of Muawiyah. [[Shaykh Mufid]] in the noble book ''al-Ikhtisas'' has stated: Muawiyah sent a letter to the Commander of the Faithful, Ali (peace be upon him). His Holiness also wrote the response to that letter and sent it to [[Damascus]] via 'Tarmah ibn Adi al-Ta'i'. After he arrived in [[Syria (region)|Syria]], he asked: Where are the commanders of Muawiyah? He was answered: Which one of them do you want? He said: I want Abu al-A'war al-Sulami, [[Amr ibn al-As|Amr ibn al-As]], Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan, and Hudi ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Kindi<ref>''al-Ikhtisas'', p. 139; ''Bihar al-Anwar'', Vol. 33, p. 286.</ref>.

In this report, Shimr is explicitly placed among the officials of Muawiyah's army, and this itself is clear evidence of his opportunistic spirit. After this period, Shimr, by turning to the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]], openly placed himself in the row of opponents of the family of [[Infallibility]] and Purity (peace be upon them).

== The Caliphate Period of Imam Hasan (peace be upon him) and Muawiyah ==

With the martyrdom of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali (peace be upon him), we see Shimr in the retinue of Imam al-Mujtaba (peace be upon him) and against Muawiyah. This matter can be interpreted in two ways. It is possible that due to his opportunistic spirit, he saw the situation such that he pledged allegiance to Imam Hasan (peace be upon him) and entered his army. Also, it is possible that he was among the infiltrated forces of Muawiyah's fifth column in the Imam's (peace be upon him) army who were of no benefit to His Holiness except for sabotage. [[Muhammad Jawad Mughniyyah|Sheikh Muhammad Jawad Mughniyyah]], one of the scholars and exegetes of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] from [[Lebanon]] in the 14th century AH, writes: "Many of the individuals who participated in the killing of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) were in his retinue during the time of Imam Hasan (peace be upon him) and before the peace treaty, became the cause of the disintegration of his army. Among them is Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan<ref>''al-Shia wa al-Hakimun'', p. 62.</ref>."

Another one of Shimr's political efforts during this period was participation in the plot to kill [[Hujr ibn Adi|Hujr ibn Adi]]. Shimr was among those who gave false testimony against him and paved the groundwork for the killing of this great Companion of the Commander of the Faithful, Ali (peace be upon him).

== The Event of Karbala ==

When [[Muslim ibn Aqil|Muslim ibn Aqil]] went to Kufa on behalf of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) in the year 60 AH, Shimr was among the individuals who were commissioned by [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad|Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]], the governor of Kufa, to disperse the people from around Muslim. In his speeches, he called Muslim a sedition-monger and frightened the Kufans from the army of Syria<ref>''Waqui'at al-Taff'', Abu Mikhnaf, pp. 123–124.</ref>.

In the afternoon of the 9th of [[Muharram|Muharram]] in the year 61 AH, Shimr arrived in Karbala with four thousand soldiers and a threatening letter from [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad|Ibn Ziyad]] for [[Umar ibn Sa'd|Umar ibn Sa'd]]. Upon seeing the letter, Ibn Sa'd said to Shimr: You have ruined a matter in which there was hope for rectitude.

Nevertheless, [[Umar ibn Sa'd|Umar Sa'd]] accepted Ibn Ziyad's order regarding taking [[Bay'ah|allegiance]] from Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) or fighting him<ref>''Ansab al-Ashraf'' al-Baladhuri, Vol. 2, p. 483; ''History of al-Tabari'', Vol. 5, pp. 414–415.</ref> and Shimr became the commander of his army.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:شمر بن ذی‌الجوشن]]

== Day of Ashura ==
On the morning of [[Day of Ashura|Ashura]], Shimr took command of the left wing of Ibn Sa'd's army<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 2, p. 487.</ref>. When Abdullah ibn Umayr al-Kalbi was martyred, Shimr ordered his slave (Rustam) to martyr Abdullah's wife with a spear while she was sitting by his bedside<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 2, p. 493.</ref>. Also, Shimr captured [[Nafi' ibn Hilal al-Jamali]], a brave companion of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), after a fierce battle, while Nafi's arms were broken, and martyred him<ref>Al-Tabari, ''History'', Vol. 5, pp. 441–442.</ref>.

In the afternoon of Ashura and before the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), Shimr intended to attack the Imam's (peace be upon him) tent camp and plunder it, but the Imam (peace be upon him) warned him against this act, and Shimr returned<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 2, p. 499; Al-Tabari, ''History'', Vol. 5, p. 450; Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, ''Maqatil al-Talibiyyin'', p. 118.</ref>.

== Attack on the Tents ==
After the martyrdom of the Imam (peace be upon him), by the order of Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan, the Kufan army attacked the tents and began looting the tents of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)<ref>Al-Mahalli, Hamid ibn Ahmad; ''Al-Hada'iq al-Wardiyyah fi Mana'qib al-A'imma al-Zaydiyyah'', Sana'a, Maktabat Badr, 1st ed., 1423 AH, Vol. 1, pp. 213–214.</ref>. He went into the tent where [[Ali ibn Hussein (Zayn al-Abidin)|Imam Sajjad (peace be upon him)]] was lying ill, and upon seeing His Holiness (peace be upon him), intended to martyr him, but some prevented this act<ref>Ibn Sa'd, Ibid., Vol. 5, Part 1, p. 480; and Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 5, p. 454.</ref>. Then Shimr ordered that fire be set to the tents of the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt]] of the [[Muhammad|Messenger of God (peace be upon him and his progeny)]] and burn them<ref>Al-Mahalli, Ibid., p. 214.</ref>.

After [[Ashura]], Shimr and several Kufan soldiers were ordered to take the heads of the martyrs to Kufah, to Ibn Ziyad<ref>Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 5, p. 456; Shaykh Mufid, Ibid., p. 113; and Ibn Athir, Ibid., Vol. 4, p. 84.</ref>. Also, he and his companions were commissioned by Ibn Ziyad to take the captives of the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)]]<ref>Shaykh Mufid, Ibid., p. 119.</ref> and, according to one narration, the heads of the martyrs of Karbala to Syria<ref>Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 5, p. 460; and Al-Mahalli, Ibid., p. 217.</ref>. Upon entering [[Yazid I|Yazid]]'s court, Shimr reported to Yazid regarding the manner of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and his companions as follows:

"O Commander of the Faithful! Hussein ibn Ali came towards us with eighteen members of his family and sixty of his Shi'a. We went to war with them and asked them to either surrender and submit to the rule of Amir Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, or prepare for battle. They preferred battle over surrender; so at sunrise we charged at them and surrounded them from all sides. When they saw our swords above their heads, they became helpless fugitives and fled from us to the hills and hollows, like doves seeking refuge in God from the fear of a hunting hawk [they too fled aimlessly this way and that]!!!. O Commander of the Faithful, it took no longer than the time it takes to slaughter a camel or rest for half a day before we struck them all down. Now their bodies are naked, their clothes bloodied, and their faces dust-covered. Their bodies are exposed to the sunlight and the wind blows upon them; their visitors are eagles and their caretakers are hawks in the dry desert land<ref>Al-Dinawari, Ibid., pp. 260–261.</ref>."

Shimr bin Dhil-Jawshan, like many Kufan nobles, after Yazid's death joined [[Abdullah ibn Zubayr]] and pledged allegiance to Abdullah ibn Muti - the Zubayrid governor of Kufah. During the [[Revolt of Mukhtar]], he rushed to assist Ibn Muti and went with his forces to the Salim neighborhood of Kufah to prevent the formation of Mukhtar's revolt; but he, like his counterparts, could not succeed and was defeated by the revolutionary forces of Kufah<ref>Al-Baladhuri, Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 389; Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 6, pp. 18–29; and Ibn Athir, Ibid., Vol. 4, pp. 217–234.</ref>.
In the [[Event of Yawm al-Sabi']] also, Shimr rose in collaboration with the Kufan nobles and entered the field to crush Mukhtar's revolt; but again he could not accomplish anything and was defeated<ref>Al-Baladhuri, Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 398; Al-Tabari, Ibid., Vol. 6, pp. 44–50; Miskawayh, Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 158; and Ibn Athir, Ibid., Vol. 4, p. 224.</ref>.

== Martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) ==
Shimr ordered the archers to target the body of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)<ref>Shaykh Mufid, ''Al-Irshad'', Vol. 2, pp. 111–112.</ref>. Then by his command, everyone attacked the Imam (peace be upon him), and individuals including Sinan ibn Anas and Zar'ah ibn Shurayk inflicted the final blows on the Imam (peace be upon him)<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 2, p. 500; Al-Tabari, ''History'', Vol. 5, p. 453; Mufid, Vol. 2, p. 112.</ref>. Regarding the person who severed the head of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) from his body, there are various narrations; in some narrations it is said that Shimr sat on the Imam's (peace be upon him) chest and severed his head from the nape<ref>Al-Khwarizmi, ''Maqtal al-Husayn'', Vol. 2, pp. 41–42; Mufid, ''Al-Irshad'', Vol. 2, p. 112; Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', Vol. 2, pp. 500–501; Al-Tabari, ''History'', Vol. 5, p. 453.</ref>.

== After Ashura ==
After the return of the [[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)]] to [[Medina]], Shimr also returned to Kufah upon completion of his mission. It is said that he performed [[Prayer]] and sought forgiveness from [[God]], and in justification of his participation in the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), he said that he had obeyed his commanders<ref>Ibn Asakir, ''History of Medina Damascus'', Vol. 23, p. 189; Al-Dhahabi, ''Mizan al-I'tidal'', Vol. 2, p. 280.</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf''.
* Al-Tabari, ''History''.
* Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, ''Maqatil al-Talibiyyin''.
* Al-Mahalli, ''Al-Hada'iq al-Wardiyyah''.
* Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra''.
* Shaykh Mufid, ''Al-Irshad''.
* Al-Dinawari, ''Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal''.
* Ibn Athir, ''Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh''.
* Miskawayh, ''Tajarib al-Umam''.
* Al-Khwarizmi, ''Maqtal al-Husayn''.
* Ibn Asakir, ''History of Medina Damascus''.
* Al-Dhahabi, ''Mizan al-I'tidal''.

[[Category:Battle of Karbala]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of the Battle of Karbala]]
[[fa:شمر بن ذی‌الجوشن]]

== Death ==
Following the uprising of [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] in 66 AH, Shimr participated in the war against him, but Mukhtar defeated him and other Umayyad commanders in the Battle of Jabbana al-Sabu' (one of the quarters of Kufa)<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', vol. 6, pp. 58–59; Tabari, vol. 6, pp. 18, 29.</ref> and Shimr fled from Kufa. Mukhtar sent a group along with his slave ([[Zarbi]]) after him. Shimr killed Mukhtar's slave<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', vol. 6, p. 65; Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol. 6, p. 52.</ref> and fled to a village named Satidama, and from there went to a village named Kaltaniya (between Shush and the village of Saymara)<ref>Tabari, ''Tarikh'', vol. 6, p. 52.</ref> and sent a letter to [[Mus'ab ibn Zubayr|Mus'ab ibn Zubayr]], who was preparing for war with Mukhtar. However, some of Mukhtar's soldiers besieged Shimr, and while his companions had fled, they killed him, sent his head to Mukhtar, and threw his body to the dogs<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-Ashraf'', vol. 6, pp. 65–66.</ref>, and Mukhtar also sent Shimr's head to Muhammad ibn Hanafiyya<ref>Dinawari, ''al-Akhbar al-Tiwal'', p. 305.</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Caliph]]
* [[Hujr ibn Adi]]
* [[Muslim ibn Aqil]]
* [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://www.karbobala.com/articles/info/1767 Personality Profile of Shimr ibn Dhi al-Jawshan], Published n.d. Retrieved 31 August 2025 CE.
* [http://pajoohe.ir/Product.aspx?ProductID=44551 The Killers of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) (7) (Shimr ibn Dhi al-Jawshan)], Published 14 November 2020 CE. Retrieved 31 August 2025 CE.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Historical figures]]

[[fa:شمر بن ذی الجوشن]]

Draft:Shafiq Mughni

2026-08-09T05:53:58Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Shafiq Mughni
| image = شفیق مغنی.jpg
| other_names = {{flatlist| Professor Shafiq Mughni | Dr. Shafiq Mughni}}
| birth_date = 15 June 1954 (CE)
| birth_place = Lamongan, [[Indonesia]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
| notable_works = {{flatlist| The Hanbali Movement and Ideology in Classical Eras | Islamic Cultural History in the Turkey Region | Anthology of Contemporary Middle East History | Islamic Values | Dynamics of Islamic Thoughts in the Dark Age}}
| occupation = {{flatlist| Professor at Sunan Ampel State Islamic University | Former President of Muhammadiyah University Sidoarjo | Head of Interfaith and Intercultural Relations at Muhammadiyah Organization | Special Envoy of the President of Indonesia for Interfaith and Intercultural Dialogue}}
}}

'''Shafiq Mughni''' is a university professor, researcher of Islamic civilization history, and one of the prominent intellectual figures of [[Indonesia]]. He was a full-time professor at the Faculty of Letters of Sunan Ampel State Islamic University in Surabaya and has conducted extensive scholarly activity in the field of Islamic history and culture, particularly the history of the [[Middle East]]. He is also among the well-known figures of the Muhammadiyah organization in Indonesia and is considered an activist in interfaith and intercultural dialogue.

== Biography ==
Shafiq Mughni was born on 15 June 1954 CE, in the city of Lamongan located in East Java, Indonesia. He completed his elementary education in his birthplace and finished his secondary education in the city of Bangil. He then entered the State Islamic Institute of Surabaya and began his university studies there.

=== Education ===
After completing his bachelor's degree at the State Islamic Institute of Surabaya, Shafiq Mughni traveled to the [[United States]] for further studies and studied at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He successfully obtained master's and doctoral degrees in Islamic Studies and Islamic Civilization History.

== Positions ==
Professor Shafiq Mughni has held numerous scientific and executive responsibilities, including the following:

* Dean of the Faculty of Letters at the State Islamic Institute of Surabaya;
* President of Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo City (2001–2006 CE);
* Regional Head of the Muhammadiyah Organization in East Java (2005–2010 CE);
* Head of Interfaith and Intercultural Relations at the Central Council of the Muhammadiyah Organization (2015–2020 CE);
* Special Envoy of the President of Indonesia for Dialogue and Cooperation among Religions and Civilizations (2018–2019 CE).

== Scientific and Cultural Activities ==
Shafiq Mughni is considered one of the prominent researchers of Islamic civilization history, particularly the history of the [[Middle East]]. He has published numerous works in the field of Islamic studies, interfaith relations, civilizations, and intellectual developments of the [[Islamic world]]. During his activity, he has tried to introduce a moderate and centrist image of Indonesian Islam at the international level. From his viewpoint, Indonesian Islam is based on the principle of "Islam as Mercy to the Worlds" and can be a model for the coexistence of religions, cultures, and civilizations in the contemporary world.

== Viewpoint ==
=== Interfaith and Intercultural Dialogue ===
Shafiq Mughni believes that religion should not be a source of conflict and dispute, but rather should be considered a factor for connection among nations, cultures, and civilizations. During his tenure as the Special Envoy of the President of Indonesia for interfaith and intercultural dialogue affairs, he emphasized expanding understanding among followers of different religions.

=== Islam as Mercy to the Worlds ===
He is a proponent of the idea of "Islam as Mercy to the Worlds" and believes that the contemporary world needs an Islamic model based on moderation, tolerance, coexistence, and mutual respect. He has pursued the development of [[Indonesia]]'s culture and civilization based on the principles of "Pancasila" and moderate Islamic values.

== Works ==

=== Books ===

*''The Hanbali Movement and Ideology in Classical Eras'', Surabaya, 1995 CE;

*''Islamic Cultural History in the Turkey Region'', Jakarta, 1999 CE;

*''Anthology of Contemporary Middle East History'', Montreal, Canada, 2000 CE;

*''Islamic Values'', Yogyakarta, 2001 CE;

*''Dynamics of Islamic Thoughts in the Dark Age'', Surabaya, 2002 CE.

=== Articles and Research ===
{{div col|2}}
* Islam and the Issue of Modernity in Indonesia (1985 CE);
* Initial Contact between Muslim Traders and Indonesians (1985 CE);
* Islam and the Western World; A Review of Thought Relations (1985 CE);
* The Spirit of Prophetic Leadership in Creating an Islamic Society (1985 CE);
* National and State Life; A View of Islamic History (1986 CE);
* Hanbalism in Islamic History (1988 CE);
* Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jama'ah in the Theological Position of Muhammadiyah (1990 CE);
* Hanbali Movements in Baghdad from Abu Muhammad al-Barbahari to Abu Ja'far al-Hashimi (Doctoral Thesis, University of California Los Angeles, 1990 CE);
* Interaction of Islamic Thoughts in Indonesia (1992 CE);
* Islamic Education in Indonesia and the Challenges of Modernity (1992 CE);
* Reform of Religious Sciences and Its Application in National Development (1993 CE);
* Spirituality, Dialectics, and the Future of Islam (1993 CE);
* The Path to Heaven; One or Many? (1993 CE);
* Cultural Transfer at the Beginning of Islam in Indonesia (1993 CE);
* Scholars in the [[Qajar dynasty]] Period (1994 CE);
* The Event of [[Ghadir Khumm]]; A Theological Root for the Development of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] (1994 CE);
* Social Approach to the Phenomenon of Sects (1996 CE);
* The Pacific Ocean in Arabic Sources (1996 CE);
* [[Israel|Israel]]; Joint Watermelon Diplomacy (2008 CE);
* Crimes of Israel (2009 CE).
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[Israel]]
* [[Middle East]]
* [[Ghadir Khumm]]
* [[Indonesia]]

== References ==
* [https://farhangemelal.icro.ir/news/3433/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%82-%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C Professor Shafiq Mughni - Indonesia, Farhang Melal Website, Organization of Culture and Islamic Relations], Publication date: 28 December 2020, Accessed: 17 June 2026.

[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Indonesia]]

[[fa:شفیق مغنی]]

Draft:Cynthia Farhat

2026-08-02T11:22:27Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Cynthia Farhat
| image = الجهاز_السرّی.jpg
| other_names = Farhat
| birth_place = [[Egypt]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| ideology = [[Liberalism|Liberal]]
| notable_works = ''Al-Jihaz Al-Sirri: Sin'at Al-Mawt Lada Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimin''
| occupation = {{flatlist|Opponent of political Islam|Newspaper columnist|Writer}}
}}

'''Cynthia Farhat''' is an [[Egypt]]ian [[Liberalism|liberal]] and opponent of [[political Islam]]. She considers the origin and roots of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] to be [[Iran]] and [[Shia Islam]]. Farhat introduces [[Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asadabadi]] as an Iranian theorist and "the most important figure in the revival of [[Islamism]]". She believes [[Hassan al-Banna]] is the product of Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asadabadi's thoughts.

== Overview ==
Cynthia Farhat is an Egyptian liberal and opponent of political Islam who writes daily columns in Washington newspapers against political Islam and concepts such as [[Jihad]] and [[Martyrdom]].
She is the wife of [[Jeffrey Higgins]], an opponent of [[Islamism]] in the world, especially Egypt, and is considered a close friend of [[Masih Alinejad]].
She migrated to the US a decade ago and writes on the subject of Jihad for American publications.

== Muslim Brotherhood ==
In her book "Al-Jihaz Al-Sirri...", she pursues two general goals:

=== Connection between the Muslim Brotherhood and Iran ===
Farhat tries to introduce [[Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asadabadi]] as an Iranian theorist and "the most important figure in the revival of Islamism" and explains him as the collector of Western secret societies and the agent of secret invitation to [[Islam]]; thus, the founder of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], [[Hassan al-Banna]], heavily used this legacy.

Farhat, under the first goal of her book, namely linking the Brotherhood with [[Iran]] and [[Shia Islam]], cites the role of [[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Khamenei]] and writes:

In the mid-1960s, Ayatollah Khamenei used his time in prison in Iran to translate two key Brotherhood books by [[Sayyid Qutb]] into Persian, and the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1978-1979 witnessed the official establishment of the Muslim Brotherhood branch in this country.[citation needed]

She continues:
The two sides established new ties after the overthrow of [[Hosni Mubarak]] in 2011, when the Muslim Brotherhood strongly supported Iran's nuclear program.

=== Role of Hassan al-Banna ===
Farhat introduces Hassan al-Banna as the most important figure in the revival of [[Islamism]], whose character is derived from the thoughts of Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Asadabadi. She says; al-Banna, alongside organizational issues, emphasized two axes:
# [[Caliphate]];
# [[Martyrdom]].

== Iran and Muslim Brotherhood Cooperation ==
Farhat concluded from this long history that the Brotherhood-Iranian cooperation is "one of the most dangerous and complex relationships in international politics, [[Jihad|jihadist]] and transnational [[terrorism]]".

== Muslim Brotherhood's Reaction to Farhat's Book ==
"Al-Jihaz Al-Sirri: Sin'at Al-Mawt Lada Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimin" is the name of the book written by the Egyptian author "Cynthia Farhat".
She migrated to the US and writes on the subject of [[Jihad]] for American publications.
*
* The main thesis of this work expresses this matter; the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], which was founded nearly a century ago (in 1928), signifies a much greater threat than imagined, because the truth of the matter is that the Brotherhood seeks to educate modern Islamic [[terrorism]] and is preparing the most dangerous armed group in the world.
* On the other hand, Farhat links the motivation for writing this book to the memory of her friend "Michael Massad", a liberal human rights activist who was killed during the Maspero massacre (2011 by [[Muslim Brotherhood]] soldiers)[citation needed].
* Farhat also claims; her brother Abdelmalek, who was kidnapped by agents affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood, was tortured to force Farhat to cooperate with them.

== References ==
See: Muslim Brotherhood Studies

[[Category:People]]
[[fa:سینثیا فرحات]]

Draft:Sayyid Mehdi Seyf

2026-08-02T11:15:46Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sayyid Mehdi Seyf
| image = سیدمهدی سیف.jpg
| birth_date = 1959 CE
| birth_place = [[Tehran]]
| occupation = Quran reciter, Educator, Author
}}

'''Sayyid Mehdi Seyf''' was born in 1959 CE in [[Tehran]]. From the age of six, he learned to read the Quran by attending the Quranic sessions of his late father, Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Seyf. These sessions were held daily at Sayyid Azizullah Mosque in Tehran Bazaar, and every night at the current Imam Khomeini Mosque (may God be pleased with him), and during holidays, in the homes of session members or in Tehran's summer resorts with particular vibrancy. Through continuous presence in these sessions, he learned Quranic recitation well, first by listening to the recitation of other members and then through repeated practice and performing tilawat; later, in his youth, through study and discussion on topics of reading, tajwid, and the science of recitation, he became familiar with the theoretical aspects of this science.

After completing elementary, guidance, and high school periods, he studied seminary levels up to ''[[Shara'i al-Islam]]'' and ''[[Lum'atayn]]'', Ma'alim, logic, Muzaffar, ''[[Sharh Ibn Aqil]]'' and some interpretation of books on the science of recitation in Tehran and Qom.

He began teaching the Quran initially by forming a special session for adolescents alongside his late father's session. Then, from around 1980 and 1981 CE (1359-1360 SH), he also accepted teaching at teacher training centers, universities, and in-service centers. To date, he has taught the teaching methods of reading, recitation, and tajwid in the aforementioned centers and during teacher training courses for instructors of the [[Ministry of Education (Iran)|Ministry of Education]], [[Islamic Propagation Organization]], and Mahd Quran Institute to students, trainers, and teachers, and is currently engaged in teaching these courses at the Tehran Faculty of Quranic Sciences.

Sayyid Mehdi Seyf has had continuous activity as a judge in Quran recitation and memorization competitions since 1980 CE (1359 SH) and has cooperated and consulted in planning related to education and competitions.

Having a research background on the topic of [[Quranic orthography]], he has cooperated with these centers since the establishment of the [[Office for Supervision on Printing and Publishing of the Holy Quran]] in 1985-1986 CE (1364-1365 SH) and then the Textbook Compilation Office and the [[Center for Printing and Publishing of the Holy Quran]].

== Career ==
* Expert, instructor, and author of Holy Quran educational books;
* Judging national and international Holy Quran competitions;
* Judging Holy Quran competitions for government and non-government institutions and organizations;
* Instructor at the Tehran Faculty of Quranic Sciences;
* Holding Holy Quran training courses (tajwid, voice and tune, etc.) from 2006 CE to present in multiple mosques, husayniyyas, and Quranic centers;
* Teaching Holy Quran in various schools and universities;
* Teaching teaching methods in teacher training courses of the Ministry of Education, Islamic Propagation Organization, and Mahd Quran Institute;
* Membership in various Quranic councils;
* Expert on Quranic orthography recitation in the Textbook Compilation Office and the Center for Printing and Publishing of the Holy Quran;
* Expert for Quranic programs on Quran Radio and Television;
* Participation in the meeting of Quranic activists of the Islamic world at the 33rd [[International Conference on Islamic Unity|International Conference on Islamic Unity]] (2019 CE).

== Honors ==
* Obtaining a degree certificate from the Quran Reciters and Instructors Evaluation Plan in the instructors section, specializing in tajwid and recitations;
* Among the distinguished individuals of the Holy Quran competitions of the Endowment and Charity Organization of Tehran Province in 1980 and 1981 CE;
* Receiving a certificate of appreciation and the Servant of the Quran badge at the International Holy Quran Exhibition in 2001 CE;

== Works ==
# Preparation of educational booklets (reading rules, fluent reading, etc.);
# Collaboration in authoring Quran textbooks for elementary and guidance education levels and also the Reading Education book (Islamic Propagation Organization);
# ''Teaching Quran Concepts'': Understanding the meaning of Holy Quran verses in collaboration; Masoud Vakil, Mohammad Jafar Mohebbi, Sayyid Hadi Muhaddith, Hamidreza Mostafid, Sayyid Mohammad Hossein Mirbagheri; published by Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Coordination Center for Development and Promotion of Quranic Activities of the Country in three volumes and 324 pages;
# ''Teaching Quran Concepts (1) and (2)'': Understanding the meaning of phrases and verses of the Holy Quran along with complementary activity in each lesson in collaboration: Masoud Vakil, Sayyid Hadi Muhaddith, Mohammad Jafar Mohebbi, Hamidreza Mostafid, Sayyid Mohammad Hossein Mirbagheri in 224 pages;
# ''Teaching Quran Concepts (3) and (4)'': Understanding the meaning of phrases and verses of the Holy Quran along with complementary activity in each lesson in collaboration; Masoud Vakil, Sayyid Hadi Muhaddith, Mohammad Jafar Mohebbi, Hamidreza Mostafid, Sayyid Mohammad Hossein Mirbagheri in 256 pages;
# ''Supplication of Arafah of Imam Husayn (peace be upon him)'' in collaboration with Ali Ashraf Muayyad published by International Printing and Publishing Company in 92 pages.

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Religious figures]]
[[Category:Iran]]

[[fa:سیدمهدی سیف]]

Draft:Seyyed Yahya Rahim Safavi

2026-08-02T05:47:27Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Seyyed Yahya Rahim Safavi
| image = سید رحیم صفوی.jpg
| other_names = Rahim Safavi
| birth_date = 1952 (CE)
| birth_place = {{flatlist|[[Isfahan]]|[[Iran]]}}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| notable_works = {{flatlist|''A New Approach to Political Geography''|''Principles and Foundations of Military Geography''|''Military Geography of Iran''|''Islamic World, Future Perspective''}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Commander of the IRGC Ground Forces|Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC|Assistant and Senior Advisor to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief}}
}}

'''Seyyed Yahya Rahim Safavi''' is a military officer, researcher, university professor, and one of the senior commanders of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]]. He was born in 1952 (CE), in Hamam village, part of Bagh-e Bahadoran District, Lenjan County, [[Isfahan]] Province. Rahim Safavi was one of the IRGC commanders during the [[Iran–Iraq War|Sacred Defense]] and served as the Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps from 1997 to 2007 (CE). He currently serves as an assistant and senior advisor to [[Ali Khamenei|Imam Khamenei]] in armed forces affairs.

== Biography ==
Seyyed Yahya Rahim Safavi was born in 1952 (CE), in Hamam village, part of Lenjan County, [[Isfahan]] Province. He spent his childhood and adolescence in Isfahan and was admitted to the University of Tabriz in geology in 1971 (CE). During his student years, Rahim Safavi became familiar with political and struggle activities against the Pahlavi government and played an active role in the formation of the [[Islamic Revolution]]. In his memoirs, he has referred to the difficulties of starting studies in Tabriz, including unfamiliarity with the Turkish language, and has stated that he mastered this language during his stay in Tabriz.

=== Education ===
Rahim Safavi holds multiple academic degrees in the field of political science and geography:
* Bachelor's in Geology from the University of Tabriz;
* Master's in Political Geography from Imam Hossein University;
* PhD in Political Geography from Tarbiat Modares University.

In addition to military activities, he has also been active in the scientific field and has taught as a professor of political geography at the [[University of Tehran]], Shahid Beheshti University, Kharazmi University, and Tarbiat Modares University.

== Activities ==
=== Revolutionary Activities ===
Rahim Safavi was present in revolutionary activities in [[Isfahan]] and Tabriz in the years leading up to the victory of the [[Islamic Revolution]]. In the first days after the victory of the revolution, along with Martyr Ali Sayyad Shirazi, he participated in organizing revolutionary forces and forming defensive structures in Isfahan Province.

=== Military Activities ===
==== Sacred Defense Era ====
Rahim Safavi was one of the active commanders of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] during the [[Iran–Iraq War|Sacred Defense]] and participated in various operations. During the war, he undertook multiple responsibilities at various levels of IRGC command.

==== Commander of the IRGC Ground Forces ====
From 1985 to 1987 (CE), he served as the Commander of the Ground Forces of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and played an important role in organizing military operations during this period.

==== Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC ====
From 1988 to 1997 (CE), Rahim Safavi served as the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.

==== Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC ====
In 1997 (CE), by the order of [[Ali Khamenei|Imam Khamenei]], he was appointed as the Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. He held this responsibility for ten years and in 2007 (CE), handed over his position to Mohammad Ali Jafari.

==== Senior Advisor to the Supreme Leader ====
After ending his responsibility as Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC, Rahim Safavi was appointed by the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution as an assistant and senior advisor to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief in armed forces affairs and has held this responsibility to date.

== Works ==
Rahim Safavi has authored and translated numerous works in the field of political geography, military geography, and strategic studies, including the following:

* ''A New Approach to Political Geography''; co-translation with Dareh Mirheidar, Geographic Organization Publications, 2000 (CE);
* ''Principles and Foundations of Military Geography''; Geographic Organization Publications;
* ''Military Geography of Iran''; in five volumes, Geographic Organization Publications, 1999 to 2002 (CE);
* ''Islamic World, Future Perspective''; Shakib Publications, 2009 (CE).

== See also ==
* [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]]
* [[Ali Khamenei]]
* [[Iran–Iraq War]]

== References ==
*[https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/tags/10728/1/%D8%B1%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%DB%8C Rahim Safavi, Tabnak Website], Publication date: n.d., Access date: 10 June 2026 (CE).

{{Iran}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Iran]]

[[fa:سید یحیی رحیم صفوی]]

Draft:Seyyed Kamal Kharazi

2026-08-02T05:39:08Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Seyyed Kamal Kharazi
| image = سید کمال خرازی.jpg
| other_names = Martyr Seyyed Kamal Kharazi
| birth_year = 1944 CE
| birth_date = 1 December 1944
| birth_place ={{flatlist | [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]]| |}}
| death_year = 2026 CE
| death_date = 10 April 2026 in [[2026 US and Israel attack on Iran|US and Israel attack on Iran]] in [[Ramadan War]]
| death_place = [[Tehran]]
| religion =[[Islam]]
| denomination =[[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| occupation = {{flatlist |Programme Manager of [[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting|IRIB]]| Political Deputy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs| Managing Director of the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults| Head of the War Propaganda Headquarters during the [[Iran-Iraq War|Sacred Defense]]| Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the [[United Nations|UN]]| Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Seventh and Eighth Governments| Head and Member of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran}}
| website =
}}

'''Seyyed Kamal Kharazi''' was a scholar diplomat, professor at [[University of Tehran]], Head of the War Propaganda Headquarters during the [[Iran-Iraq War|Sacred Defense]], Political Deputy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the [[United Nations|UN]], Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Seventh and Eighth Governments, and a member of the [[Expediency Discernment Council]]. He was appointed by the [[Martyred Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran (article)|Martyred Leader]] [[Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Imam Khamenei]] as the Head and Member of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

== Biography ==
Seyyed Kamal Kharazi was born on 1 December 1944 (10 Azar 1323 SH), in [[Tehran]]. He completed his primary and secondary education at Alavi School and graduated in 1968 CE (1347 SH) with a Bachelor's degree in [[Arabic language]], in 1972 CE (1351 SH) with a Master's degree in Educational Sciences from [[University of Tehran]], and with a PhD in Educational Management from the University of Houston.

== Academic Activities ==
Seyyed Kamal Kharazi is a full professor at the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of [[University of Tehran]] and also holds the chairmanship of the Board of Trustees of the Cognitive Sciences Research Institute. Some of his works include:
* Translation of the book ''Educational Psychology: Principles and Applications'';
* ''Our Foreign Policy: Collection of Speeches by Seyyed Kamal Kharazi, Minister of Foreign Affairs'';
* Translation of the book ''Changing Minds'';
* Translation of the book ''Introduction to Political Psychology'';
* Translation of the book ''Children's Thinking: Cognitive Development Psychology'';
* Translation of the book ''Exploring Cognitive Development: The Child as Problem Solver'';
* Translation of the book ''Introduction to Cognitive Education: Theory and Application'';
* Translation of the book ''Descriptive Dictionary of Cognitive Psychology'';
* Translation of the book ''Cognitive Psychology for Teachers'';
* Translation of the book ''Cognitive Psychology'';
* Translation of the book ''Guide to Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science'';
* ''Learning and Memory Strategies: Study Skills Throughout the Curriculum'';
* Translation of the book ''The Learning Brain'';
* Translation of the book ''Application of Psychology in Managerial Training'';
* Translation of the book ''Neuroscience, Educational Sciences and the Brain: From Bench to Practice'';
* Translation of the book ''Introduction to Consciousness'', authored by Papineau and Selina;
* ''Foundations of Cognitive Education'';
* ''Foundations of Cognitive Neuroscience''.

== Responsibilities ==
* Programme Manager of [[Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting|IRIB]];
* Political Deputy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1979 CE (1358 SH) to 1980 CE (1359 SH);
* Managing Director of the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults;
* Managing Director of the Islamic Republic News Agency from 1980 CE (1359 SH) to 1989 CE (1368 SH);
* Managing Director of IRNA and Head of the War Propaganda Headquarters during the [[Iran-Iraq War|Sacred Defense]];
* Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the [[United Nations|UN]] from 1989 CE (1368 SH) to 1997 CE (1376 SH);
* Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Seventh and Eighth Governments from 1997 CE (1376 SH) to 2005 CE (1384 SH);
* Head of the Non-Profit Institute Mehr Alborz in Tehran;
* Member of the [[Expediency Discernment Council]];
* Head and Member of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran<ref>[https://www.jamaran.news/%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81-144-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C Biography of Seyyed Kamal Kharazi, Jamaran News and Information Base website]. </ref>.

== Retention in the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations ==
[[Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Ayatollah Khamenei]] appointed the new members of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations by issuing a decree.
The text of the decree of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution is as follows:

In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Dear Dr. Kharazi,
Given the necessity of completing the members of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, Mr. [[Saeed Jalili|Dr. Saeed Jalili]], Dr. Ebrahim Sheibani, Hossein Taromi, Mehdi Mostafavi Ahri, General Ahmad Vahidi are appointed as new members of that Council with your presidency.
Considering the experiences of the previous period and the role of this Council in assisting officials in making macro decisions and benefiting from elites in this field, it is hoped that in the new period we will witness the more effective presence of that Council in the assigned duties.
[[Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Seyyed Ali Khamenei]]
15 June 2014 (25 Khordad 1393 SH)

== Appointment as Head of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations ==
[[Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Ayatollah Khamenei]], the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, appointed Dr. Kharazi as the Head of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations in a decree. The text of the decree is as follows:

In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Dear Dr. Kharazi,

It is necessary to form the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations to assist in macro decision-making and exploring new horizons in the foreign relations of the Islamic Republic and benefiting from the opinions of elites in this field.
It is appropriate for Mr. [[Ali-Akbar Velayati|Dr. Ali Akbar Velayati]], [[Ali Shamkhani]], Mohammad Shariatmadari, and Mohammad Hossein Taromi to be its members for a period of five years, and you are appointed as the head of that Council.
Hope you succeed<ref>[https://khl.ink/f/216 Appointment of Dr. Kharazi as Head of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, Website of the Office for Preserving and Publishing the Works of Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei]. </ref>.

[[Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Seyyed Ali Khamenei]]

== Martyrdom ==
Seyyed Kamal Kharazi attained martyrdom after suffering injuries during the [[2026 US and Israel attack on Iran|criminal attack by American-Zionist terrorists]] on
10 April 2026 (21 Farvardin 1405 SH).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:سید کمال خرازی]]

== Reactions ==
=== Supreme Leader of the Revolution ===
The Supreme Leader of the Revolution, in a message, offered condolences and congratulations on the martyrdom of Dr. Seyyed Kamal Kharazi to the country's scientific and political community and the family of this prominent figure. The full text of the message of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution is as follows:

In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The news of the martyrdom of the distinguished professor of science and culture and the experienced personality of the foreign policy arena, Mr. Dr. Seyyed Kamal Kharazi, is a document of honor for the community of academics, university professors, and political officials of the [[Islamic Republic|Islamic Republic system]] and, on the other hand, a shameful document of the viciousness of the [[United States|American]] - [[Zionist regime|Zionist]] arrogants and enemies of science, culture, and Iranian civilization.
He spent many years of his life serving in various cultural, promotional fields and the responsibility of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in addition to activity in the field of modern cognitive sciences, he played a role in the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations.
I offer condolences and congratulations on the martyrdom of this devoted personality and their honorable spouse to the general public, the academic community, enthusiasts and students of this professor, and also the honorable Kharazi family, especially Mr. Ayatollah Seyyed Mohsen Kharazi, and I ask God Almighty for their elevation of ranks<ref>[https://www.jamaran.news/fa/tiny/news-1704742 Supreme Leader of the Revolution: The martyrdom of Seyyed Kamal Kharazi is a shameful document of the viciousness of American-Zionist arrogants, Jamaran News and Information Base website]. </ref>.

[[Seyyed Mojtaba Khamenei|Seyyed Mojtaba Hosseini Khamenei]]

10 April 2026

=== President of the Islamic Republic of Iran ===
The text of the condolence message of Masoud Pezeshkian, President of the Islamic Republic of Iran, is as follows:

In the Name of the Lord of the Martyrs and the Truthful

I offer condolences on the oppressed martyrdom of Dr. Seyyed Kamal Kharazi, who joined the caravan of martyrs after suffering injuries from the [[2026 US and Israel attack on Iran|terroristic and savage attack by American and Zionist enemies]] on his residence, to the proud nation of Iran, the country's diplomacy community, and his honorable family and survivors.
He was one of the prominent, committed, and influential figures of the country's diplomacy arena who spent many years of his noble life in serious responsibilities such as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Iran to the [[United Nations]], with sincerity, prudence, and deep commitment to the ideals of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Islamic Revolution]] and in the path of defending national interests and explaining the principled positions of the [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]] in the international arena.
This educated diplomat in the years after that also with the same spirit of responsibility, prudence, and compassion for the country, played an important role in important positions such as membership in the [[Expediency Discernment Council]] and presidency of the Strategic Council.
I, while paying respect to the lofty spirit of this high-ranking martyr and their selfless and companion spouse who reached [[Martyrdom]] in this criminal act, ask God Almighty for these dear martyrs elevation of ranks and companionship with the righteous and for their survivors patience and health<ref>[https://dolat.ir/detail/479607 Condolence message of President Pezeshkian following the martyrdom of Dr. Kharazi, Government Information Base website]. </ref>.

[[Masoud Pezeshkian]]
President of the Islamic Republic of Iran

=== First Vice President ===
Mohammad Reza Aref, First Vice President, issued a message following the martyrdom of Dr. Kamal Kharazi.

In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

'''{{متن قرآن|مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ رِجَالٌ صَدَقُوا مَا عَاهَدُوا اللَّهَ عَلَيْهِ فَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ قَضَىٰ نَحْبَهُ وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ يَنْتَظِرُ وَمَا بَدَّلُوا|سوره =احزاب|آیه =23}}'''

The oppressed and honorable martyrdom of the high-ranking diplomat, wise politician, and distinguished thinker, Dr. Kamal Kharazi and their patient and selfless spouse, caused deep sorrow and great pain.
The history of my acquaintance and interest in them dates back to the early 1970s CE; a bond that in the years after the victory of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Islamic Revolution]], in various managerial and executive arenas, turned into close cooperation and intellectual synergy to serve the Islamic homeland. Dr. Kharazi was always a dignified, ethical personality possessing rare scientific depth and cultural richness who, with a precise understanding of power equations, had a guiding role-playing in sensitive junctures.
That mujahid of the diplomacy path in many years of service, especially in the position of presidency of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, was the embodiment of rationality, authority, and the eloquent language of the logic of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the international arena. Targeting this symbol of honorable diplomacy is clear evidence of the enemies' fear of the intelligent explanation of the system's strategies and the independent voice of the [[Iran]] nation in the world.
I, while offering condolences to the presence of the Supreme Leader, the honorable Kharazi family, the scientific and diplomatic community, and the great nation of Iran, ask for elevation of ranks and companionship with the divine saints for those high-ranking martyrs. The glory of the path that they outlined in foreign policy will continue with firmness.

=== Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran ===
The text of the message of [[Seyyed Abbas Araghchi]] Minister of Foreign Affairs is as follows:

In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

'''{{متن قرآن|إِنَّا لِلَّٰهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ|سوره =بقره|آیه =156}}'''

The heartbreaking and sorrowful news of the martyrdom of the distinguished scholar, prominent diplomat, and enduring figure of the foreign policy arena, Mr. Dr. Seyyed Kamal Kharazi, plunges the heart of every aware and compassionate person of this land into deep shock and grief. The loss of such a personality is not merely the loss of an individual, but rather the silencing of a part of the wisdom, experience, and dignified voice of Iranian diplomacy on the international stage.

I witness years of companionship and cooperation during which he was among those who spent his life in the difficult and challenging path of foreign policy with honesty, patience, prudence, and dignity; a presence that, in the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs and Head of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, displayed a clear manifestation of rationality, deep thinking, and commitment to national interests. His name is intertwined with the dignity of [[Iran]]ian diplomacy, with firm logic against the world, and with the sincere defense of the independence and honor of this nation.

Now that the memory of that unique figure is alive in minds, a heavy grief has settled upon hearts; a grief of the kind caused by the loss of people whose presence brings hope and whose departure leaves a deep and heartbreaking void. Undoubtedly, his efforts and diplomatic and intellectual legacy will remain like a bright light on the future path of the country's foreign policy and will not be forgotten.

I, with a heart filled with sorrow, offer condolences for this great loss to the presence of the Supreme Leader (may God prolong his shadow), the honorable Kharazi family, colleagues, and the scientific and diplomatic community of the country, and I ask from Almighty God for that blessed martyr, vast mercy, exaltation of degrees, and companionship with the divine saints.

Seyyed Abbas Araghchi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran

=== Secretariat of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations ===
The Secretariat of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, in a statement, offered condolences for the martyrdom of Dr. Seyyed Kamal Kharazi. The full text of the statement is as follows:

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

'''{{Quran text| And do not think those who were killed in the way of Allah are dead. Rather, they are alive with their Lord, receiving provision.|Surah =Al-Imran|Verse =169}}'''

Dr. Seyyed Kamal Kharazi, Senior Advisor to the [[Martyred Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran (article)|Martyred Imam of the Islamic Revolution (may God be pleased with him)]] and [[Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Supreme Leader (may his shadow remain high)]], former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Head of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, and member of the [[Expediency Discernment Council]], after a life of struggle in the path of right and truth, met his Lord.

He was a pious human being and a faithful and sincere servant of God who ultimately, after enduring injuries resulting from the cowardly assassination by the criminal enemy [[United States|American]] - [[Zionist regime|Zionist]], attained the great grace of martyrdom. The American - Zionist enemy, on 1 April 2026, targeted Dr. Kharazi's residence with an aerial bombardment, following which he was injured and his honorable wife attained the high degree of martyrdom.

We congratulate and offer condolences for the oppressed and honorable martyrdom of this wise scholar, committed diplomat, and revolutionary, who served sincerely in the diplomacy front for many years, to the presence of [[Hujjat ibn al-Hasan (Mahdi)|His Holiness Baqiyyat Allah al-Azam (may God hasten his reappearance)]], the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, the honorable family of the martyr, his companions and comrades, the martyr-nurturing nation of Islamic Iran, and all the free people of the world, and we ask from the divine court for that dear martyr, exaltation of degrees and proximity to the Friends of God, and for his martyr wife, mercy and forgiveness.

The Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, with renewed allegiance to the ideals of [[Seyyed Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini|Imam Khomeini (may God have mercy on him)]] and the Great Martyred Commander (may God have mercy on him) and the Supreme Leader (may God protect him) and the precious martyrs, asks from Almighty God for the swift victory of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Third Imposed War against the American - Zionist enemy. Undoubtedly, the pure blood of martyrs like Dr. Kharazi will be the blazing light of the path of resistance and freedom-seeking against [[Arrogance|Global Arrogance]].

And peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah and His blessings.

Secretariat of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations of the Republic

=== Head of the Judiciary ===
[[Gholamhossein Mohseni-Eje'i]], Head of the Judiciary, in a message, congratulated and offered condolences for the martyrdom of Dr. Seyyed Kamal Kharazi.

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Dr. Kamal Kharazi and his honorable wife, during the [[2026 US and Israel attack on Iran|Savage attacks by the brutal regimes of America and Zionism]], attained the grace of [[Martyrdom]], and their names were recorded in the honorable list of martyrs of the [[Ramadan War|Third Imposed War]]. Blessed are these fortunate departures.

Martyr Kharazi, in various political and diplomatic responsibilities, was always a weighty and influential figure, and in all periods and positions, did not deviate or depart from the straight path of loyalty to the Guardianship and pure obedience to the Imam of the Ummah. In the period when he became the helmsman of the country's diplomacy apparatus, he did not allow the major movement of the country's foreign policy to deviate from the principled and fundamental path.

I congratulate and offer condolences for the martyrdom of Dr. Kamal Kharazi and his honorable wife to their relatives and colleagues, and I ask for divine forgiveness for them.

=== Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly ===
The text of the condolence message by Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, Speaker of the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly]], following the martyrdom of Seyyed Kamal Kharazi, Head of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran, is as follows:

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

'''{{Quran text| Indeed, Allah has purchased from the believers their lives and their properties... |Surah =At-Tawbah|Verse =111}}'''

The cowardly assassination of the steadfast soldier of diplomacy, the committed scholar and self-sacrificing mujahid, Martyr Seyyed Kamal Kharazi, Head of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a display of the baseness and humiliation of the [[Zionist regime|Zionist enemy]] and [[Global Arrogance|Global Arrogance]] in the field of politics, who claims global diplomacy. This great martyr, who left behind lasting works and brilliance in the scientific field, was always adorned with ethics in managerial fields and international relations, and finally drank the sweet nectar of [[Martyrdom]] in the way of the proud Iran and in defence of the ideals of the Islamic Revolution.
Certainly, Islamic Iran and its noble and victorious nation pride themselves on having such politicians, and with the final victory over global arrogance and Zionists, they will keep alive the memory of these soldiers of [[Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Grand Ayatollah Martyr Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei]].
I congratulate and offer condolences on the martyrdom of this ethical diplomat, former Minister of Foreign Affairs, and his honourable wife to the survivors and the noble and martyr-nurturing nation of Islamic Iran, and I ask the Almighty God for the exaltation of their ranks<ref>[https://icana.ir/x5y7j Speaker of the Parliament congratulated and offered condolences on the martyrdom of Seyyed Kamal Kharazi in a message, Mellat News Agency website].</ref>.
Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
Speaker of the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly]]

=== Advisor to the Supreme Leader for International Affairs ===
[[Ali Akbar Velayati|Ali Akbar Velayati]], Advisor to the Supreme Leader for International Affairs, offered condolences on the martyrdom of Seyyed Kamal Kharazi, Head of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, following the terrorist attack by the enemy.
The text of the message is as follows:

In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

'''{{Quran|2|156}}'''

With utmost regret and sorrow, the news of the martyrdom of my old friend and colleague and sincere servant of the Islamic System, Martyr Dr. Seyyed Kamal Kharazi, following injuries sustained from the [[2026 US and Israel attack on Iran|terrorist operation of the United States Army and the occupying Zionist regime]], caused deep sorrow and grief to me.
After years of sincere struggle, he finally joined his martyred wife and registered his name among the victorious martyrs of this land in the [[Ramadan War]].
My acquaintance with him goes back to the years before the victory of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Islamic Revolution]] and the era of struggles; where with a revolutionary spirit and firm determination, he stepped towards realising the lofty ideals of Islam and the Revolution. After the Revolution as well, in sensitive responsibilities, especially in heading the Office of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the [[United Nations]] and also the position of holding the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, I have been a close witness to their tireless efforts, prudence, commitment, and compassion in advancing the goals of the sacred system of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Also, after the end of the ministerial period, with responsibility in the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, he opened a new chapter of sincere service and strategic thinking and used his valuable experiences in the path of the country's exaltation.
I congratulate and offer condolences on this great loss and the martyrdom of this sincere servant to the presence of the Supreme Leader (may God prolong his shadow [highness]), his honourable and patient family, especially to my colleagues and brothers in the diplomacy apparatus and the noble nation of Iran.
I ask from the Almighty God for that high-ranking martyr, exaltation of degrees and companionship with the divine saints, and for the survivors, patience and reward.
He lived happily and died happily.
Ali Akbar Velayati
Advisor to the Supreme Leader for International Affairs

=== Prime Minister of Malaysia ===
[[Anwar Ibrahim]], Prime Minister of [[Malaysia]], wrote in his condolence message following the martyrdom of Kamal Kharazi: With utmost regret and sorrow, I was informed of the death of Dr. Kamal Kharazi, former Foreign Minister of Iran; while the blows from the terrorist attacks of the Israelis numbered his untimely death.
I first met him during Dr. Kharazi's mission as Iran's representative at the [[United Nations|UN]] in New York, and our friendship continued throughout his prominent tenure as Foreign Minister. He was a man of rare knowledge and sincere warmth: always meticulous and always polite.
The world has lost an exceptional diplomat and I, a dear friend. I express my deepest condolences to his family and the people of Iran. His death is a reminder of the heavy cost of this conflict. This war must end<ref>[https://www.jamaran.news/fa/tiny/news-1704677 Condolences of the Prime Minister of Malaysia for the martyrdom of Kamal Kharazi; 'The world has lost an exceptional diplomat', Jamaran News and Information Base website].</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[2026 US and Israel attack on Iran]]
* [[Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei]]
* [[Iran-Iraq War]]
* [[Ramadan War]]
* [[Martyrdom]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://www.jamaran.news/%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81-144-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C Biography of Seyyed Kamal Kharazi, Jamaran News and Information Base], Publication date: N/A, Accessed: 12 April 2026 (CE).
* [https://khl.ink/f/216 Appointment of Dr. Kharazi as Head of the Strategic Council on Foreign Relations, Website of the Office for Preserving and Publishing the Works of Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei], Publication date: 25 June 2006 (CE), Accessed: 12 April 2026 (CE).
* [https://icana.ir/x5y7j Speaker of the Parliament congratulated and offered condolences on the martyrdom of Seyyed Kamal Kharazi in a message, Mellat News Agency website], Publication date: 10 April 2026 (CE), Accessed: 12 April 2026 (CE).
* [https://dolat.ir/detail/479607 Condolence message of President Pezeshkian following the martyrdom of Dr. Kharazi, Government Information Base website], Publication date: 10 April 2026 (CE), Accessed: 12 April 2026 (CE).

{{Iran}}
{{Ramadan War}}
{{Martyrs}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Shia Martyrs]]
[[Category:Crimes of the United States]]
[[Category:Crimes of Israel]]
[[Category:Iran]]

[[fa:شهادت سید کمال خرازی]]
[[ar:شهادة سيد كمال خرازي]]
[[ur:شہادت سید کمال خرازی]]

Draft:Sayyid Hashem Safieddin

2026-08-02T05:27:29Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sayyid Hashem Safieddin
| image = هاشم صفی الدین.jpg
| other_names = Hashem Safieddin
| birth_date = 1964 (CE)
| birth_place = Deir Qanoun El Nahr, Southern [[Lebanon]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Shia Islam]]
| known_for = {{flatlist|Executive Head of the Hezbollah Council|Head of Hezbollah in Beirut region (1994)|Head of the Resistance Council (1995)|Military Commander of Southern Lebanon region (November 2010)|Head of the Jihad Council (highest body in the party's military organization)|}}
}}
'''Sayyid Hashem Safieddin''' was the Executive Head of the Council of [[Hezbollah]], responsible for managing the financial and executive activities of the party. He was an influential figure within the party and, in addition to being a relative of [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]], was a close associate. Due to organizing and planning operations against [[Israel]], financial and executive activities in Hezbollah, and close ties with the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] and a key role in the [[Axis of Resistance]], he was sanctioned by the [[United States]]. Following the martyrdom of [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]] in an attack by warplanes of the [[Israel]]i regime on the evening of Friday, 27 September 2024 (CE), equivalent to 6 Mehr 1403 (SH), rumors of his [[assassination]] circulated in the media. However, this was later denied by the American newspaper [[The New York Times]] and the radio of the [[Israel]]i army. But [[Hezbollah]] confirmed the martyrdom of "Sayyid Hashem Safieddin", head of the executive council of the movement, on Wednesday, 23 October 2024 (CE), equivalent to 2 Aban 1403 (SH).

== Biography ==
Sayyid Hashem Safieddin was born in 1964 (CE), in the city of Deir Qanoun El Nahr in southern [[Lebanon]]<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2024/9/28/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1 Hashem Safi al-Din, the potential successor to Nasrallah in Hezbollah leadership, Al Jazeera].</ref>.

== Education ==
Since the 1980s, after studying in [[Najaf]], he spent some time at the [[Qom Seminary]] along with [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]] and his brother Abdullah Safieddin<ref>[https://www.eghtesadonline.com/008R5C Biography of Sheikh Hashem Safieddin / Get to know Hezbollah's successor better, Egtesad Online website].</ref>.

== Activities ==
Hashem Safieddin is recognized as one of the prominent and influential figures of the [[Axis of Resistance|Resistance Front]], serving as the Head of the Executive Council of [[Hezbollah]]. He is a close associate of [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]], the Secretary-General of Hezbollah, and his maternal cousin, playing a key role in guiding and managing Hezbollah's activities and struggles against the [[Israel]]i regime and global arrogance.

== Positions ==
As the Head of the Executive Council of [[Hezbollah]], Hashem Safieddin manages all executive and financial activities of the movement. He plays a vital role in organizing and planning various resistance operations against enemies, including the [[Israel]]i regime and regional terrorist groups. Safieddin's active presence in the Resistance Front has strengthened the military and strategic capabilities of the movement, turning Hezbollah into one of the strongest forces against Zionist aggressions in the region. His most important positions include<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2024/9/28/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1 Hashem Safi al-Din, the potential successor to Nasrallah in Hezbollah leadership, Al Jazeera].</ref>:
# Head of Hezbollah in the Beirut region in 1994 (CE);
# Head of the Resistance Council in 1995 (CE);
# Member of the Consultative Council in 1998 (CE);
# Head of the Executive Council of Hezbollah (second highest position in the party) in 1998 (CE);
# Head of the Jihad Council (highest body in the party's military organization);
# Military Commander of the Southern Lebanon region in November 2010 (CE).

== Sanctions by the United States ==
In 2017 (CE), Safieddin was placed on the [[terrorism]] list by the [[United States]], and in 2018 (CE), economic sanctions were imposed, including the confiscation of his assets and accounts and prevention of financial transactions with him. [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Bahrain]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] also placed him along with several other Hezbollah leaders on terrorist lists<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2024/9/28/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1 Hashem Safi al-Din, the potential successor to Nasrallah in Hezbollah leadership, Al Jazeera].</ref>.

== Relations with the Axis of Resistance and Iran ==
Hashem Safieddin's close relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran and the extensive support he receives from [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] have made him one of the central figures of the [[Axis of Resistance|Resistance Front]] in the region. His alignment with the policies of [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] in supporting [[Palestine]] and confronting the [[Israel]]i regime demonstrates his deep commitment to the ideals of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Islamic Revolution]] and the [[Muslim Ummah]]<ref>[https://snn.ir/004wEy Who is Hashem Safieddin?, Student News Agency].</ref>.

== Safieddin's View on the Influence of Najaf and Qom Seminaries in Lebanon ==
Safieddin's years of residence in [[Qom]] have greatly influenced his political thoughts. He is one of the supporters of the theory of [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist]]. In his writings, he refers to the experiences of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] clerics in Qom and their impact on Shia political thought in Lebanon, stating: "The Islamic intellectual space of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Lebanon]] has generally tended towards the intellectual products of [[Najaf]] and has benefited less from the characteristics of Qom, but the victory of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran]] led by Imam Khomeini is considered a great success for Islamic thought".
He also states: "The theory of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist is one of the most important theories presented by Imam Khomeini with religious and rational reasons, and can be proposed as a comprehensive solution to the problems faced by Islamic movements"<ref>[https://www.tabnak.ir/005IPI Speculations about the successor of martyr Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah / Who is Sayyid Hashem Safieddin?, Tabnak].</ref>.

== Assassination Rumors ==
Following the martyrdom of [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]] in an attack by warplanes of the [[Israel]]i regime on the evening of Friday, 27 September 2024 (CE), equivalent to 6 Mehr 1403 (SH), rumors of his [[assassination]] circulated in the media. However, the next day it was revealed that he was not present at the site of the terrorist attack. The American newspaper [[The New York Times]] also reported that "Hashem Safieddin", Secretary of the Executive Council of [[Hezbollah]], was alive. Citing three senior officials of the Zionist regime, the media announced that Hashem Safieddin, Secretary of the Executive Council of Hezbollah, who plays a key role in Hezbollah's political resistance structure, was not present at the location targeted by the terrorist attack of the Zionist regime's army<ref>[https://www.eghtesadonline.com/008R5C Biography of Sheikh Hashem Safieddin / Get to know Hezbollah's successor better, Egtesad Online website].</ref>. Also, the army radio of the [[Israel]]i regime announced that estimates indicate that Hashem Safieddin, Head of the Executive Council of [[Hezbollah]], was not martyred in this regime's savage aggression on the southern suburb of [[Beirut]].

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[fa:سید هاشم صفی‌الدین]]

==Martyrdom==

[[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]], on Wednesday, 23 October 2024 CE, equivalent to 2 Aban 1403 SH, confirmed the martyrdom of "Sayyid Hashem Safieddin", the head of the executive council of this movement<ref>[http://isna.ir/xdS7K6 Hezbollah confirmed the martyrdom of "Sayyid Hashem Safieddin", ISNA].</ref>.

==Reactions==
===Hezbollah Lebanon===
[[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]] announced in a statement that Sayed Hashem Safieddin, the head of the Executive Council of this movement, was martyred in the [[Zionist regime]] attack on [[Beirut]].
In the statement by Hezbollah regarding this matter, it was stated: We offer condolences to the martyr-nurturing and mujahid Ummah, the nation of Resistance and Victory, for the martyrdom of the great leader and the great martyr of the path of [[Jerusalem]], the head of the Executive Council of Hezbollah, Sheikh Sayed Hashem Safieddin.
In this statement, it was announced: Sayed Hashem has joined his brother, our highest and most precious martyr, His Excellency the Secretary-General of Hezbollah, His Excellency [[Hassan Nasrallah]]; he was for Sayed Hassan Nasrallah like [[Abbas ibn Ali|Hazrat Abbas (peace be upon him)]] for Imam Husayn (peace be upon him). Sayed Hashem was the trusted individual and mainstay of the martyr Nasrallah in times of calamities and hardships.
Hezbollah added: Sayed Hashem Safieddin spent most of his life serving Hezbollah, the Islamic Resistance, and its community; throughout his many years of noble life, with responsibility and capability, he managed the Executive Council, its institutions, and units. He was close to the mujahideen of [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah]], close to its popular supporters, and loved the families of its martyrs, until Allah joined him to the caravan of the martyrs of Karbala as a martyr.
The Islamic Resistance in [[Lebanon]] further offered condolences to Imam al-Mahdi (may Allah hasten his reappearance), [[Ali Khamenei|Supreme Leader of the Revolution]], and all fighters and supporters of the Resistance.
At the end, Hezbollah renewed its pledge with this great martyr to continue the path of Resistance and [[Jihad]] until the realization of its goals in achieving freedom and victory.

===Hamas===
[[Hamas]], in a statement a copy of which was provided to the Palestine Information Center, noted that while offering honorable condolences for the martyrdom of Hashem Safieddin and other pure martyrs from among the leaders and children of the Arab and [[Islam|Islamic]] Ummah who were martyred during the [[Al-Aqsa Flood|Battle of Al-Aqsa Flood]] and in the path of liberating [[Palestine]], [[Jerusalem]], and [[Al-Aqsa Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]], we appreciate their jihad, sacrifices, and heroic roles in supporting the nation of [[Palestine]] and responding to the aggression and crimes of the [[Zionist regime|Zionist enemy]] and supporting the legitimate Resistance and our rightful cause.
Hamas emphasized in the continuation of this statement that the crimes of the [[Zionist regime]] in assassinating leaders and prominent figures of the Resistance among the nation of [[Palestine]] and the Islamic and Arab Ummah will not be able to extinguish the flames of Resistance and break the will of steadfastness and persistence against the Zionist regime and its hostile plans against the nation of Palestine and the Ummah; rather, all segments of our nation and Ummah will continue the path of Resistance until the realization of our goals in expelling the occupiers and achieving freedom and independence.
At the end, Hamas, while offering greetings and seeking mercy for the martyr Sayed Hashem Safieddin and all his martyr brothers, has asked from [[God|God]] Almighty to include him in His vast mercy and grant him residence in the highest paradise, and grant patience and beauty to his family and brothers<ref>[https://farsi.palinfo.com/?p=565085 Hamas condolence message on the occasion of the martyrdom of Sayed Hashem Safieddin, Head of the Executive Council of Hezbollah, Palestine Information Center].</ref>.

===Leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran===
The text of the Leader of the Revolution's message is as follows:

In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful

Dear youths of the Resistance Front,
The righteous and self-sacrificing mujahid Sayed, His Excellency Sayed Hashem Safieddin (may Allah be pleased with him) joined the ranks of the martyrs of the Resistance and another bright star adorned the sky of jihad in the path of [[Jerusalem]] Sharif. He was one of the most prominent great figures of Hezbollah and a constant friend and companion of His Excellency [[Hassan Nasrallah]]. It was with the prudence and courage of leaders like him that [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah]] was again able to keep [[Lebanon]] safe from the danger of disintegration and collapse and neutralize the threat of the [[Zionist regime|Usurping Regime]], whose wicked and oppressive army sometimes trampled even Beirut. It was the bravery and self-sacrifice of him and other commanders and mujahideen of the Nasrallah axis that removed the danger of usurpation and occupation of southern Litani, Tyre, and other cities of that region and their annexation to the usurped and occupied [[Palestine]] from Lebanon, and brought the life, property, and valuable honor of Hezbollah into the field to preserve the territorial integrity of that country, and left the aggressor and criminal [[Zionist regime|Zionist regime]] unsuccessful.
[[File:پیام رهبر برای شهادت صفی الدین.jpg|frameless|left|]]
Today, leaders like Nasrallah and Safieddin are apparently not present in this realm, but their spirit and leadership are present in the field and defend Lebanon and its defenseless people. Today too, Hezbollah is the strongest defender of Lebanon and the firmest shield against the greed of the Zionist regime, which has long aimed at the disintegration of Lebanon. The enemy tries to deny the self-sacrificing role of Hezbollah for Lebanon. The well-wishers of Lebanon should not let this false speech be heard from their throats.
[[Hezbollah|Hezbollah]] is alive and growing and will fulfill its historical role. The [[Islamic Republic]] too, as always, will help the mujahideen of [[Jerusalem]] and the resisters against the occupation of the criminal usurper gang of [[Palestine]] with Allah's permission.
I congratulate and offer condolences for the martyrdom of our dear Sayed, His Excellency Safieddin, to his honorable family, relatives, and comrades-in-arms in all fronts of the Resistance<ref>[https://khl.ink/f/58075 Message of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution following the martyrdom of the righteous and self-sacrificing mujahid Sayed "Sayed Hashem Safieddin" (may Allah be pleased with him), Office for Preserving and Publishing the Works of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei].</ref>.

And peace be upon the righteous servants of God, [[Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Sayyid Ali Khamenei]], 24 October 2024.

=== Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Iran ===
The text of the President's message is as follows:

In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
'''{{Quran|surah=Al-Hajj|verse=58|text=وَالَّذِینَ هَاجَرُوا فِی سَبِیل‏اللَّهِ ثُمَّ قُتِلُوا أَوْ مَاتُوا لَیرْزُقَنَّهُمُ اللَّهُ رِزْقًا ... }}'''

The martyrdom of the learned ascetic and tireless mujahid, Mr. Sayyid Hashem Safieddin, head of the Executive Council of [[Hezbollah Lebanon]], although it is a great loss for the [[Axis of Resistance]], the nation of [[Lebanon]], and all free people of the world, will certainly mark a new chapter of resistance and struggle against the Zionist occupiers.
This great figure of the field of jihad and martyrdom, inspired by the school of Ashura, bravely dedicated his entire life to defending the oppressed people of [[Palestine]] and Lebanon and strengthening the [[Axis of Resistance|Resistance Front]], leaving behind brilliant legacies of struggle and resistance in the path of [[Islam]] and fighting against oppression and tyranny, which will remain bright and inspiring forever.
The [[Zionist regime|Zionist enemy]], after martyring the late Secretary-General of Hezbollah Lebanon, [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah|Martyr Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]], in its own view sought to create a serious disruption in the leadership and guidance of this movement through the cowardly assassination of this great mujahid, but praise be to God, the Good Tree of Resistance will not cease to live and grow, and the blood of the martyrs will sustain this movement and uprising. Today we see that Hezbollah is more solid and resistant than before and pursues its goals more powerfully and inflicts hard blows on the body of the occupiers.
I offer condolences for the martyrdom of this learned mujahid to the presence of [[Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Supreme Leader]], the proud nations of [[Lebanon]] and [[Palestine]], his comrades in the [[Axis of Resistance|Resistance Front]], his honorable family, and all free people of the world. Undoubtedly, as long as oppression, crime, and occupation continue against the oppressed nation of Palestine and Lebanon, resistance and jihad against the Zionist aggressors and their supporters will be strengthened day by day<ref>[https://www.mizanonline.ir/fa/news/4800241/%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85-%D8%B5%D9%81%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%A Pezeshkian following the martyrdom of Sayyid Hashem Safieddin: The Good Tree of Resistance will not cease to live and grow, Mizan News Agency].</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]]
* [[Zionist regime]]
* [[Resistance Front]]
* [[Hezbollah Lebanon]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2024/9/28/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85-%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1 Hashem Safieddin, the potential successor to Nasrallah in leading Hezbollah, Al Jazeera], Published 28 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
* [https://www.eghtesadonline.com/008R5C Biography of Sheikh Hashem Safieddin / Get to know Hezbollah's successor better, Egtesad Online website], Published 28 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
* [https://www.tabnak.ir/005IPI Speculations about the successor of Martyr Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah / Who is Sayyid Hashem Safieddin?, Tabnak], Published 28 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
* [https://snn.ir/004wEy Who is Hashem Safieddin?, Student News Agency], Published 28 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
* [http://isna.ir/xdS7K6 Hezbollah confirmed the martyrdom of "Sayyid Hashem Safieddin", ISNA], Published 22 October 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
* [https://farsi.palinfo.com/?p=565085 Hamas condolence message on the occasion of the martyrdom of Sayyid Hashem Safieddin, head of Hezbollah's Executive Council, Palestine Information Center], Published 23 October 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
* [https://khl.ink/f/58075 Message of the Leader of the Islamic Revolution following the martyrdom of the righteous and self-sacrificing mujahid Sayyid "Sayyid Hashem Safieddin" (may God be pleased with him), Office for the Preservation and Publication of the Works of Ayatollah Khamenei], Published 24 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
* [https://www.mizanonline.ir/fa/news/4800241/%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85-%D8%B5%D9%81%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%A Pezeshkian following the martyrdom of Sayyid Hashem Safieddin: The Good Tree of Resistance will not cease to live and grow, Mizan News Agency], Published 23 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Lebanon]]
[[fa:سید هاشم صفی‌الدین]]

Draft:Sayyid Hashim al-Haydari

2026-08-02T05:06:31Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sayyid Hashim al-Haydari
| image = سید هاشم حیدری.jpg
| other_names = {{flatlist| Sayyid Hashim Haydari| Abu Baqir| }}
| birth_date = 1325 AH (c. 1907 CE)
| birth_place = {{flatlist| [[Iraq]]| [[Kadhimiya]]| }}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| occupation = {{flatlist| Secretary-General of the Ahad Allah Movement of Iraq| Cultural Deputy of [[Popular Mobilization Forces|Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces]]| }}
}}

'''Sayyid Hashim al-Haydari''', known as the "[[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah|Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]] of [[Iraq]]", is an Iraqi cleric and politician, Cultural Deputy of the [[Popular Mobilization Forces|Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces]] and Secretary-General of the Ahad Allah Movement of [[Iraq]]. He holds a prominent position in the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] community of [[Iraq]] and is known for his loyalty to the Leader of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran]], [[Imam Khamenei]] and his companions, and [[Sayyid Ali al-Sistani|Sayyid Ali al-Sistani]]. Defense of [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Islam]], adherence to [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist|Velayat-e Faqih]] and the Iraqi Marjaiyya, hostility towards the [[United States|America]] and [[Israel|Israel]], and a pivotal role and support for the forces of the [[Popular Mobilization Forces|Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces]] and the [[Axis of Resistance]] in [[Palestine]] and [[Lebanon]] are among his thoughts and activities.

== Biography ==

Sayyid Hashim al-Haydari was born in 1325 AH (c. 1907 CE), in [[Iraq]] and in the city of [[Kadhimiya]].

== Education ==

He completed his studies in [[Fiqh|Jurisprudence]], [[Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence|Usul]] and [[Islamic sciences]] in the [[Hawza|Seminary]]<ref>[https://www.islam4u.com/ar/authors/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A His Eminence Sayyid Hashim al-Haydari, may God protect him, Islamic Radiation Center].</ref>.

== Militant Activities ==

=== Cultural Deputy of Hashd al-Shaabi ===

During the war against [[ISIS]] which began in 2014 CE, Haydari played a prominent role in supporting and guiding the forces of the [[Popular Mobilization Forces|Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces]] as the Cultural Deputy of this group, and was a supporter of the idea of armed resistance and public mobilization to counter the threat of [[ISIS]] to [[Iraq]].

=== Founding of the Ahad Allah Islamic Movement ===

Sayyid Hashim Haydari announced the founding of the Ahad Allah Islamic Movement on 4 November 2020 CE. The statement of this announcement was delivered in his speech on the anniversary of the birth of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his progeny)]]. He emphasized that this movement is to facilitate matters for the needy and the poor. He is known for his loyalty to the Leader of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Islamic Revolution of Iran]], [[Sayyid Ali Khamenei|Imam Sayyid Ali Khamenei]] and his companions, and to [[Sayyid Ali al-Sistani|Sayyid Ali al-Sistani]]. This is what was evident in his speeches; as he considered the movement the most ready movement to follow Mr. al-Sistani and sacrifice. The Secretary-General of the Ahad Allah Movement explained the goals and foundations of the movement in speeches, saying: "The goal, line and project of the movement is [[Islam]] and [[Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist|Velayat-e Faqih]]; we believe that religion causes life and we also believe in the approach of [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Imam Khomeini]] that the goal of this movement is to support the deprived; because this movement focuses on the poor and their needs and conditions." Regarding the political role of the Ahad Allah Movement, stating only that this movement will not participate in the [[Iraq]] elections, he said: We will guide people to choose appropriate candidates and alliances<ref>[https://alkhanadeq.org.lb/post.php?id=234 Secretary-General of the Ahad Allah Islamic Movement Sayyid Hashim al-Haydari, Al-Khanaqiq].</ref>.

== Loyalty to the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the Iraqi Marjaiyya ==

Haydari is known for his loyalty to the Leader of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Islamic Revolution]], [[Imam Khamenei]] and his companions, and [[Sayyid Ali al-Sistani|Sayyid Ali al-Sistani]]. This is what he emphasized in his speeches; as he always considers the Ahad Allah Islamic Movement the most ready movement to follow and sacrifice for Ayatollah al-Sistani.

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[fa:سید هاشم الحیدری]]

== Thought and Viewpoint ==

=== Muslim Unity in Obedience to the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist ===

[[File:سید هاشم الحیدری.jpg|frameless|left|]]
The Secretary-General of the Ahadullah Movement of Iraq stated: The enemy has today targeted the [[Velayat-e Faqih|Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist]] and [[Islam|the Islamic religion]], and at present, [[Islamic Unity|Muslim unity]] and obedience to the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist are more necessary than ever. Hojjat al-Islam wal-Muslimin Sayed Hashim Haidari, at the commemoration ceremony for Martyr [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah|Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]] held by [[Mohsen Araki|Ayatollah Mohsen Araki]], stated: Martyr Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah was always devoted to the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and a follower of the directives of the Supreme Leader, and he always defended the Guardianship. The Secretary-General of the Ahadullah Movement of Iraq stated: The devotion of Martyr Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah to the Supreme Leader was reminiscent of the devotion of [[Joseph (prophet)|Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon him)]] to [[Jacob (prophet)|Prophet Yaqub (peace be upon him)]]. He expressed: Martyr [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah|Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]] was melted and immersed in the [[Velayat-e Faqih|Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist]], and in the most difficult conditions in the middle of [[Beirut|Beirut]], on the night of [[Ashura|Ashura]], he pledged allegiance to the Supreme Leader before the eyes of the world, and this matter should also become prevalent in the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Islamic Republic]] and Islamic countries. He emphasised: According to Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah, the Islamic Republic is the [[Axis of Resistance|axis and tent of resistance]], and if this flag falls to the ground, the Resistance Front will be struck. Haidari stated: [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Imam Khomeini]], with the support of the people of Iran, brought the [[Velayat-e Faqih|Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist]] from theory to practice and from book to sovereignty, and established the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Islamic Republic]]. The Secretary-General of the Ahadullah Movement of Iraq expressed: Today we are in an unequal war, and the entire front of infidelity has stood against all [[Islam|Islam]], and this enemy has targeted the Guardianship and Islam with war and psychological operations.

He said: We all have a duty to defend the Guardianship and the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Islamic Republic]] and stand by the directives of [[Ali Khamenei|the Supreme Leader]], just as Martyr [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah|Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]] and all of [[Hezbollah|Hezbollah Lebanon]] followed these directives. Hojjat al-Islam wal-Muslimin Haidari noted: The enemy wants to create a separation between the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]] and other [[Islamic World|Islamic countries]] and the [[Axis of Resistance|Resistance Front]], and know that this separation is impossible.

=== Martyr Nasrallah, Soldier of the Guardianship ===

The Secretary-General of the Ahadullah Movement of Iraq said: Martyr [[Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah|Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah]] was literally a soldier of the [[Velayat-e Faqih|Guardianship]] and devoted his entire life to [[Islam|Islam]] and the Guardianship.

Hojjat al-Islam Sayed Hashim al-Haidari on Sunday evening at the commemoration ceremony for Martyr Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah at the Imam Kazem (peace be upon him) Seminary School in [[Qom|Qom]] stated: Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah was always devoted to the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and a follower of the directives of [[Ali Khamenei|the Supreme Leader]]. The Secretary-General of the Ahadullah Movement of Iraq stated: Martyr Nasrallah never disobeyed the Supreme Leader and the [[Velayat-e Faqih|Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist]], while he was always a defender of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Islamic Republic]] and the achievements of the Revolution and the [[Axis of Resistance|Resistance Front]]. He expressed: The Sayyid of the Resistance was literally a soldier of the Guardianship and throughout his entire life devoted himself to Islam and the Guardianship. Hojjat al-Islam al-Haidari stated: This prominent figure was so devoted to the Guardianship that on the days of Ashura, before the eyes of everyone, he pledged allegiance to the Supreme Leader, but unfortunately many gatherings are not prepared to do this.

=== True Promise 2 Disrupting Enemy Equations ===

The Secretary-General of the Ahadullah Movement of Iraq noted: The glorious operation of [[Operation True Promise 2|True Promise 2]] disrupted the equations of the [[Zionist regime|Zionist regime]], and be certain that soon we will witness the destruction of this tyrant regime.

=== Iran Today, the Capital of the Resistance Front ===

Haidari said: Today [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] is literally the capital of the [[Axis of Resistance|Resistance Front]]. Sayed Hashim al-Haidari at the commemoration ceremony for [[Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr|Martyr Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]] held at the Shohada Hosseiniyeh of [[Zanjan|Zanjan]], referred to Iran as the capital of the [[Axis of Resistance|Resistance Front]] today and added: My message to everyone today is that we must not allow the incident of Kufa to be repeated again. Referring to the fact that one of the conspiracies of the enemies of Islamic Iran is using various tools, including economic problems and concerns, to show this sacred system as inefficient, he stated: Economic problems are not an issue limited to Iran; because today all countries of the world are grappling with this issue; but the propaganda regarding Iran's economic problems is beyond expectation. The Secretary-General of the Islamic Ahadullah Movement of Iraq, emphasising that the main issue today, according to the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, is the Jihad of Explanation which everyone must pay attention to, stated: Until today, [[Ali Khamenei|the Supreme Leader]] has repeatedly referred to and emphasised the important issue of the Jihad of Explanation in various sessions and meetings, now it must be seen to what extent this issue and his request has been acted upon after his emphasises. Continuing, referring to the characteristics of [[Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr|Martyr Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]], he considered this martyr, according to [[Ali Khamenei|the Supreme Leader]], a genius and said: [[Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr|Martyr Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr]] was a genius, ethical, and very ascetic human being, and the audience of this great martyr mostly consisted of the youth. Also, he was the first person who recognised the great founder of the Islamic Revolution in [[Iraq|Iraq]] and tried to introduce the people to him and invite them towards [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Imam Khomeini]].

[[fa:سید هاشم الحیدری]]

=== America's Main War is a Cultural and Belief-Based War ===
He stated: The main war of [[United States|America]] against [[Wilayah]] is not a military war; rather, it is a cultural and belief-based war, and for this reason, [[Ali Khamenei|the Supreme Leader of the Revolution]] declared ''Jihad al-Tabayun'' as an obligatory and definite duty. Hashim al-Haidari, at the third international congress of Mahdavi activists with the thematic approach of Islamic civilization building in the Second Step Statement and the slogan of the Second Step, 'Step of Preparation for Reappearance', stated: The most important action of Shi'as and the holiest deed of the companions of [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Imam al-Mahdi (may Allah hasten his reappearance)]] during the [[Occultation|Major Occultation]] is the discussion of ''Intizar'' (Awaiting). There are many narrations stating that the most important action during the Occultation is awaiting the reappearance. He added: Obedience to [[Velayat-e Faqih]] is not a political issue, but the core movement of scholars and jurists during the [[Major Occultation]] is the test of [[Wilayah]]. The prerequisite for the reappearance of Imam al-Mahdi is the line of the Imam and [[Velayat-e Faqih]].

He said: Some are ashamed to speak about Velayat-e Faqih. In this soft war where [[United States|America]], [[Israel|Israel]], and [[House of Saud|Al Saud]] have targeted the Vali Faqih, I am surprised that in the media programs of the [[Islamic Republic|Islamic Republic System]] worldwide, there is no talk or support for [[Velayat-e Faqih|the Vali Faqih]] and the stance of succession of [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Imam al-Mahdi (may Allah hasten his reappearance)]]. On pulpits, we often discuss the movement of [[Ashura]], but who is the [[Shimr ibn Dhil-Jawshan|Shimr]] of today? No one asks us: What did you do on the day of Ashura? Because we were not present at that time. The question is, in this current time, which front have we positioned ourselves in? Referring to the fact that the enemy's most important task is preventing the export of the Revolution, he said: The export of the Revolution is the same thought of the Imam, [[Jihad]], and pure [[Islam]] that must penetrate the continents. It is also modeling after the [[Islamic Republic|Islamic Republic System]]<ref>[https://www.mehrnews.com/tag/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C Sayyid Hashim al-Haidari, Mehr News Agency]</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Iraq]]
* [[Hashd al-Shaabi]]
* [[Axis of Resistance]]
* [[Islamic Republic of Iran]]
* [[Ali Khamenei]]
* [[Ali al-Sistani]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* [https://www.islam4u.com/ar/authors/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A His Eminence Sayyid Hashim al-Haidari (may Allah protect him), Islamic Radiation Center], Published: n.d., Retrieved 7 October 2024.
* [https://alkhanadeq.org.lb/post.php?id=234 Secretary-General of the Islamic Ahad Allah Movement, Sayyid Hashim al-Haidari, Al-Khandaq], Published 12 April 2024, Retrieved 7 October 2024.
* [https://www.mehrnews.com/tag/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C Sayyid Hashim al-Haidari, Mehr News Agency], Published 13 October 2024, Retrieved 13 October 2024.

{{Islamic Scholars}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Shia Scholars]]
[[Category:Iraq]]

[[fa:سید هاشم الحیدری]]

Draft:Sayyid Mehdi Hashemi

2026-08-02T04:45:04Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sayyid Mehdi Hashemi
| image = Hashemi me.jpg
| birth_year = 1963 CE
| birth_place = [[Tehran]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| occupation = Politician, Engineer
| known_for = {{flatlist|Head of the Founding Board of the [[Global Union of Approximationist Engineers|Global Union of Approximationist Engineers]]|Member of Approximationist Unions of the [[World Assembly of Muslim Unity]]}}
| website =
}}
'''Sayyid Mehdi Hashemi''' (born 1963 CE, in [[Tehran]]) is an Iranian politician and the Head of the Founding Board of the [[Global Union of Approximationist Engineers|Global Union of Approximationist Engineers]].

== Education ==
* Master's degree in Architectural Engineering from Islamic Azad University;
* PhD in Civil Engineering with a specialization in Earthquake.

== Executive Record ==
# Head of the Ministry of Interior in the 9th Government.
# President of the National Shooting Federation.
# Representative of the people of [[Tehran]], [[Rey, Iran|Rey]], Shemiranat, Eslamshahr, and Pardis in the 9th term of the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly]].
# Chairman of the Construction Commission in the 9th term of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.
# Member of the Board of Trustees of the International Ghadir Foundation.
# Deputy for Coordination of Construction Affairs at the Ministry of Interior and Head of the Organization of Municipalities and Dehyaris of the Country.
# Deputy Minister of Roads and Transportation.
# Head of the National Engineering Organization of Building for one term and membership in the Board of Directors. Tehran Province Engineering Organization.
# Head of the Headquarters for Management of Transport and Fuel of the Country (Note 13).
# Member of the Supreme Council of Housing.
# Chairman of the Supreme Council of Transport and Traffic of the Country.
# Deputy for Regional Affairs of Tehran Municipality.
# Guardianship and Management of the Tehran Municipality Bus Company (Sherkat-e Vahed).
# Member of the Transport and Construction Commission of the Supreme Council of Science, Research and Technology of the Country.
# Senior Advisor to the Country Crisis Management Organization.
# Executor, Designer, and Supervisor of various administrative, educational, cultural, therapeutic, infrastructure projects, etc.
# Deputy Head of the Country Incidents Headquarters.

== Academic Works ==
'''Works, Publications, and Articles'''
# Author of the Specialized Dictionary of Crisis Management, 2011 CE.
# Author of the book ''Analysis of Earthquake Experiences in Ahar, Varzaqan, and Heris'', 2012 CE.
# Author of the book ''Business Continuity Management Standard'', 2012 CE.
# Author of the book ''Passive Defense Quality Management Standard'', 2012 CE.
# Author of the book ''Crisis Management Standard - Guide and Proper Implementation'', 2012 CE.
# Author of the book ''Guideline for Seismic Evaluation of Buildings Based on Canadian Code''
# Author of the book ''Bridge from an Architectural Perspective'', 2017 CE.
# Presentation of the article titled "Mathematical Relationship Between Transport and Economic Growth via Autoregressive Vector Model" at the 13th Australian Conference REAAA.

== See also ==

* [[Global Union of Approximationist Engineers|Global Union of Approximationist Engineers]]
* [[Tehran]]

== References ==
* See: [[Taqrib News Agency]].

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Members of Approximationist Unions]]

[[fa:سید مهدی هاشمی]]

Draft:Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati

2026-08-01T09:22:18Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati
| image = سید مهدی جلادتی.jpg
| birth_date = 23 November 1999 (CE)
| birth_place = [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]
| death_date = 1 April 2024 (CE)
| death_place = [[Damascus]], [[Syria]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Shia Islam]]
| allegiance = [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]]
| branch = [[Quds Force]]
| rank = Advisor
| battles = [[Israeli strike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]]
}}

'''Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati''' was one of the advisors of the Quds Force of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] in [[Syria]] who was martyred on the afternoon of Monday, 13 Farvardin 1403 SH, corresponding to 1 April 2024 (CE), in the [[Israeli strike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus|Israeli strike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]], alongside [[Mohammad Reza Zahedi|Major General Mohammad Reza Zahedi]], [[Mohammad Hadi Haji Rahimi|Brigadier General Mohammad Hadi Haji Rahimi]], Hossein Amanollahahi, [[Ali Aghababaei]], and Sayyid Ali Salehi Rozbehani, among the commanders and advisory forces of the Quds Force.

== Biography ==
Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati was born on 2 Azar 1378 SH (23 November 1999 (CE)), on the night of the birth of Hazrat [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|al-Mahdi (may Allah hasten his reappearance)]], in [[Tehran]].

== Education ==
Given his interest in the field of computer science, he completed his diploma at Shahid Ahmadi Roshan Technical and Vocational High School in Tehran and continued his university studies in the same field.

== Cultural Activities ==
Jaladati spent his childhood, adolescence, and youth at the Basij of Hazrat Meysam Mosque, located in District 14 of Tehran, and benefited from the school of [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Imam Ruhollah]].

== Membership in the IRGC ==
With the escalation of conflicts in the West Asia region, the raising of the flag of the fight against global terrorism, and the departure of the vast multitude of Defenders of the Holy Shrine to defend the honor of the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]], he became interested in military work like many of his friends and took the necessary steps to join the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]]. Finally, in 1400 SH (2021 (CE)), he officially joined the Quds Force of the IRGC and began working in the command office of this force.

== Presence in Syria ==
Jaladati, following the start of the [[Operation Al-Aqsa Flood|Al-Aqsa Flood Operation]] and the intensification of the unjust war by the [[Israel|Israeli regime]] against the oppressed people of [[Palestine]] and the special role of the IRGC Quds Force in supporting the Resistance Front, entered [[Syria]] on 1 Bahman 1402 SH (21 January 2024 (CE)). He and his comrades, continuing the path of their martyred commander, [[Qasem Soleimani|Lieutenant General Qasem Soleimani]], became a thorn in the eye of the Israeli regime<ref>[http://rajanews.com/node/378079 Biography of the 24-year-old martyr, Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati, Raja News].</ref>.

== Martyrdom ==
Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati was martyred on the afternoon of Monday, 13 Farvardin 1403 SH, corresponding to 1 April 2024 (CE), in the [[Israeli strike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus|Israeli strike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]], alongside [[Mohammad Reza Zahedi|Major General Mohammad Reza Zahedi]], [[Mohammad Hadi Haji Rahimi|Brigadier General Mohammad Hadi Haji Rahimi]], Hossein Amanollahahi, [[Ali Aghababaei]], Mohsen Sedaghat, and Sayyid Ali Salehi Rozbehani, among the commanders and advisory forces of the Quds Force<ref>[https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1403/02/27/3086122/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B1%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF-%DB%B3%DB%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87 Hajj Rahimi; From the Training Center in Afghanistan to Presence in the 33-Day War, Tasnim News Agency].</ref>.

== Lifestyle ==
[[File:شهید سید مهدی جلادتی.jpg|frameless|left|Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati]]
Fateme Sadat Jaladati, the mother of Martyr Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati, emphasizing that she hopes revenge will be taken from the [[Israel|usurping Zionist regime]] and Netanyahu the child-killer, and the blood of the Defenders of the Holy Shrine and all oppressed people will be avenged, listing the ethical characteristics of this martyr, said: I have this child from serving the House of God. I was not having children and serving the House of God was suggested to me and my husband, we accepted and made a vow that with this work we would have a child, one year later God gave me Sayyid Mehdi at the peak of infertility. He grew up in the House of God until the age of 9, and this path of faith and piety and growing up as a Basiji strengthened him.

The mother of the youngest martyr of the Iranian consulate in Syria added: Revenge must be taken from the Israeli regime for the blood of the martyrs and the oppressed people of [[Gaza]]. Stating that my son had great devotion to [[Hussein ibn Ali|Imam Hussein (peace be upon him)]] and especially [[Zaynab bint Ali|Hazrat Zaynab (peace be upon her)]] and Hazrat Ruqayyah, she said: Ultimately my son had to be martyred near Hazrat Zaynab. His place is empty and I miss him very much but I am satisfied with the path he has taken and I hope that with the reappearance of [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Imam al-Zaman]] I will see my Sayyid Mehdi again in the service of Hazrat<ref>[http://hamshahrionline.ir/x9rVb Mother of the youngest martyr of the Iranian consulate in Syria: Revenge must be taken from the Israeli regime for the blood of the martyrs and the oppressed people of Gaza, Hamshahri].</ref>.

The Imam of Meysam Mosque also added in describing the ethical characteristics of Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati: He was one of the youths of Meysam Mosque and raised by the Basij and Mosque, and in fact one foot was at home and the other foot was in the Mosque, Basij and Heyat. And he was among those who, according to [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Imam Khomeini]], traveled a hundred-year path in one night. He continued: He was a youth in the rank of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Islamic Revolution]] and besides being a computer science student, he was always present at mosque ceremonies and performed whatever task was entrusted to him in the best way. He also referred to the greatest characteristic of this high-ranking martyr, which can be said to be one of the main conditions of martyrdom, and said: The greatest characteristic of Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati was his sincerity; because he considered God in all matters<ref>[https://dnws.ir/002liz Lifestyle of Martyr Jaladati; Handsome and kind youth of the neighborhood, Defaq News Agency].</ref>.

== Funeral Ceremony ==
After the prayer led by [[Ali Khamenei|Imam Khamenei]] over the body of Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati, commanders and his companions in [[Tehran]], the body of this martyr of the Quds path was carried on the shoulders of the fasting people of Rey city, his family and comrades from the southern side of the shrine of [[Abd al-Azim al-Hasani|Hazrat Abd al-Azim (peace be upon him)]] and was funeralized and after circumambulating the Imamzadehs buried in this shrine, he rested in his eternal place<ref>[http://www.irna.ir/xjQcKm The body of the martyr of the Quds path Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati rested in the shrine of Abd al-Azim (AS), IRNA].</ref>.

== See also ==
* [[Syria]]
* [[Damascus]]
* [[Mohammad Reza Zahedi]]
* [[Abd al-Azim al-Hasani]]
* [[Amir Ali Hajizadeh]]
* [[Israeli strike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

[[fa:سید مهدی جلادتی]]

== References ==

* [http://rajanews.com/node/378079 Biography of 24-year-old Martyr, Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati, Raja News], Published 2 April 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.

* [https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1403/02/27/3086122/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B1%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2-%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA Haj Rahimi; From Training Center in Afghanistan to Presence in 33-Day War, Tasnim News Agency], Published 16 May 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.

* [http://www.irna.ir/xjQcKm Body of Martyr of Quds Path Sayyid Mehdi Jaladati Laid to Rest in Shrine of Abdul-Azim (peace be upon him), IRNA], Published 6 April 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.

* [http://hamshahrionline.ir/x9rVb Mother of Youngest Martyr of Iran's Consulate in Syria: Must Take Revenge for Blood of Martyrs and Oppressed People of Gaza from Zionist Regime, Hamshahri], Published 8 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.

* [https://dnws.ir/002liz Lifestyle of Martyr Jaladati; Handsome and Kind Young Man of the Neighborhood, Sacred Defense News Agency], Published 8 April 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.

{{Martyrs}}

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Shia Martyrs]]
[[Category:Crimes of the United States]]
[[Category:Crimes of Israel]]
[[Category:Iran]]

Draft:Sayyed Morteza Avini

2026-08-01T09:06:29Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sayyed Morteza Avini
| image = سید مرتضی آوینی.jpg
| birth_date = 12 September 1947 (CE)
| birth_place = [[Rey|City of Rey]], south of [[Tehran]]
| death_date = 9 April 1993 (CE)
| death_place = {{flatlist|Fakkeh |[[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]]}}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| notable_works = {{flatlist|''Ravayat-e Fath''| Articles in ''Surah'' magazine criticizing Western civilization| Selected films}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|Documentary filmmaker| Photographer| Journalist| Writer and theorist of Islamic cinema| ''Ravayat-e Fath'' documentary series}}
| other_names = {{flatlist|Kamran| Sayyed of the Martyrs of the Pen}}
}}

'''Sayyed Morteza Avini''' was a documentary filmmaker, photographer, journalist, writer, and theorist of Islamic cinema, and the director and writer of the documentary series ''Ravayat-e Fath''. He achieved [[martyrdom]] on 9 April 1993 (CE), while filming in the Fakkeh region of [[Khuzestan Province]], due to a landmine explosion. His body was buried on 11 April 1993 (CE) in the Behesht-e Zahra Martyrs Cemetery, with the attendance of [[Sayyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Supreme Leader Khamenei]], artists, and writers.

== Biography ==
Sayyed Morteza Avini was born on 12 September 1947 (CE), in the [[Rey|City of Rey]], south of [[Tehran]], into a [[Muslim]] middle-class family.

== Education ==
He completed his elementary and guidance school periods in Zanjan, Kerman, and [[Tehran]], and entered university in 1965 (CE). He graduated with a master's degree in architecture from the [[University of Tehran]].

== Artistic Activities ==
During the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Iranian Revolution]], Avini began his artistic activity as a documentary film director and was considered one of the prominent war filmmakers. He made over 80 films about the [[Iran–Iraq War]] and invented main filming methods, depicting the esoteric aspect of the Iran–Iraq War based on the mystical thought of [[Shia Islam|Shia]]. Most of his works were dedicated to reflecting the Basiji fighters' perception of the war and their role in it. His most famous work is the ''Ravayat-e Fath'' documentary series, which was filmed during the Iran–Iraq War.

== Works ==
=== Ravayat-e Fath ===
''Ravayat-e Fath'' was a lifelong documentary of the [[Iran–Iraq War]] that focused on the daily lives of Iranian soldiers. The series consisted of five seasons and addressed the spiritual aspects of the war. The film depicted a lifelong spiritual experience through its ideological narrative.

=== Theoretical Works ===
[[File: نوشته آوینی.jpg|frameless|left|Signed handwriting of Avini on which was written: '''We have this illusion that we remained but the martyrs left. But the truth is that time took us with itself, but the martyrs remained'''.]]

=== Articles ===
He wrote a series of articles in ''Surah'' magazine criticizing Western civilization, a topic that later attracted the attention of his film (''Sarab'').

=== Selected Films ===
* Six Days in Turkmen Sahra;
* Khuzestan Flood;
* Khan Gazideh-ha;
* Truth;
* With Dr. Jihad in Bashagard;
* Seven Stories from Baluchestan;
* With Al-Mahdi Brigade in Ras-al-Bishah Axis;
* Men of God! Karbala is Waiting;
* A City in the Sky.

=== Books ===
[[File:خون دادن برای امام.jpg|frameless|left|]]
* Everyone Except Himself;
* Magic Mirror;
* Development and Foundations of Western Civilization;
* Heavenly Treasure;
* A Lasting Experience;
* Another Tomorrow;
* Snails Carrying Their Homes;
* Resurrection of the Soul;
* A Beginning to an End;
* Conquest of Blood;
* The Imam and the Esoteric Life of Man;
* Speak to Me, Dukuhah;
* Center of the Sky;
* Breeze of Life;
* Journey to the Land of Light;
* Infitar-e Surat (On the Theoretical Foundations of Art).

== Martyrdom ==
Sayyed Morteza Avini achieved [[martyrdom]] on 9 April 1993 (CE), while filming in the Fakkeh region of [[Khuzestan Province]], due to a landmine explosion. His body was buried on 11 April 1993 (CE) with the attendance of [[Sayyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Supreme Leader]] , artists, and writers, and was interred in the Behesht-e Zahra Martyrs Cemetery<ref>[https://www.aviny.com/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B2 A brief biography of the Martyr, website of the Shahid Avini Cultural and Artistic Institute].</ref>.

== Naming of Martyrdom Day ==
[[Sayyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei|Imam Khamenei]] declared Avini as '''"Sayyed of the Martyrs of the Pen"''' after his martyrdom, and on the occasion of his martyrdom, the 20th day of Farvardin was named '''"Islamic Revolution Art Day"''' in honor of him in the calendar of [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]]<ref>[https://www.mfpa.ir/fa/news/8368/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B6%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C Introduction to the biography of Martyr Sayyed Morteza Avini, website of the Payam Azadegan Cultural and Artistic Institute].</ref>.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==

[[Category:Iranian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Martyrs of the Iran–Iraq War]]
[[Category:Iranian writers]]
[[Category:People from Rey, Iran]]

[[fa:سید مرتضی آوینی]]

==Martyr Avini According to Imam Khamenei==
They should not allow his works (Martyr Avini) to remain unfinished. These works were valuable. It appears he possessed a very high capacity, enabling him to perform so much work so well. Particularly, this ''Ravayat-e Fath'' is a very important thing. I used to listen to it on the nights it was broadcast. Apparently, no more than three or four episodes were aired.

Now, one issue is how to utilize the work he has done and which is ready and available. Another issue is that the work should continue. At that time when we requested these gentlemen and I insisted that this ''Ravayat-e Fath'' should continue, I did not know exactly how it would continue. Later, when the programmes were aired, we saw that this was it. That is, reviving the values of the [[Iran-Iraq War|Sacred Defense]] in memories. Drawing out those memories one by one from tongues. And depicting them visually and recreating that war atmosphere. This was the work he was doing. And the further it progressed, the better it became. That is, it became more mature. Because it was unprecedented work. It was different from going to the battlefield and talking to the fighters. That work was much easier. This work was more artistic and difficult and required more intellectual and artistic effort. He started it first, and then gradually it became better and more mature. I guess if he had remained alive and continued, this work would have reached great heights. Now too, this programme must be pursued. Moreover, it is not limited to this field alone. That is, recreating that atmosphere through memories is one of the tasks. Regarding the war and continuing ''Ravayat-e Fath'', other works might also be done. It is a pity that this work should be discontinued. I was very happy to have met you<ref>[https://www.aviny.com/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C- Martyr Avini According to Imam Khamenei, Website of the Shahid Avini Cultural-Artistic Institute of Thought].</ref>.

==See also==
* [[Martyrdom]]
* [[Khuzestan Province]]
* [[Iran-Iraq War]]
* [[Ali Khamenei]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [https://www.aviny.com/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B2 A Brief Biography of the Martyr, Website of the Shahid Avini Cultural-Artistic Institute of Thought], Publication date: n.d., Access date: 9 April 2025 (CE).
* [https://www.mfpa.ir/fa/news/8368/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B6%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C Familiarity with the Biography of Martyr Morteza Avini, Website of the Cultural and Artistic Institute of Payam-e Azadegan], Publication date: n.d., Access date: 9 April 2025 (CE).

[[Category:Iran]]
[[Category:Personalities]]

[[fa:شهید آوینی به روایت امام خامنه‌ای]]

Draft:Sayyid Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti

2026-08-01T07:22:29Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sayyid Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti
| image = سید محمد حسینی بهشتی.jpg
| native_name = سید محمد حسینی بهشتی
| other_names = {{flatlist|Ayatollah Beheshti|Shahid Beheshti}}
| birth_date = 25 October 1928 CE (2 Aban 1307 SH)
| birth_place = [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]]
| death_date = 1981 CE (1360 SH)
| death_place = [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]
| teachers = {{flatlist|Imam Khomeini|Ayatollah Mohaghegh Damad|Ayatollah Sayyid Mohammad Taqi Khansari|Ayatollah Hojjat Kooh Kamareh|Ayatollah Haeri Yazdi}}
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Shia Islam|Shia]]
| notable_works = {{flatlist|''Islamic Economics''|''What Do We Know About the Party?''|''Tawhid in the Quran''|''The Importance of Cooperative Methods''|''Banking and Financial Laws of Islam''|''Examination and Analysis of Jihad, Justice, Liberalism, Imamate''}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|Head of the Supreme Court|Secretary-General of the Islamic Republican Party|Member of the [[Assembly of Experts]]}}
}}

'''Sayyid Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti''' (1928–1981) was an influential Iranian Shia cleric active in the victory and formation of the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran]] in 1979 CE. After the revolution, he held important responsibilities such as the Head of the Supreme Court, Secretary-General of the [[Islamic Republican Party]], and membership in the [[Assembly of Experts]]. He was martyred at the headquarters of the Islamic Republican Party due to a bomb explosion by the [[Mojahedin-e Khalq]].

== Biography ==
Sayyid Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti was born on the morning of 2 Aban 1307 SH (25 October 1928 CE) in a clerical family in the Lomaban neighborhood, near the Chaharsoq neighborhood of [[Isfahan]]. His father was Hojjat al-Islam Sayyid Fadlullah Hosseini Beheshti, one of the clerics of this city and the imam of the Lomaban Mosque, and his mother was Masoumeh Begum Khatoonabadi, the daughter of Grand Ayatollah Mir Mohammad Sadegh Khatoonabadi. In Ordibehesht 1331 SH (April 1952 CE), at the age of 24, he married Mrs. Ezzat al-Sharifeh Modares Motlaq, the daughter of Hojjat al-Islam Sayyid Mohammad Baqer Modares Motlaq, who was a relative of his. The result of this marriage was two daughters and two sons.

[[Category:Iranian clerics]]
[[Category:Members of the Assembly of Experts]]
[[Category:Iranian philosophers]]
[[Category:Victims of terrorism in Iran]]

[[fa:سید محمد حسینی بهشتی]]

== Education ==

=== Preliminary Education ===
In 1932 CE (at the age of four), he entered a traditional school (maktabkhaneh) and began his education at this age. In 1934 CE, when he was only six years old, he passed the entrance exam for Serwat Primary School in Isfahan (later named 15 Bahman) and, due to his exceptional intelligence, was capable of sitting in the sixth grade; however, due to his young age, he was compelled to begin his studies from the fourth grade. During the sixth grade of elementary school, by participating in the final provincial examinations, he managed to secure the second rank in the city. During this period, he showed great interest in mathematics and foreign languages. In 1940 CE (at the age of 12), he began his studies at [[Saadi School|Saadi]] High School (near Imam Khomeini Square) in Isfahan, and during this time, he also engaged in learning the French language. From August 1941 CE, which coincided with the abdication of [[Reza Shah|Reza Khan]] and his exile to Mauritius Island, until the rise of [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], the regime's pressure on the clergy was somewhat reduced, and as a result, a large number of young people were attracted to learning seminary lessons; he also decided to continue his education in the field of Islamic sciences.

=== Seminary Education ===
In 1942 CE (at the age of 14), he entered the Sadr Seminary of Isfahan and for four years studied Arabic literature, logic, theology, intermediate levels of jurisprudence and principles, and introductory philosophy lessons under great masters who were mostly students of his grandfather. The skilled masters of the seminary considered his sharpness, precision, and progress in these lessons as evidence that he rightfully could succeed his grandfather, Grand Ayatollah Mir Mohammad Sadegh Khatounabadi. In August 1946 CE (at the age of 18), he went to the Qom Seminary and resided in a room at the Hujjatiyya School, and continued the remaining intermediate lessons under Ayatollah Mohaqeq Yazdi, Ayatollah Ardakani, and other high-ranking mujtahids and jurists. He studied part of ''Kifayat al-Usul'' under Ayatollah Haj Sheikh Morteza Haeri Yazdi and another part of ''Kifayat al-Usul'' and ''Makasib'' under Ayatollah Damad. Messrs. [[Morteza Motahhari]], [[Ali Meshkini|Mirza Ali Meshkini]], and [[Musa Sadr]] were among Seyyed Mohammad's classmates during this time. From March 1947 CE, along with Messrs. Motahhari and [[Hossein-Ali Montazeri|Montazeri]]—who at that time were among the understanding students of the Imam—he attended the advanced studies (Kharij) in [[Fiqh]] and [[Usul al-Fiqh|Usul]] of [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Imam Khomeini]], Ayatollah Mohaqeq Damad, and subsequently in the lessons of Ayatollah [[Sayyed Mohammad Taqi Khansari]], Ayatollah Hojat Koohkamareh, and Ayatollah Haeri Yazdi. He believed that he had learned precision of view and the breadth of knowledge from [[Hossein Borujerdi|Ayatollah Borujerdi]].

In 1948 CE (at the age of 20), he became acquainted with Messrs. Mohammad Mofatteh, Musa Shubayri Zanjani, [[Musa Sadr]], [[Naser Makarem Shirazi]], Ahmad Azari Qomi, Seyyed Mehdi Rouhani, [[Ali Meshkini|Ali Meshkini Ardabili]], and Abdulrahim Rabani Shirazi, and engaged in study groups with them. He still had a passion for acquiring intellectual sciences and, in order to resolve some ambiguities and philosophical questions and seeking an academic scholarship, intended to travel abroad; however, with the guidance of his close and knowledgeable friend, Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari, during a trip to Qom, he became acquainted with the simple and fruitful presence of [[Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i|Allameh Tabatabai]] and was so captivated and captivated by his conduct, behavior, patience, and forbearance that he abandoned the trip and for five years benefited from his presence in the lessons of Mulla Sadra's ''Al-Asfar al-Arba'a'', Ibn Sina's ''The Book of Healing'', and discussion on the book ''The Principles of Philosophy and the Method of Realism''.

=== University Education ===
In 1945 CE (at the age of 17), while engaged in passing the final intermediate lessons, he also learned a complete course of English language "Reader". His thirst for knowledge was such that in the same year (1948 CE) he restarted his classical education and after obtaining a diploma in literature, he continued his studies at the Faculty of Rational and Transmitted Sciences (Theology and Islamic Studies) of the University of Tehran in the field of philosophy. In 1951 CE (at the age of 23), he obtained his bachelor's degree in philosophy and managed to pass the scholarship exam for abroad; also at this time, he completed learning the English language intensively with a foreign teacher. In 1955 CE, he succeeded in obtaining a master's degree in Rational Sciences (Philosophy and Islamic Wisdom) with a thesis entitled "Simplicity or Composition of the Body" under the supervision of Dr. Mahmoud Shahabi and approval of the jury, with an excellent grade from the University of Tehran.

In 1956 CE, he began studying for a PhD in Philosophy and Rational Sciences at the Faculty of Theology, and despite the presence he was required to have in Qom, he commuted to Tehran for the sake of acquiring knowledge and occupation. In 1959 CE (at the age of 31), he obtained his PhD degree in Islamic Philosophy and, under the supervision of Ayatollah Motahhari—who at this time was a professor at the Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies—defended his doctoral thesis entitled "Metaphysical Issues in the Quran"; he also prepared and compiled the book "What is Prayer?" and at this time had sufficient proficiency in three languages: English, Arabic, and German.

== Activities ==

=== Scientific Activities ===

* '''Teaching:''' One of the factors that distinguished him from other distinguished students was the formulation of questions and objections accompanied by study, discussion, and precision; moreover, he was among the students who engaged in teaching while studying in the Sadr and Qom Seminaries.
* '''Establishing Ayatollah Damad's Kharij Course:''' One of his actions during his studies was establishing Ayatollah Damad's advanced religious studies (Kharij) course with the help and assistance of a number of scholars of the Qom Seminary.
* '''Teaching English:''' In the year 1950 (CE), believing that clerics should have financial independence and considering earning a livelihood through religion as incorrect, he engaged in teaching English in Tehran high schools to cover his study and family living expenses.
* In the year 1951 (CE), he began work at the Ministry of Education and engaged in teaching English at Hakim Nezami High School in Qom.
* In the year 1954 (CE), he founded the "Religion and Knowledge" High School in a new style in Qom and was responsible for managing it until the year 1963 (CE); he also established classes for seminary students to learn the language.
* In the year 1960 (CE), he founded the Haqqani School in the city of Qom in collaboration with several friends, and with the consultation and assistance of Mr. [[Ali Meshkini|Ayatollah Meshkini]], Ayatollah Rabbani Shirazi, [[Ahmad Jannati|Ayatollah Jannati]], and [[Seyyed Mohammad Reza Saeidi|Ayatollah Martyr Saeidi]], he formed sessions for discussion and designing the seminary system. In these sessions, a seventeen-year plan for the education and training of seminary students was presented, which was in fact the first step towards organizing and shaping the lessons, placing the seminary on the path of evolution and dynamism.
* In the year (1960 (CE)), he undertook the preparation and arrangement of the articles ''Banking and Islamic Financial Laws'', ''The World of Creation and the World of Command in the Quran'', and ''A New Class in Our Society''.
* Among Seyyed Mohammad's activities was forming a research group along with seventeen of his friends to study cultural sections regarding the history of religions, the history of Christianity, materialist schools, etc., and present the results in public sessions. Seyyed Mohammad studied the book ''Ali Refutation of the Materialist School'', which was useful for examining materialism, and studied the book ''On the Ruins of the Materialist School'', written by "Farid Wajdi", with Mr. Montazeri.
* In the year 1961 (CE), he prepared and arranged articles titled ''Governance in Islam'' and ''The Law of Causality in Science and Religion''.
* In the year 1962 (CE), he formed the Islamic Centre for Students and Educators of Qom in collaboration with Dr. Mofatteh.
* In the year 1963 (CE) (age 35), with the help of a group of scholars of the Qom Seminary, he took action to form a research group regarding governance in Islam.

* In the year 1972 (CE), he prepared and sent an article titled ''Ruling on Abortion and Sterilization in Islamic Sharia'' regarding family planning from the Islamic perspective for the World Health Organization conference in the city of Rabat, the capital of [[Morocco]].
* In the year 1974 (CE), he arranged the book ''God from the Perspective of the Quran''.
*

=== Propagation Activities ===

In the month of Ramadan of the same year (1947 (CE)), upon the recommendation of Grand Ayatollah Borujerdi and along with Mr. Motahhari, Hossein-Ali Montazeri, and about seventeen seminary students, he decided to travel to remote villages for propagation purposes and, in addition to gaining personal information and experience, take action to identify the people's problems and solve them; another of his goals in these trips was the financial independence of clerics in study and propagation, which was experienced collectively.

'''Monthly Discourse:''' In the year 1949 (CE), he formed sessions titled "Monthly Discourse" with the presence of Mr. Ayatollah Motahhari, [[Mahmoud Taleqani|Ayatollah Taleqani]], and a number of others, with the aim of conveying the message of Islam to the searching generation with new methods in Tehran, and published the issues raised in these sessions as articles in the books ''Monthly Discourse'' and ''Ashura Discourse''.

=== Political Activities ===

* At the age of 16, he assumed the leadership role of an anti-oppression group and, by mobilizing the people, replaced the headman of a village.
* In 1329 SH (1950 CE), a year coinciding with the peak of political and social struggles of the National Oil Movement led by Ayatollah Kashani and Mosaddegh, he actively participated in demonstrations, gatherings, and meetings as a young cleric.
* During the strike on 29 Tir (20 July), which was held against Qavam's remarks at the Isfahan Telegraph Office building, he delivered a speech at the province's telegraph office and consequently was summoned by the police department.
* '''Nurturing Qualified Revolutionary Forces:''' Following the commencement of the Imam's Movement in 1341 SH (1962 CE), he also rose to struggle and engaged in nurturing qualified, revolutionary, and committed forces. These extensive and fundamental activities, participation in sessions and foundational discussions of leading clerics of Qom, drafting statements, and an active role in gatherings of the 15 Khordad (5 June) movement, sending condolence telegrams to Qom maraji' following the tragedy of that day, coordinating clerics of Isfahan city, and overall aligning with the struggles of Imam Khomeini, led in the winter of that year to his suspension from cooperation with the Ministry of Education by SAVAK, being placed on waiting status, and exiled to Tehran.
* '''Membership in the Jurisprudential and Political Council of the Islamic Coalition Society:''' After entering Tehran and connecting with the Islamic Coalition Society groups, Imam Khomeini appointed him, along with Mr. Morteza Motahhari, Mohyiddin Anvari, and Mehdi Molaei, as the jurisprudential and political council of this society.
* '''Changing Textbook Content:''' Among his other activities during this time was collaboration with Dr. [[Mohammad-Javad Bahonar|Bahonar]], Dr. Ghafouri, Broughi, Razi Shirazi, and Roozbeh in the field of changing the content of religious education books to Islamic thought and thinking.
* '''Speech in Isfahan:''' On 5 Mordad 1343 SH (27 July 1964 CE), coinciding with 17 Rabi' al-Awwal 1384 LH, he delivered an important speech at the Chaharbagh School of Isfahan which led to his arrest. In this speech, he considered the message of the birth of that day to be resistance and struggle against the enemies of God, and later referred to that day as an unforgettable memory.
* '''Establishment of the Hamburg Islamic Center:''' In 1344 SH (1965 CE), upon the recommendation of several maraji' (Ayatollah Haeri, Ayatollah Milani, and Ayatollah Khansari) and with the approval of the Imam, he departed for Hamburg and engaged in propagating the religion of Islam at the Ayatollah Borujerdi Mosque. Since no Islamic organization existed in Hamburg until that time, with the help of several Muslim students from Europe, he formed the nucleus of the Union of Associations of Persian-speaking Student Groups. Among his other actions in Germany was changing the name of the "Iranians' Mosque" to "Hamburg Islamic Center", following which non-Iranian and non-Persian-speaking Muslim brothers, especially Arab brothers, also attended this mosque.

* '''Publication of the book ''The Voice of Islam in Europe'':''' In 1968 (CE), he prepared and compiled a book titled ''The Voice of Islam in Europe'' in five world languages, though [[SAVAK]] prevented the publication of this book.
* '''Political missionary travels:''' In the summer of 1969 (CE), during a trip to [[Iraq]], he visited [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Imam Khomeini]], [[Abu-Qasim al-Khoei|Ayatollah Khoei]], [[Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr|Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Baqir Sadr]], and [[Muhsin al-Hakim|Ayatollah Hakim]] and held discussions with them. Also in this year, he performed the pilgrimage and, in order to renew ties with friends, especially [[Musa al-Sadr|Imam Musa Sadr]], travelled to [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]], and from there went to [[Turkey]]. In the same year, at the invitation of students, he attended the first student seminar held for two weeks at the [[Hamburg Mosque]], which led to the exchange of useful ideological discussions among them; in this year, he prepared and compiled the articles ''Which Path'' and ''The Role of Faith in Human Life''.
* '''Declaration against the Zionist regime:''' In 1970 (CE), with his initiative and the companionship of Muslims residing in [[United States|America]], a declaration against the crimes of the [[Zionist regime]] in [[Germany]] was published, which caused concern for the Shah's regime. His speech regarding "Worship of God and Just Laws in Islam" and his extensive political and enlightening activities among students and other Iranians residing in [[Europe]] caused that after he came to Iran in the same year, he was banned from returning to Germany by [[SAVAK]].
* '''Establishment of the Maktab Tawhid Center:''' After returning from Germany, he participated in the establishment of "Maktab Tawhid" as a scientific center for Muslim sisters in Tehran; this scientific center made it possible for many sisters to study religious and Islamic sciences. Among other institutions launched at this time with his assistance was "Kanoon Tawhid", which became a base for the publication and propagation of Islam and the gathering of youth, and by holding student discussions, classes, and numerous speeches, played a huge role in mobilizing the masses and giving life to this revolutionary center.
* '''Establishment of the Maktab Quran Society:''' In 1971 (CE), he managed Quran interpretation sessions and analysis of political issues under the cover of the "Maktab Quran" society. In these sessions, he familiarized youth with Quran interpretation and raising new topics such as Islamic government, justice, liberalism, enjoining good, and freedom, and since the teachings had a significant impact on the construction of youth, it was eventually closed under pressure from [[SAVAK]]. In 1975 (CE), due to the affairs of the "Maktab Quran" sessions and connection with abroad, he was arrested by [[SAVAK]] and detained for a few days.
* '''Formation of the Combatant Clergy Association:''' In 1976 (CE), due to the cohesion and organization of the clergy and with the help and assistance of Messrs. Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari, Dr. Mohammad Mofatteh, Hojjat al-Islam [[Mohammad Emami-Kashani|Emami Kashani]], and Hojjat al-Islam Maleki, he founded the initial core of the Combatant Clergy. This organization was initially proposed as the Combatant Clergy Assembly in Shemiran and in 1977 (CE) announced its existence under the name "Combatant Clergy Association".
* '''Founding of the Islamic Republic Party:''' In the spring of 1978 (CE), with the aim of coordinating the fundamental activities of students and university professors and the political movements of groups believing in the leadership of Imam Khomeini, he travelled to Europe and America; also in the same year, in order to organize revolutionary forces in a single guild, he laid the foundation of the [[Islamic Republic Party]] and following these activities, on 5 December 1978 (CE), he was arrested by the Joint Committee against Sabotage. The "Islamic Republic Party", which had been proposed by Seyyed Mohammad in late 1977 (CE) in order to organize revolutionary forces in a single guild, announced its existence on 18 February 1979 (CE), along with Messrs. Khamenei, Seyyed Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardabili, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Mohammad Javad Bahonar, and in the first party session, Ayatollah Beheshti was elected as the Secretary-General of the party by the majority vote of members.
* '''Accompanying Imam Khomeini in Paris:''' After his release, he took charge of the leadership of the fighters inside the country and with the Imam's entry into Paris (5 October 1978 (CE)), in October/November 1978 (CE), he departed for Paris for negotiation and coordination with him.
* '''Formation of the Revolutionary Council:''' In early January 1979 (CE), by the order of Imam Khomeini, he formed the [[Revolutionary Council]] (with the cooperation of Messrs. [[Morteza Motahhari]], [[Mohammad Javad Bahonar]], [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]], Seyyed Abdul-Karim Mousavi Ardabili, [[Mahmoud Taleghani|Seyyed Mahmoud Taleghani]], [[Ali Khamenei|Seyyed Ali Khamenei]], Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani, [[Mehdi Bazargan]], Mostafa Katiraei, Yadollah Sahabi, and Ahmad Haj-Seyyed Javadi).
* '''Prevention of airport closure:''' On 28 January 1979 (CE), in protest against the [[Bakhtiar government]] which had prevented the entry of the Imam into Iran, he sat in protest at the Tehran University Mosque, and the scope of this protest reached such an extent that a large number of clerics, students, and people also joined the mosque, and as a result of this strike, the Shah's regime was forced to reopen the airport on 29 January 1979 (CE).
* '''Head of the Judiciary:''' After the victory of the Revolution, one of the pillars of the Islamic Republic system that needed review, transformation, and reform was the [[Judiciary]], which the Revolutionary Council entrusted the execution of this important task to Dr. Seyyed Mohammad Beheshti.
* '''Membership in the Assembly of Experts:''' In the summer of 1979 (CE), he was elected by the people as the representative of Tehran in the [[Assembly of Experts]] with the highest vote and in the first session of the Assembly, he was elected as the Vice-Chairman of the Assembly.
* '''Head of the Supreme Court:''' The competence, expertise, and successful performance of Seyyed Mohammad caused that on 23 February 1980 (CE), by the order of Imam Khomeini, he undertook the responsibility of the "Supreme Court" – which at that time was the highest judicial authority of the country.
* '''Member of the Presidency Council:''' On 23 June 1981 (CE), after the impeachment of [[Abolhassan Banisadr|Bani-Sadr]], he became a member of the Acting Council of Presidency.

== Works ==
Numerous works remain from this great martyr in the form of speeches, articles, and books, including:
{{div col|3}}
# ''Islamic Economics'';
# ''What We Know About the Party'';
# ''Al-Tawhid fi al-Quran'';
# ''The Importance of Cooperative Methods'';
# ''Banking and Financial Laws of Islam'';
# ''Dos and Don'ts'';
# ''An Examination and Analysis of Jihad, Justice, Liberalism, Imamate'';
# ''Health and Family Planning'';
# ''Five Discourses'';
# ''Reliance on God from the Quranic Perspective'';
# ''Four Discourses by Two Martyrs'' (co-authored by Dr. Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti and Dr. Mohammad-Javad Bahonar);
# ''Truth and Falsehood'';
# ''Governance in Islam'';
# ''Hajj in the Quran'';
# ''God from the Quranic Perspective'';
# ''Dr. Shariati, A Seeker on the Path of Becoming'';
# ''Usury in Islam'';
# ''The Mission of the University and the Student'';
# ''Method of Interpretation from the Quran – Series of Islamic Lessons (3)'';
# ''Clergy in Islam and Among Muslims'';
# ''Anthem of Monotheism'';
# ''Knowing Religion'';
# ''Mystical Knowledge'';
# ''Night of Qadr'';
# ''Knowing Islam'';
# ''Knowledge'';
# ''Knowledge from the Perspective of Fitrah'';
# ''Knowledge from the Quranic Perspective'';
# ''The Voice of Islam in Europe'';
# ''Draft Bill of Qisas'';
# ''Scientific and Practical Plan for Islamic Educational Institutions'' (co-authored by Dr. Seyyed Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti and the Editorial Board of the Nahj al-Balagha Foundation);
# ''Philosophy and Divine Knowledge'';
# ''Which Path'';
# ''Our Positions'';
# ''Victorious Struggler'';
# ''Theoretical Foundations of the Constitution'';
# ''Music and Recreation in Islam'';
# ''The Issue of Ownership – Series of Islamic Lessons (1)'';
# ''The Environment of the Emergence of Islam'';
# ''School and Specialization'';
# ''Management in Islam'';
# ''Fighting Distortion, One of the Goals of the Prophet of Islam'';
# ''The Role of Freedom in Child Education'';
# ''What is Prayer?'';
# ''The Role of Faith in Human Life'';
# ''The Role of Organization in Advancing the Islamic Revolution'';
# ''Duties of Islamic Student Associations in Europe Towards Muslim Youth'';
# ''Features of the Islamic Revolution of Iran'';
# ''A New Stratum in Our Society''.
{{div col end}}

== Assassination and Martyrdom ==
Order, organization, management, and wisdom were among his rare characteristics, and the enemies of [[Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]] and the [[Islamic Revolution of Iran|Islamic Revolution]] were deeply concerned about these prominent features. Therefore, they conspired against him with all their power and launched extensive propaganda against him. First, they attempted a white assassination and tried to undermine him among the people, and finally resorted to physical assassination. After 53 years of activity, he ultimately attained the grace of martyrdom on Sunday, 7 Tir 1360 SH (28 June 1981 CE), at 9:07 PM, following the explosion at the "Islamic Republic Party" headquarters, which was organized by the [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]], along with 72 of his companions.

== See also ==
* [[Islamic Revolution of Iran]]
* [[Islamic Republic Party]]
* [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]]

== References ==
* [https://iranemoaser.ir/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%89%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8/ Foundation for Islamic Revolution Historiography and Encyclopedia], Publication date: n.d., Retrieved 12 June 2024.

{{Iran}}
{{Martyrs}}

[[Category:Scholars]]
[[Category:Shia Scholars]]
[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Political Figures]]
[[Category:Martyrs]]
[[Category:Shia Martyrs]]
[[Category:Iran]]

[[fa:سید محمدحسینی بهشتی]]

Draft:Sayyid Mohammad Akbar Agha

2026-07-27T06:23:19Z

Translationbot: ترجمه خودکار از ویکی فارسی

{{Infobox person
| name = Sayyid Mohammad Akbar Agha
| image = سید-اکبر-آغا.png
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| known_for = Former Taliban leader
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'''Sayyid Mohammad Akbar Agha''' is a former leader of the [[Taliban]] and a close associate and follower of "[[Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansoor|Mullah Mohammad Akhtar Mansoor]] (peace be upon him)", the former leader of the Taliban, and is currently still in contact with the Taliban group.

== Biography ==
Sayyid Mohammad Akbar Agha studied in [[Pakistan]] and completed his advanced religious studies in the "[[Deoband]]" schools of Pakistan. He studied for two years at [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]] under the supervision of Maulana [[Samir ul-Haq]], the principal of the school.

During the war against the [[Soviet Union|Soviet communists]], he fought alongside Maulvi "[[Younis Khalis]]" along with many Taliban elders, including Mullah Mohammad Akhtar Mansoor, the former leader of the Taliban, in a large jihadist front.

"Sayyid Mohammad Akbar Agha" was considered on par with "Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansoor" during the Taliban's struggle for power in Afghanistan, and during that period there were four major fronts of the Taliban, with one front line under his command and another under the former Taliban leader. He commanded the Taliban group in Kandahar with Mullah Mohammad Akhtar Mansoor. [[Mullah Hibatullah Akhundzada]] was also on a front alongside Mansoor. Before his imprisonment, Mullah Mohammad Akhtar Mansoor would come to his home, and they worked together extensively and had affection for each other, meeting and conversing daily.

After the fall of the Taliban, he went to Pakistan and engaged in business activities there. He was arrested by the Pakistan Army Intelligence Organization, imprisoned, and then handed over to the Americans, who brought him to Afghanistan and imprisoned him in various prisons, including National Security and "Pol-e-Charkhi" for five and a half years. He was then released on the condition of not leaving Kabul during the presidency of "[[Hamid Karzai]]".

== Activities ==
# Establishment of consultative council offices in Nangarhar, Mazar-i-Sharif, Bamyan, and Herat;
# Holding consultative meetings in the southern provinces of Afghanistan, including Kandahar, as well as a 4-day nationwide meeting with the participation of representatives of these provinces in Kabul;
# Leadership of the Afghanistan Salvation Council;
# Effective and daily cooperation with Taliban leaders.

== Viewpoints ==
=== No Initiation of War ===
War should not continue in Afghanistan, although according to his claim, many ideas and plans were not implemented.

=== Method of Establishing Peace in Afghanistan ===
To end the war and bloodshed and establish peace, representatives of all ethnic groups of Afghanistan should be formed in a council named "Afghanistan Salvation Council", consisting of individuals and groups who are not accused of creating civil wars in Afghanistan.

He seeks to prevent foreign interference, including from Muslim countries such as Uzbeks, Tajiks, [[Al-Qaeda]], and other countries and groups, and also believes that infidels should not interfere in the wars and affairs of Afghanistan.

=== Incident of ISIS and Taliban Conflict in Zabul ===
This conflict was between the Taliban and opponents of Mullah Mohammad Akhtar Mansoor led by Mansoor Dadullah, a former member of the Taliban, which was announced under the name of [[Islamic State|ISIS]]. It was a kind of internal Taliban conflict between Dadullah's forces and Akhtar Mansoor, in which some ISIS members supported Dadullah, and eventually the Taliban eliminated them.

=== Taliban ===
There are two types of Taliban. One type are those who are present on the war front, and another group who are engaged in studies. The Taliban who are engaged in studies mostly study at Darul Uloom Haqqania, and Maulana Samir ul-Haq is the principal of this school, which is why they say he is the spiritual father of the Taliban, but it cannot be said one hundred percent that Samir ul-Haq is the spiritual father of the Taliban; because Taliban members also study in other Darul Ulooms in Karachi and other regions of Pakistan.

=== Nation of Afghanistan ===
The nation of Afghanistan wants peace, and the Taliban also believe in the vote of the nation. The nation wants foreigners to leave this country and not interfere in the internal affairs of Afghanistan. We do not want foreigners to be present in this country in the guise of Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and other foreign groups. Afghanistan needs a system based on the will of its Muslim people. The Taliban want an Islamic system and have waged jihad against the Russians for years to establish an Islamic system, and with the help of God, they defeated the Russians, and it is the legitimate right of the Taliban that they want foreigners to leave the country.

== Positions ==
Leader of the Afghanistan Resistance Front and Soviet Communists and cooperation with Maulvi Younis Khalis and Mullah Mohammad Akhtar Mansoor; Head of the Jaish al-Muslimin movement before the fall of the Taliban, engaging in economic activities in Pakistan after the fall of the Taliban, former head of the Taliban office in Qatar, formation and leadership of the [[Afghanistan Salvation Council]];

== References ==
# http://payam-aftab.com/fa/doc/video/54527
# https://arezo.news/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B3-%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%87/
# https://tolonews.com/index.php/fa/afghanistan-171980

[[Category:Personalities]]
[[Category:Political figures]]
[[Category:Taliban]]
[[Category:Afghanistan]]

[[fa:سید محمد اکبر آغا]]